Animal Models for the Study of Hepatitis B Virus Pathobiology and Immunity: Past, Present, and Future

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a global public health problem that plagues approximately 240 million people. Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) often leads to liver inflammation and aberrant repair which results in diseases ranging from liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, to hepatocellular carcinoma. Despite its narrow species tropism, researchers have established various in vivo models for HBV or its related viruses which have provided a wealth of knowledge on viral lifecycle, pathogenesis, and immunity. Here we briefly revisit over five decades of endeavor in animal model development for HBV and summarize their advantages and limitations. We also suggest directions for further improvements that are crucial for elucidation of the viral immune-evasion strategies and for development of novel therapeutics for a functional cure.

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Knowledge and vaccination status on hepatitis B among the students of Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Bangladesh

International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health ◽

10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20184561 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 5 (11) ◽

pp. 4715

Author(s):

M. Sabbir Ahmed ◽

M. Wahidur Rahman ◽

Fahmida Fayeza ◽

Tarana Sharmin

Keyword(s):

Hepatitis B Virus ◽

Blood Transfusion ◽

Hepatitis B ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Causative Factor ◽

Vaccination Status ◽

Global Public Health ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

B Virus

Background: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a serious global public health problem as well as in Bangladesh. The most common liver disease in Bangladesh is viral hepatitis. Bangladesh is an intermediate endemic zone for hepatitis B virus infection. Research shows that about 10 million people in Bangladesh have been suffering from hepatitis B.Methods: The research was a cross-sectional survey and appropriate statistical formula was used to select 341 respondents randomly. The data were collected through a pre-designed, pre-structured questionnaire, which was distributed among the students. All the data was analysed using Microsoft Excel 2013.Results: Most of the respondent 95% knew about hepatitis B and about 87% knew that it is a viral infection. About 69% students respond that hepatitis B can increase liver cancer. Among the respondents, 76% supported that hepatitis B can be transmitted by blood transfusion. Most of the students 82% supported blood transfusion as a causative factor and 67% informed that jaundice is the major sign and symptoms of hepatitis B. More than half of the students 53% reported that they were vaccinated for hepatitis B. The major reasons for not taking vaccination were lack of free time and lack of feeling of necessity for vaccination.Conclusions: The overall knowledge and vaccination status on hepatitis B virus was not satisfactory. Different types of seminars and campaigns on hepatitis B, arranged by university will help to increase the student’s level of knowledge on hepatitis B.

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The Prevalence of Hepatitis B Virus in High Risk Groups in Nineveh Governorate / Iraq

Baghdad Science Journal ◽

10.21123/bsj.11.2.888-893 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 888-893

Author(s):

Baghdad Science Journal

Keyword(s):

Hepatitis B Virus ◽

Hepatitis B ◽

Teaching Hospital ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Risk Groups ◽

Chronic Kidney Failure ◽

Global Public Health ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

B Virus ◽

Positive Results

Hepatitis B is an inflammation of the liver that caused by Hepatitis B virus (HBV) which is DNA virus that infects the human and some kinds of animals such as chimpanzees and birds. This disease considered as the major disease of mankind and a serious global public health problem. HBsAg, HBeAg, HBcAb, HBeAb and HBsAb are markers used to detect the presence and the stage of infection. The current study included (181) individuals from both sexes, (137) males and (44) females. By ratio 3.11: 1.The mean age of patients 2.4033 ± 0.83519 (range 18-73) years as follows < 20 (11.6%), 21–40 (47.5%), 41–60 (29.8%) and > 60 (11.0%) . These patients are 73 (40.4%) Blood donors from Central Blood Bank, 88 (48.6%) Chronic kidney failure at Ibn – Sina Teaching Hospital and 20 (11.0%) Thalassemic patients at Ibn – Alatheer Teaching Hospital, Nineveh Governorate / Iraq. For the period from July 2011 till May 2012.The results indicated that the number of serum patients infected with HBV was 90 (49.7%) using Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay technique. These patients had many markers named HBsAg, HBeAg, HBcAb, HBeAb and HBsAb with percentages 90 (49.7%), 47 (26.0%), 89 (49.2%), 53 (29.3%) and5 (2.8%) respectively. Ninety three patients infected with HBV ninety of them gave positive results using ELISA and rt-PCR technique, and three gave positive results using rt-PCR only inspite of their negative results in ELISA. We concluded that HBV infection remains a serious issue because it's prevalence is still significant among patients, all viral markers are very important for the diagnosis of infection, rt-PCR is a very sensitive scientific technique gave the exactly number of copies/ml in a closed system.

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Unravelling the history of hepatitis B virus genotypes A and D infection using a full-genome phylogenetic and phylogeographic approach

eLife ◽

10.7554/elife.36709 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Evangelia-Georgia Kostaki ◽

Timokratis Karamitros ◽

Garyfallia Stefanou ◽

Ioannis Mamais ◽

Konstantinos Angelis ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hepatitis B Virus ◽

Middle East ◽

Hepatitis B ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Global Public Health ◽

B Virus ◽

Putative Origin ◽

Sub Saharan ◽

Regional Clustering

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection constitutes a global public health problem. In order to establish how HBV was disseminated across different geographic regions, we estimated the levels of regional clustering for genotypes D and A. We used 916 HBV-D and 493 HBV-A full-length sequences to reconstruct their global phylogeny. Phylogeographic analysis was conducted by the reconstruction of ancestral states using the criterion of parsimony. The putative origin of genotype D was in North Africa/Middle East. HBV-D sequences form low levels of regional clustering for the Middle East and Southern Europe. In contrast, HBV-A sequences form two major clusters, the first including sequences mostly from sub-Saharan Africa, and the second including sequences mostly from Western and Central Europe. Conclusion: We observed considerable differences in the global dissemination patterns of HBV-D and HBV-A and different levels of monophyletic clustering in relation to the regions of prevalence of each genotype.

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Complete Genome Sequence of Hepatitis B Virus Genotype E, the First Molecular Characterization from an Imported Case in Mexico

Genome Announcements ◽

10.1128/genomea.00187-16 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Noé Escobar-Escamilla ◽

David Esaú Fragoso-Fonseca ◽

Dulce María Arreguín-Porras ◽

María del Carmen Esteban-Valencia ◽

Estela Corona-Valdespino ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hepatitis B Virus ◽

Hepatitis B ◽

Genome Sequence ◽

Complete Genome Sequence ◽

Complete Genome ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Global Public Health ◽

Virus Genotype ◽

B Virus ◽

Genotype E

Hepatitis B virus infection is currently a global public health problem. Here, we present the first characterization and complete genome sequence of a strain belonging to genotype E in Mexico, obtained from a foreign carrier with chronic infection.

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Recent Advances of Hepatitis B Detection towards Paper-Based Analytical Devices

The Scientific World JOURNAL ◽

10.1155/2021/6643573 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-11

Author(s):

Aulia A. Tyas ◽

Septi F. Raeni ◽

Setyawan P. Sakti ◽

Akhmad Sabarudin

Keyword(s):

Hepatitis B ◽

Point Of Care ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Global Public Health ◽

Point Of Care Testing ◽

Infected People ◽

Medical Facilities ◽

B Virus ◽

Late Detection ◽

Global Public Health Problem

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) still remains a major global public health problem. One-half to one-third of the total HBV infected people died due to late detection of HBV. Serological antigen and viral HBV detections can help in the diagnosis, referral, and treatment of HBV. Available methods for HBV detection mostly used bulky instruments. Miniaturization of devices for HBV detection has been started by narrowing down the size of the devices. Several methods have also been proposed to increase the selectivity and sensitivity of the miniaturized methods, such as sandwich recognition of the biomarkers and the use of nano- to micro-sized materials. This review presents recent HBV detections in the last two decades from laboratory-based instruments towards microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (µPADs) for point-of-care testing (POCT) purposes. Early and routine analysis to detect HBV as early as possible could be achieved by POCT, especially for areas with limited access to a central laboratory and/or medical facilities.

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LncRNA HOTAIR modulates hepatitis B virus transcription and replication by enhancing SP1 transcription factor

Clinical Science ◽

10.1042/cs20200970 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 134 (22) ◽

pp. 3007-3022

Author(s):

Fang Ren ◽

Ji-Hua Ren ◽

Chun-Li Song ◽

Ming Tan ◽

Hai-Bo Yu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hepatitis B Virus ◽

Hepatitis B ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Global Public Health ◽

Sp1 Transcription Factor ◽

Virus Transcription ◽

B Virus ◽

Infected Cells ◽

Lncrna Hotair ◽

Transcription And Replication

Abstract Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains a global public health problem. Nearly 257 million people worldwide have been infected with HBV, resulting in 887,000 people dying of cirrhosis or liver cancer caused by chronic hepatitis B (CHB) annually. Therefore, identification of new targets against HBV is urgently needed. Long noncoding RNAs (LncRNAs) have gained widespread attention in recent years due to their function in cancer, inflammation and other diseases. Notably, a growing number of lncRNAs have been found to play a role in HBV development. In the present study, we first identified a famous lncRNA, HOTAIR, which was significantly up-regulated in HBV-infected cells and PBMCs from CHB patients. Furthermore, we evaluated the clinical relevance of HOTAIR in 20 CHB patients and found that higher levels of HOTAIR expression were associated with higher ALT/AST levels and were positively correlated with HBsAg and HBV DNA levels. In addition, functional analysis showed that HOTAIR promoted HBV transcription and replication by elevating the activities of HBV promoters via modulation of the levels of cccDNA-bound SP1. In conclusion, our study reveals that HOTAIR expression is correlated with the clinicopathological and physiological characteristics of HBV. Thus, HOTAIR may serve as a novel HBV diagnostic and therapeutic biomarker based on its ability to facilitate HBV transcription and replication.

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Tumour virus vaccines: hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1098/rstb.2016.0268 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 372 (1732) ◽

pp. 20160268 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Margaret Stanley

Keyword(s):

Human Papillomavirus ◽

Hepatitis B Virus ◽

Hepatitis B ◽

Vaccine Coverage ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Oncogenic Viruses ◽

Global Public Health ◽

Hpv Vaccines ◽

Therapeutic Vaccines ◽

B Virus

Two of the most important human oncogenic viruses are hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human papillomavirus (HPV). HBV infection has been preventable by vaccination since 1982; vaccination of neonates and infants is highly effective, resulting already in decreased rates of new infections, chronic liver disease and hepato-cellular carcinoma. Nonetheless, HBV remains a global public health problem with high rates of vertical transmission from mother to child in some regions. Prophylactic HPV vaccines composed of virus-like particles (VLPs) of the L1 capsid protein have been licensed since 2006/2007. These target infection by the oncogenic HPVs 16 and 18 (the cause of 70% of cervical cancers); a new vaccine licensed in 2014/2015 additionally targets HPVs 31, 33, 45, 52, 58. HPV vaccines are now included in the national immunization programmes in many countries, with young adolescent peri-pubertal girls the usual cohort for immunization. Population effectiveness in women is now being demonstrated in countries with high vaccine coverage with significant reductions in high-grade cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia (a surrogate for cervical cancer), genital warts and vaccine HPV type genoprevalence. Herd effects in young heterosexual men and older women are evident. Cancers caused by HBV and HPV should, in theory, be amenable to immunotherapies and various therapeutic vaccines for HPV in particular are in development and/or in clinical trial. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Human oncogenic viruses’.

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VIRAL COINFECTIONS IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS B: THEIR PREVALENCE AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

Hepatology and Gastroenterology ◽

10.25298/2616-5546-2020-4-2-171-176 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 171-176

Author(s):

D. V. Tserashkou ◽

◽

V. M. Mitsura ◽

E. V. Voropaev ◽

O. V. Osipkina ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chronic Hepatitis ◽

Liver Disease ◽

Hepatitis B Virus ◽

Hepatitis B ◽

Chronic Hepatitis B ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Global Public Health ◽

Biochemical Tests ◽

Chronic Hepatitis B Virus ◽

B Virus

Background. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains a global public health problem. Objective – to analyze the prevalence of viral coinfections with human immunodefciency virus (HIV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis delta virus (HDV), TT-viruses and SENV in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and to assess their inﬂuence on liver disease severity. Material and methods. The observational cross-sectional study included 287 patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) – those with monoinfection and coinfected with HIV, HCV, HDV. Routine hematological and biochemical tests were performed, serum HBV DNA level as well as liver fbrosis stage were measured. Blood samples from 62 patients for Torque teno virus (TTV), Torque teno mini virus, Torque teno midi virus, SENV (D and H genotypes) DNAs were examined by polymerase chain reaction. Results. Among patients with CHB the prevalence of coinfection HBV + HIV is 6.6%, HBV + HCV – 6.3%, HBV + HDV – 3.8% and HBV + HDV + HCV – 1.7%. CHB patients coinfected with HIV, HCV, HDV had more pronounced biochemical differences and higher proportion of liver cirrhosis vs. HBV-monoinfected ones. The detection rate of TT viruses and their various combinations in patients with CHB is 91.9%, SENV – 66.1%. Conclusion. Coinfection with HIV, HCV, HDV in CHB patients is associated with more severe forms of chronic liver disease as compared to HBV-monoinfection. TT viruses and SENV are widespread and don’t affect the severity of liver disease in patients with CHB.

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