scholarly journals Neonatal Isoflurane Does Not Affect Sleep Architecture and Minimally Alters Neuronal Beta Oscillations in Adolescent Rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca M. Manzella ◽  
Bethany F. Gulvezan ◽  
Stefan Maksimovic ◽  
Nemanja Useinovic ◽  
Yogendra H. Raol ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Power Spectra ◽  
Sleep Architecture ◽  
Female Rat ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
General Anesthetics ◽  
Beta Oscillations ◽  
Adolescent Rats

General anesthetics are neurotoxic to the developing rodent and primate brains leading to neurocognitive and socio-affective impairment later in life. In addition, sleep patterns are important predictors of cognitive outcomes. Yet, little is known about how anesthetics affect sleep-wake behaviors and their corresponding oscillations. Here we examine how neonatal general anesthesia affects sleep and wake behavior and associated neuronal oscillations. We exposed male and female rat pups to either 6 h of continuous isoflurane or sham anesthesia (compressed air) at the peak of their brain development (postnatal day 7). One cohort of animals was used to examine neurotoxic insult 2 h post-anesthesia exposure. At weaning age, a second cohort of rats was implanted with cortical electroencephalogram electrodes and allowed to recover. During adolescence, we measured sleep architecture (divided into wake, non-rapid eye movement, and rapid eye movement sleep) and electroencephalogram power spectra over a 24 h period. We found that exposure to neonatal isoflurane caused extensive neurotoxicity but did not disrupt sleep architecture in adolescent rats. However, these animals had a small but significant reduction in beta oscillations, specifically in the 12–20 Hz beta 1 range, associated with wake behavior. Furthermore, beta oscillations play a critical role in cortical development, cognitive processing, and homeostatic sleep drive. We speculate that dysregulation of beta oscillations may be implicated in cognitive and socio-affective outcomes associated with neonatal anesthesia.

Abstract P417: Relationship Between Blood Pressure Variability and Sleep Architecture

Circulation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 141 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoyue Liu ◽  
Jeongok G Logan ◽  
Younghoon Kwon ◽  
Jennifer Lobo ◽  
Hyojung Kang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Sleep Time ◽  
Sleep Architecture ◽  
Sleep Stages ◽  
Apnea Hypopnea Index ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Sleep Studies ◽  
The Relationship

Introduction: Blood pressure (BP) variability (BPV) is a novel marker for cardiovascular disease (CVD) independent of high BP. Sleep architecture represents the structured pattern of sleep stages consisting of rapid eye movement (REM) and non-rapid eye movement (NREM), and it is an important element in the homeostatic regulation of sleep. Currently, little is known regarding whether BPV is linked to sleep stages. Our study aimed to examine the relationship between sleep architecture and BPV. Methods: We analyzed in-lab polysomnographic studies collected from individuals who underwent diagnostic sleep studies at a university hospital from 2010 to 2017. BP measures obtained during one year prior to the sleep studies were included. BPV was computed using the coefficient of variation for all individuals who had three or more systolic and diastolic BP data. We conducted linear regression analysis to assess the relationship of systolic BPV (SBPV) and diastolic BPV (DBPV) with the sleep stage distribution (REM and NREM sleep time), respectively. Covariates that can potentially confound the relationships were adjusted in the models, including age, sex, race/ethnicity, body mass index, total sleep time, apnea-hypopnea index, mean BP, and history of medication use (antipsychotics, antidepressants, and antihypertensives) during the past two years before the sleep studies. Results: Our sample (N=3,565; male = 1,353) was racially and ethnically diverse, with a mean age 54 ± 15 years and a mean BP of 131/76 ± 13.9/8.4 mmHg. Among the sleep architecture measures examined, SBPV showed an inverse relationship with REM sleep time after controlling for all covariates ( p = .033). We subsequently categorized SBPV into four quartiles and found that the 3 rd quartile (mean SBP SD = 14.9 ± 2.1 mmHg) had 3.3 fewer minutes in REM sleep compared to the 1 st quartile ( p = .02). However, we did not observe any relationship between DBPV and sleep architecture. Conclusion: Greater SBPV was associated with lower REM sleep time. This finding suggests a possible interplay between BPV and sleep architecture. Future investigation is warranted to clarify the directionality, mechanism, and therapeutic implications.

scholarly journals Pharmacological Modulation of Sleep Homeostasis in Rat: Novel Effects of an mGluR2/3 Antagonist

SLEEP ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 42 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola Hanley ◽  
Jerome Paulissen ◽  
Brian J Eastwood ◽  
Gary Gilmour ◽  
Sally Loomis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Functional Capacity ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Promoting Effect ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Sleep Homeostasis

Abstract Increasing vigilance without incurring the negative consequences of extended wakefulness such as daytime sleepiness and cognitive impairment is a major challenge in treating many sleep disorders. The present work compares two closely related mGluR2/3 antagonists LY3020371 and LY341495 with two well-known wake-promoting compounds caffeine and d-amphetamine. Sleep homeostasis properties were explored in male Wistar rats by manipulating levels of wakefulness via (1) physiological sleep restriction (SR), (2) pharmacological action, or (3) a combination of these. A two-phase nonlinear mixed-effects model combining a quadratic and exponential function at an empirically estimated join point allowed the quantification of wake-promoting properties and any subsequent sleep rebound. A simple response latency task (SRLT) following SR assessed functional capacity of sleep-restricted animals treated with our test compounds. Caffeine and d-amphetamine increased wakefulness with a subsequent full recovery of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and were unable to fully reverse SR-induced impairments in SRLT. In contrast, LY3020371 increased wakefulness with no subsequent elevation of NREM sleep, delta power, delta energy, or sleep bout length and count, yet REM sleep recovered above baseline levels. Prior sleep pressure obtained using an SR protocol had no impact on the wake-promoting effect of LY3020371 and NREM sleep rebound remained blocked. Furthermore, LY341495 increased functional capacity across SRLT measures following SR. These results establish the critical role of glutamate in sleep homeostasis and support the existence of independent mechanisms for NREM and REM sleep homeostasis.

Effect of sleep deprivation on responses to airway obstruction in the sleeping dog

1994 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 1811-1818 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. P. O'Donnell ◽  
E. D. King ◽  
A. R. Schwartz ◽  
P. L. Smith ◽  
J. L. Robotham
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Deprivation ◽  
Airway Obstruction ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Sleep Time ◽  
Inspiratory Effort ◽  
Sleep Architecture ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Obstructive Sleep

The effect of sleep deprivation on sleep architecture and respiratory responses to repetitive airway obstruction during sleep was investigated in four chronically instrumented tracheostomized dogs during 12-h nocturnal experiments. A 24-h period of prior sleep deprivation increased (P < 0.05) the rate at which airway obstruction could be induced from 20 +/- 3 (SE) to 37 +/- 10 times/h compared with non-sleep-deprived dogs. During non-rapid-eye-movement sleep the duration of obstruction, minimum arterial hemoglobin saturation, and peak negative inspiratory effort at arousal were 20.5 +/- 1.0 s, 91.7 +/- 0.5%, and 28.4 +/- 1.8 mmHg, respectively, in non-sleep-deprived dogs. Sleep deprivation increased (P < 0.01) the duration of obstruction to 28.0 +/- 0.9 s, worsened (P < 0.05) the minimal arterial hemoglobin desaturation to 85.4 + 3.1%, and increased (P < 0.025) the peak negative inspiratory effort at arousal to 36.1 +/- 1.6 mmHg. Sleep deprivation also caused increases (P < 0.025) in total sleep time, rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep time, and percentage of time in REM sleep in a 2-h recovery period without airway obstruction at the end of the study. We conclude that airway obstruction in the sleeping dog can reproduce the disturbances in sleep architecture and respiration that occur in obstructive sleep apnea and that prior sleep deprivation will increase apnea severity, degree of somnolence, and REM sleep rebound independent of change in upper airway collapsibility.

scholarly journals Ongoing Cognitive Processing Influences Precise Eye-Movement Targets in Reading

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 351-362
Author(s):  
Klinton Bicknell ◽  
Roger Levy ◽  
Keith Rayner
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Word Identification ◽  
Statistical Relationship ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Character Position ◽  
Consensus View

Reading is a highly complex learned skill in which humans move their eyes three to four times every second in response to visual and cognitive processing. The consensus view is that the details of these rapid eye-movement decisions—which part of a word to target with a saccade—are determined solely by low-level oculomotor heuristics. But maximally efficient saccade targeting would be sensitive to ongoing word identification, sending the eyes farther into a word the farther its identification has already progressed. Here, using a covert text-shifting paradigm, we showed just such a statistical relationship between saccade targeting in reading and trial-to-trial variability in cognitive processing. This result suggests that, rather than relying purely on heuristics, the human brain has learned to optimize eye movements in reading even at the fine-grained level of character-position targeting, reflecting efficiency-based sensitivity to ongoing cognitive processing.

Electroencephalogram analysis of non-rapid eye movement sleep in rats

1988 ◽  
Vol 255 (1) ◽  
pp. R27-R37 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Trachsel ◽  
I. Tobler ◽  
A. A. Borbely
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Slow Wave ◽  
Power Spectra ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Wave Activity ◽  
Slow Wave Activity ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep ◽  
Episode Duration ◽  
High Frequency Activity

Sleep states and power spectra of the electroencephalogram were determined for consecutive 4-s epochs during 24 h in rats that had been implanted with electrodes under deep pentobarbital anesthesia. The power spectra in non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREMS) showed marked trends: low-frequency activity (0.75-7.0 Hz) declined progressively throughout the 12-h light period (L) and remained low during most of the 12-h dark period (D); high-frequency activity (10.25-25.0 Hz) rose toward the end of L and reached a maximum at the beginning of D. Within a single NREMS episode (duration 0.5-5.0 min), slow-wave activity (0.75-4.0 Hz) increased progressively to a plateau level. The rise was approximated by a saturating exponential function: although the asymptote level of the function showed a prominent 24-h rhythm, the time constant remained relatively stable (approximately 40 s). After short interruptions of NREMS episodes, slow-wave activity rose more steeply than after long interruptions. The marked 24-h variation of maximum slow-wave activity within NREMS episodes may reflect the level of a homeostatic sleep process.

scholarly journals Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep homeostatic regulatory processes in the rat: Changes in the sleep–wake stages and electroencephalographic power spectra

2008 ◽  
Vol 1213 ◽  
pp. 48-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.L. Shea ◽  
T. Mochizuki ◽  
V. Sagvaag ◽  
T. Aspevik ◽  
A.A. Bjorkum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Power Spectra ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Regulatory Processes

Constant light suppresses sleep and circadian rhythms in pigeons without consequent sleep rebound in darkness

1994 ◽  
Vol 267 (4) ◽  
pp. R945-R952 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Berger ◽  
N. H. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythms ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Power Spectra ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep ◽  
Sleep Patterns ◽  
Free Running ◽  
Dim Light ◽  
Dd Transitions

Sleep patterns and circadian rhythms of body temperature, activity, body weight, and electroencephalographic (EEG) power spectra of pigeons were compared among three photic conditions: a 12:12-h light-dark cycle (LD), followed successively by constant bright (LL) and dim light (DD) periods. LL suppressed non-rapid-eye-movement and rapid eye movement sleep and circadian rhythms of the measured variables without producing increased drowsiness or other physiological or behavioral changes. Sleep patterns after LL-DD transitions also showed no evidence of prior sleep deprivation during LL. Sleep latency after LL-DD transitions was 93 min longer than after L-D transitions in LD. Total sleep and EEG slow wave activity during the first 24 h in DD did not differ from D in LD. Free-running circadian rhythms subsequently reappeared in DD after LL.

scholarly journals Suvorexant improves intractable nocturnal enuresis by altering sleep architecture

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. e239621
Author(s):  
Tohru Matsumoto
Keyword(s):  
Receptor Antagonist ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Treatment Strategy ◽  
Nocturnal Enuresis ◽  
Sleep Architecture ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement

Little is known about sleep-based approaches to the treatment of nocturnal enuresis (NE). This report is the first to describe the successful use of suvorexant, an orexin receptor antagonist, in a 12-year-old boy with intractable NE. With suvorexant, the frequency of NE gradually decreased from 14 of 14 days (100%) to 5 of 14 days (35.7%). Sleep polysomnography indicated that rapid eye movement (REM) sleep increased from 101.5 min (19.9%) before suvorexant to 122.1 min (24.9%) with suvorexant. Furthermore, N2 increased from 233 min (45.6%) to 287.5 min (58.7%) during non-REM sleep. In contrast, N3 decreased from 160 min (31.3%) to 65 min (13.3%) during non-REM sleep. Suvorexant appeared to lighten the depth of sleep and alter sleep architecture. Although the application of an insomnia medication for treating NE seems paradoxical, suvorexant reduced the frequency of NE in patients with severe intractable NE. Thus, this treatment strategy warrants further examination.

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