scholarly journals Food Quantity Discrimination in Angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare): The Role of Number, Density, Size and Area Occupied by the Food Items

Author(s):  
Luis M. Gómez-Laplaza ◽  
Robert Gerlai
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis M. Gómez-Laplaza ◽  
Laura Romero ◽  
Robert Gerlai

Abstract Comparative studies on quantity discrimination in animals are important for understanding potential evolutionary roots of numerical competence. A previous study with angelfish has shown that they discriminate numerically different sets of same-sized food items and prefer the larger set. However, variables that covary with number were not controlled and choice could have been influenced by variables such as size or density of the food items rather than numerical attributes. Here using a recently developed approach, we examined whether contour length of the food items affects choice in a spontaneous binary choice task. In Experiment 1, a contrast of 1 vs. 1 food item was presented, but the ratio between the size (diameter) of the food items was varied. In Experiment 2, numerically different food sets were equated in overall size by increasing the size (diameter) of the items in the numerically small sets. In both Experiments, subjects showed a preference for the larger sized food items with a discrimination limit. These results show that item size plays a prominent role in foraging decisions in angelfish. Experiment 3 placed numerical and size attributes of the sets in conflict by presenting one larger-sized food item in the numerically smaller set that also had smaller overall size (diameter) of food items. Angelfish showed no preference in any of the contrasts, suggesting that they could not make optimal foraging decisions when these attributes were in conflict. Maximization of energy return is central to optimal foraging. Accordingly, here item size was also found to be a key feature of the sets, although the numerical attributes of the sets also influenced the choice.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuai Li ◽  
Yushuang Liu ◽  
Peigen Zhang ◽  
Yan Zhang ◽  
Chengjie Lu ◽  
...  

Abstract The mechanism behind spontaneous growth of metal whiskers is essential to develop lead-free whisker mitigation strategy for the sake of long-term reliability of electronics, and has been sought for several decades. However, a consensus about it still lacks, and a host of factors influencing the phenomenon have been investigated, but the role of interface energy has not been paid adequate attention. In this study, the whisker growth propensities of ball-milled Ti2InC/In and non-MAX phase TiC/In and SiC/In are comparatively studied in the terms of the wettability, thermal behavior and crystal structures. The wetting angles of indium with Ti2InC, TiC, and SiC (144.4°, 155.7°, and 142.2°, respectively) are large and quite close, indicating the poor wettability between liquid indium and the three ceramics. The thermal behaviors of all the three systems have obvious changes after ball milling. The number density of indium whiskers on ball-milled Ti2InC are significantly greater than those on the TiC and SiC substrates, which is explained based on interface energy and the crystal structure difference of the ceramic substrates.


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rupinder Kaur Sodhi ◽  
Raghunath Singh ◽  
Yashika Bansal ◽  
Mahendra Bishnoi ◽  
Ishwar Parhar ◽  
...  

Neuropsychiatric disorders (NPDs) are a huge burden to the patient, their family, and society. NPDs have been greatly associated with cardio-metabolic comorbidities such as obesity, type-2 diabetes mellitus, dysglycaemia, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, and other cardiovascular disorders. Antipsychotics, which are frontline drugs in the treatment of schizophrenia and off-label use in other NPDs, also add to this burden by causing severe metabolic perturbations. Despite decades of research, the mechanism deciphering the link between neuropsychiatric and metabolic disorders is still unclear. In recent years, transient receptor potential Ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) channel has emerged as a potential therapeutic target for modulators. TRPA1 agonists/antagonists have shown efficacy in both neuropsychiatric disorders and appetite regulation and thus provide a crucial link between both. TRPA1 channels are activated by compounds such as cinnamaldehyde, allyl isothiocyanate, allicin and methyl syringate, which are present naturally in food items such as cinnamon, wasabi, mustard, garlic, etc. As these are present in many daily food items, it could also improve patient compliance and reduce the patients’ monetary burden. In this review, we have tried to present evidence of the possible involvement of TRPA1 channels in neuropsychiatric and metabolic disorders and a possible hint towards using TRPA1 modulators to target appetite, lipid metabolism, glucose and insulin homeostasis and inflammation associated with NPDs.


2015 ◽  
Vol 129 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis M. Gómez-Laplaza ◽  
Robert Gerlai
Keyword(s):  

Author(s):  
Alvaro López Caicoya ◽  
Luis Gómez Laplaza

RESUMENEstudios en diversas especies animales han mostrado que la capacidad para discriminar entre agrupaciones de diferente tamaño numérico puede proporcionar ventajas adaptativas en diferentes contextos funcionales. En el presente estudio, para examinar la capacidad de discriminación numérica del pez ángel, Pterophyllum scalare, sometimos a los sujetos a una prueba de elección binaria presentando simultáneamente dos grupos de individuos de la misma especie pero de diferente tamaño. Incluimos una modificación metodológica añadiendo un componente de memoria en la elección. Así, tras un período en que los sujetos podían observar a los grupos, se impidió la visión de los mismos durante 30 segundos antes de comenzar la prueba de discriminación. Se presentaron grupos tanto en el rango de números grandes (≥ 4 miembros) como en el rango de números pequeños (< 4 miembros). Encontramos que en el grupo de control (contraste 0 vs. 4 peces) los sujetos discriminaron el grupo con peces. Asimismo, cuando al menos uno de los grupos contenía un número de miembros en el rango de números grandes y los contrastes diferían en una razón de 1:2 (4 vs. 8 peces) o menor (1 vs. 4 peces), los sujetos mostraron preferencia por el grupo mayor. Sin embargo, cuando los contrastes estaban dentro del rango de números pequeños (1 vs. 2 y 2 vs. 3), los sujetos fallaron en la discriminación. Los resultados indican que el pez ángel puede discriminar entre grupos grandes cuando uno de ellos está constituido, al menos, por el doble de elementos que el otro. El fallo en los contrastes con grupos pequeños, con pequeñas diferencias numéricas entre ellos, sugiere la existencia de un límite en la discriminación o, alternativamente, que ante tal demanda de memoria, la saliencia de los estímulos toma prioridad en la toma de decisiones. ABSTRACTIn a variety of animal species it has been shown that the ability to discriminate between groups of different numerical size may provide adaptive advantages in different functional contexts. Quantity discrimination has frequently been investigated using dichotomous choice tests, in which the subjects must choose between two different sets of items presented simultaneously. In the present study, using the angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare), groups of conspecifics of different numerical size were presented and a memory component was introduced in the choice. After a period of full view of the stimulus groups, the visual access of the test fish to the groups was prevented during 30 seconds prior to the choice. Thereafter, subjects were faced with a discrimination between groups within the large number range (≥ 4 members) and also in the small number range (< 4 members). We found that in a control group (contrast 0 vs. 4 fish) subjects discriminated the group with fish over an empty compartment. A preference for the larger group was shown when at least one of the groups had a number of members in the large number range, and the groups differed by a 1:2 (4 vs. 8 fish) or lower ratio (1 vs. 4 fish). However, in the comparisons between groups in the small number range (1 vs. 2 and 2 vs. 3), subjects failed in the discrimination. The results indicate that angelfish can discriminate between large groups when one of them has, at least, twice as many elements as the other. The failure with small groups, with small numerical differences between groups, suggests the existence of a limit in the discrimination or, alternatively, that when facing such a memory demand, the salience of the stimuli takes priority in the decision-making process.


2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Gazzola ◽  
Giorgio Vallortigara ◽  
Daniele Pellitteri-Rosa

AbstractThe ability to estimate quantity, which is crucially important in several aspects of animal behaviour (e.g., foraging), has been extensively investigated in most taxa, with the exception of reptiles. The few studies available, in lizards, report lack of spontaneous discrimination of quantity, which may suggest that reptiles could represent an exception in numerical abilities among vertebrates. We investigated the spontaneous ability of Hermann’s tortoises (Testudo hermanni) to select the larger quantity of food items. Tortoises showed able to choose the larger food item when exposed with two options differing in size (0.25, 0.50, 0.67 and 0.75 ratio) and when presented with two groups differing in numerousness (1 versus 4, 2 versus 4, 2 versus 3 and 3 versus 4 items). The tortoises succeeded in both size and numerousness discrimination, and their performance appeared to depend on the ratio of items to be discriminated (thus following Weber’s Law). These findings in chelonians provide evidence of an ancient system for the extrapolation of numerical magnitudes from given sets of elements, shared among vertebrates.


2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanne Marieke Vogel ◽  
Willem Frederik de Boer ◽  
Moses Masake ◽  
Anna Catherine Songhurst ◽  
Graham McCulloch ◽  
...  

AbstractElephants can cause negative consequences for both themselves and for humans by consuming agricultural crops. It is unclear whether savanna elephant crop consumption is merely opportunistic behaviour or related to insufficient quality of natural forage. We analysed the role of vegetation quality on elephant crop consumption. We focused on the role of micronutrients, as natural elephant diets are thought to be insufficient in elements such as sodium and phosporus, which can influence their foraging decisions.For 12 months across four seasons we collected elephant feeding trail data along with tree, grass and crop samples. We investigated how the quality and availability of these items influenced elephant dietary choices across months and seasons. Subsequently, we compared levels of fibre, digestible energy, dry matter intake, and micronutrients, together with secondary compounds (tannins) across the three vegetation groups. As elephants do not make dietary choices based on one component, we also analysed the nutrient balance of food items with right-angle mixture models.The levels of phosphorus, magnesium and dry matter intake corresponded to foraging preference. Compared to trees and grasses, crops contained significantly higher amounts of digestible energy content, dry matter intake, nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium and magnesium. PCA results showed that crops differed in phosphorus and magnesium levels. The right-angle mixture models indicated that except for one tree species, all food items elephants consumed were relatively deficient in phosphorus.The combined results of these analyses suggest a phosphorus deficiency in elephant diet in northern Botswana. Crops, with their high absolute phosphorus levels and dry matter intake, provide an alternative source of phosphorus to reduce the deficiency. This may explain the high intensity of crop consumption in the wet season in our study area. A potential mitigation measure against elephant crop consumption might be to provide supplementary phosphorus sources.


2020 ◽  
Vol 08 (11) ◽  
pp. 5089-5095
Author(s):  
Rashmi Choudhary ◽  
Prabhat Patel ◽  
Inchulkar S. R ◽  
Aruna Ojha

Dushivisha is an important concept in Vishatantra. It is a low potent poison which gets vitiates due to dushit Desh, Kala, Anna and Diwaswapna which are similar to the factors like industrialization, seasonal variation, synthetic food items, changing lifestyle. Now a day’s due to this lifestyle of a modern man, im-mune system of a person declines and leads to evolution of various diseases out of which allergic skin dis-eases are common. Dushivisha is a peculiar poison which vitiates Dhatus. In its relation with Rakta Dhatu some of the skin problems caused by Dushivisha which are described in Samhitas are Kustha, Visarpa, Bhinna Varna, Shonitdusti, Shitapitta, Udarda, Kotha. These symptoms are similar as that of hypersensi-tivity reactions. Udarda-Sheetapitta-Kotha has almost similar symptomatology and causative factors as Ur-ticaria. Asatmya, Virudhahara and Dushivisha are common etiological factors for these diseases which can be correlated with allergic conditions. So, various types of allergic skin diseases can be taken under Dushi-visha Janya Twak Vikar (Shitapitta-Udarda-Kotha). Urticaria affects 20% of people at some or the other time in their life. So, on looking at the increased incidence rate of allergic skin diseases, it’s a need to find some conservative source which would be helpful in management of skin diseases from the root by cleans-ing vitiated Dhosha and balancing whole body. Ksharagad mentioned in Charak Samhita is one of those formulations helpful to prevent such diseases by its actions like Kusthgna, Krimghna, Shothhar, Kandugh-na, Twachya, Tridoshahar properties, increasing immunity and suppressing allergic activity.


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