scholarly journals Epidemiological and Clinical Characteristics of Sporadic Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease: A Retrospective Study in Eastern China

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuo Feng ◽  
Xinjing Zhao ◽  
Xueying Zhou ◽  
Xiang Ye ◽  
Xiaolin Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Survival Time ◽  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Eastern China ◽  
Brain Mri ◽  
Disease Onset ◽  
Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Chinese Patients ◽  
Mean Survival Time ◽  
Jakob Disease

Objective: We aimed to characterize the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of sporadic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (sCJD) in eastern China in this retrospective study.Methods: This study enrolled 67 patients with sCJD hospitalized in a grade-A tertiary hospital in eastern China from January 2010 to January 2020. Demographic data, clinical symptoms, brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), electroencephalogram (EEG), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) 14-3-3 protein test, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and DNA sequence determination of genes were collected and analyzed.Results: There were 62 patients with probable sCJD and 5 patients with possible sCJD. Male (28 cases) to female (39 cases) ratio was 1:1.39. Mean age at disease onset was 64.42 ± 9.00 years (range: 29–88 years), and mean survival time was 9.39 ± 12.58 months (range: 1–60 months for patients who received the follow-ups). The most common onset symptoms were dementia (49.25%), movement disorder (44.78%), and visual disturbance (22.39%), while the most frequent clinical manifestations were language disorders (74.63%), ataxia (70.15%), and myoclonus (70.15%). The positive rates of brain MRI abnormalities, 14-3-3 protein in CSF, and periodic sharp wave complexes (PSWCs) on EEG were 84.90, 68.00, and 46.03%, respectively. The 14-3-3 protein positive (p = 0.033) and PSWCs on EEG (p = 0.020) acted as the favorable and unfavorable factor for over 1 year of survival time, respectively.Conclusions: There were some differences in epidemiological and clinical characteristics among patients in China and those of other countries. The prognosis and its influencing factors were relatively unexplored in China. The mean survival time of Chinese patients was longer than that of Caucasian patients but shorter than that of Japanese patients. The 14-3-3 protein in CSF and PSWCs on EEG were both closely related to the survival time. It is necessary to promote autopsy or biopsy to better understand sCJD in China.

scholarly journals A Retrospective Study of the Clinical Phenotype and Predictors of Survival in non-Caucasian Hispanic Patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Marisol Sánchez-Martínez ◽  
José Alberto Choreño-Parra ◽  
Lilia Nuñez-Orozco ◽  
Noel Isaías Placencia-Álvarez ◽  
Laura Marcela Alvis-Cataño ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Overall Survival ◽  
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ◽  
Prognostic Factors ◽  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Survival Time ◽  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Clinical Phenotype ◽  
Age At Onset ◽  
Als Patients ◽  
Lateral Sclerosis

Abstract Background. Little is known about the clinical phenotype of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) in non-Caucasian populations. Here, we aimed to describe the clinical characteristics, prognostic factors and survival of Mexican patients with ALS. Methods. We conducted a retrospective study by reviewing the medical records of patients with ALS that attended and were regularly followed at a third level hospital in Mexico City from 2000 to 2015. We calculated absolute and relative frequencies of the clinical characteristics from all the participants. We also estimated correlation coefficients between clinical features and overall survival. Additionally, survival rates were compared for all participants grouped according to different clinical features using the Kaplan-Meier method and the log-rank test. Results. We enrolled 45 ALS patients, 53.33% had spinal-onset ALS and 46.66% presented bulbar ALS. The male/female ratio was 0.8. The mean age at onset of symptoms was 58.11 years. Mean survival time from onset was 64.73 ± 34.83 months. Cumulative survival rate after 5 years of disease onset was 44.44%. Age at onset and age at diagnosis inversely correlated with overall survival time. Also, we found that bulbar-onset, short diagnostic delay, percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy, mechanical ventilation, and lower total cholesterol serum levels were associated with short survival. Conclusions. The clinical characteristics of Mexican ALS patients differ from the disease phenotype observed in Caucasians. Nonetheless, the predictive value of certain well-recognized prognostic factors remains consistent in our population. The current study provides relevant information for a better understanding of prognostic factors in ALS patients from Mexico and other Latin American countries.

scholarly journals Clinical Features and Prognosis in Chinese Patients With Dipeptidyl–Peptidase–Like Protein 6 Antibody–Associated Encephalitis

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ailiang Miao ◽  
Yongwei Shi ◽  
Xiaoshan Wang ◽  
Jianqing Ge ◽  
Chuanyong Yu
Keyword(s):  
Neuropsychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Disease Onset ◽  
Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Dipeptidyl Peptidase ◽  
Chinese Patients ◽  
Normal Brain ◽  
Rare Type ◽  
Epileptiform Discharges ◽  
Psychiatric Disturbances ◽  
Positive Antibody

Objectives:Anti-dipeptidyl–peptidase–like protein 6 (anti-DPPX) encephalitis an extremely rare type of immune-mediated encephalitis. This study aimed to analyze the electroclinical characteristics and prognosis of anti-DPPX encephalitis.Methods:Five patients (all male) with anti-DPPX encephalitis in East China from January 2016 to October 2021 was retrospective analyzed. Electroclinical features and outcomes were reviewed.Results:All five patients were male. The media age at disease onset was 32 years old with a range of 14–56 years. The main symptoms included psychiatric disturbances (2/5), amnesia (4/5), confusion (3/5), and seizures (3/5). Migrating myoclonus were identified in patient 4 with positive DPPX and contactin-associated protein-like 2 antibodies in blood. All of the patients had positive DPPX antibodies in serum. Only one of them had positive antibody in the cerebrospinal fluid. EEG showed diffuse slowing in two patients, but no epileptiform discharges were observed. Eighty percent (4/5) of the patients showed normal brain magnetic resonance imaging. After immunotherapy, improvement of neuropsychiatric symptoms from all of the patients was observed. Over a mean follow-up of 30.8 weeks, all of the patients had marked improvement in the modified Rankin Scale. To date, no tumors were not observed in any patients.Conclusions:Anti-DPPX encephalitis mainly presents as neuropsychiatric symptoms. Cooperation of DPPX antibodies and CASPR2 antibodies might have contributed to the migration of myoclonus in the patient 4. Prompt immunotherapy often results in improvement.

scholarly journals Clinical characteristics and prognosis of anti-alpha-Amino-3-Hydroxy-5-Methyl-4-Isoxazolepropionic acid receptor encephalitis

BMC Neurology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhe Zhang ◽  
Siyuan Fan ◽  
Haitao Ren ◽  
Lixin Zhou ◽  
Hongzhi Guan
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Limbic Encephalitis ◽  
Disease Onset ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Prognostic Information ◽  
Rare Type ◽  
Lung Cancers ◽  
Acid Receptor ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri

Abstract Background Encephalitis associated with antibodies against alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR) is an extremely rare type of antibody-mediated encephalitis. This research aims to investigate the clinical characteristics and prognosis of anti-AMPAR encephalitis. Methods This retrospective study enrolled nine patients with anti-AMPAR encephalitis. Demographic information, clinical manifestations, laboratory and radiological findings, treatment and response were collected and analyzed. These patients were followed up with an average period of 72 weeks to gather prognostic information. Results Nine patients (7 females and 2 males) were enrolled with a mean age at disease onset of 59 years old. Three clinical pictures, including limbic encephalitis (n = 7; 78%), pure amnesia (n = 1; 11%) and fulminant encephalitis (n = 1; 11%) were identified. New symptoms of dysphagia and deafness were identified in the clinical spectrum of anti-AMPAR encephalitis. All patients had positive blood AMPAR antibodies, and six of them (67%) had paired positive antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was abnormal in 75% of the patients with no specific patterns recognized. Six patients (67%) had tumors, including lung cancers and thymomas. After immunotherapy and oncotherapy, partial improvement of neurological symptoms was observed among all 6 patients with available records during their hospitalization. After a mean follow-up of 72 weeks, 3 patients had marked decrease of modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score, 1 patient had unchanged mRS score, 4 patients died and the other one was lost. Conclusions Anti-AMPAR encephalitis mainly presents as limbic encephalitis, and is paraneoplastic in 67% of cases. Thus, intensive screening for tumors is recommended for all anti-AMPAR patients. Although patients showed a good short-term therapeutic response, the overall prognosis was not satisfactory.

scholarly journals Clinical characteristics and prognosis of Chinese patients with hereditary transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shan He ◽  
Zhuang Tian ◽  
Hongzhi Guan ◽  
Jian Li ◽  
Quan Fang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Disease Onset ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Posterior Wall ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Ventricular Septum ◽  
Chinese Patients ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Amyloid Cardiomyopathy ◽  
Clinical Awareness

Abstract Background Hereditary transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy (ATTR-CM) is an increasingly recognized progressive cardiomyopathy with heterogenous clinical manifestations that lead to its misdiagnosis and poor prognosis. This study was performed to describe the clinical characteristics and natural history of Chinese patients to improve clinical awareness of this condition. Methods In this study, we retrospectively investigated 23 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of hereditary ATTR-CM in Peking Union Medical College hospital from From January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2018. Results In all, 16 patients (69.6%) were males, the median age at disease onset was 45 (33,55) years old. The median duration from symptom onset to diagnosis was 30 (18,46) months. Phenotypes were classified as exclusively cardiac (n = 1, 4.3%) and mixed type (n = 22, 95.6%). The common mutations were Gly47Arg (7 patients [30.4%]) and Val30Ala (3 patients [13%]). Ventricular hypertrophy was observed in 23 (100%) patients, the mean thickness of the ventricular septum was 16.1 ± 3.9 mm, the mean thickness of the left ventricular posterior wall was 15.1 ± 2.8 mm. The mean left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF) was 57.3 ± 11.9% and only 5 patients (21.7%) had LVEF < 50%. 18 (78.3%) patients had abnormal electrocardiography and the most common feature was pseudoinfarct pattern (56.5%). Overall survival at 12, 24, 36, 48, and 60 months after diagnosis was 77.8, 55.6, 38.9, 27.8, and 11.1%, respectively. Survival was better in patients with EF ≥50% than in those with EF < 50% [log Rank (Mantel-Cox), χ2 = 4.03, P = 0.045]. Conclusions The clinical characteristics of ATTR are heterogeneous: men are more likely to be affected and onset symptoms are not obvious in the heart and mainly include peripheral neuropathy and autonomic neuropathy; however, LV hypertrophy, especially a thick ventricular septum and posterior wall with preserved LVEF, are often detected on echocardiography. Abnormal ECG manifestations are common. The prognosis is poor, and patients with EF > 50% have better survival. Clinicians should be more aware of the complex clinical profile of ATTR amyloidosis to avoid misdiagnosis in practice.

Vascularized Ulnar Bone Grafts for Limb-Sparing Surgery for the Treatment of Distal Radial OsteosarcomaS

2011 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 98-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan C. Hodge ◽  
Daniel Degner ◽  
Richard Walshaw ◽  
Brian Teunissen
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Survival Time ◽  
Bone Grafts ◽  
Implant Loosening ◽  
Mean Survival Time ◽  
Free Interval ◽  
Cortical Allograft ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Radial Bone

The objective of this retrospective study was to compare vascularized free or roll-in ulnar bone grafts for limb-sparing surgery in dogs with radial osteosarcoma with the cortical allograft, metal endoprosthesis, or distraction osteogenesis techniques. Overall, the ulnar graft techniques used in this study demonstrated excellent healing properties. Complications included recurrence of the tumor in 25% (2/8) of the dogs, metastasis in 50% (4/8) of the dogs, implant loosening in 37.5% (3/8) of the dogs, implant failure in 12.5% (1/8) of the dogs, and infection in 62.5% (5/8) of the dogs. Mean survival time was 29.3 mo (range, 9 to 61 mo). The mean metastasis-free interval was 33.67 mo (range, 8 to 54 mo). Tumors recurred locally in two dogs at 10 mo and 20 mo postoperatively. This study yielded similar long-term complications as other limb-sparing options (such as cortical allografts and metal endoprostheses) and allowed dogs to bear weight on the operated limb with acceptable limb function. More research is needed regarding specific healing times for ulnar vascularized grafts, time until implant removal, and the extent of radial bone that could ultimately be replaced by the ulna.

scholarly journals Clinical Characteristics and Prognosis of Anti-Alpha- Amino-3-Hydroxy-5-Methyl-4-Isoxazolepropionic Acid Receptor Encephalitis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhe Zhang ◽  
Siyuan Fan ◽  
Haitao Ren ◽  
Lixin Zhou ◽  
Hongzhi Guan
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Limbic Encephalitis ◽  
Disease Onset ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Prognostic Information ◽  
Rare Type ◽  
Lung Cancers ◽  
Acid Receptor ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri

Abstract Background Encephalitis associated with antibodies against alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR) is an extremely rare type of antibody-mediated encephalitis. This research aims to investigate the clinical characteristics and prognosis of anti-AMPAR encephalitis. Methods This retrospective study enrolled nine patients with anti-AMPAR encephalitis. Demographic information, clinical manifestations, laboratory and radiological findings, treatment and response were collected and analyzed. These patients were followed up with an average period of 72 weeks to gather prognostic information. Results Nine patients (7 females and 2 males) were enrolled with the mean age of disease onset as 59 years old. Three clinical syndromes, including limbic encephalitis (n=7; 78%), pure amnesia (n=1; 11%) and fulminant encephalitis (n=1; 11%) were identified. New symptoms of dysphagia and deafness were identified in the clinical spectrum of anti-AMPAR encephalitis. All patients had positive blood AMPAR antibodies, and six of them (67%) had paired positive antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were abnormal in 75% of the patients with no specific patterns recognized. Six patients (67%) had tumors, including lung cancers or thymomas. After immunotherapy and oncotherapy, partial improvement of neurological symptoms was observed among all 6 patients with available records during their hospitalization. During a mean follow-up of 72 weeks, 3 patients had marked improvement of modified Rankin Scale (mRS), one patient had unchanged mRS, 4 patients died and the other one was lost. Conclusions Anti-AMPAR encephalitis mainly presents as limbic encephalitis. Anti-AMPAR encephalitis is paraneoplastic in 67% cases and intensive screening for tumors is recommended for all anti-AMPAR patients. Although patients showed a good short-term therapeutic response, the overall prognosis was not satisfactory.

Novel IBA57 Mutations in Two Chinese Patients and Literature Review of Multiple Mitochondrial Dysfunction Syndrome

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feixia Zhan ◽  
Xiaoli Liu ◽  
Ruilong Ni ◽  
Tiaotiao Liu ◽  
Yuwen Cao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Mitochondrial Dysfunction ◽  
Clinical Investigation ◽  
Brain Mri ◽  
Disease Onset ◽  
Nuclear Gene ◽  
Chinese Patients ◽  
Mitochondrial Enzymes ◽  
Clinical Genetic ◽  
Initial Symptoms

Abstract Multiple mitochondrial dysfunction syndrome (MMDS) refers to a class of mitochondrial diseases caused by nuclear gene mutations, which usually begins in early infancy and is classically characterized by markedly impaired neurological development, generalized muscle weakness, lactic acidosis, and hyperglycinemia, cavitating leukoencephalopathy, respiratory failure, as well as early fatality resulted from dysfunction of energy metabolism in multiple systems. So far, six types of MMDS have been identified based on different genotypes, which are caused by mutations in NFU1, BOLA3, IBA57, ISCA2, ISCA1 and PMPCB, respectively. IBA57 encodes a protein involved in the mitochondrial Fe/S cluster assembly process, which plays a vital role in the activity of multiple mitochondrial enzymes. Herein, detailed clinical investigation of 2 Chinese patients from two unrelated families were described, both of them showed mildly delay in developmental milestone before disease onset, and the initial symptoms were all presented with acute motor and mental retrogression, and brain MRI showed diffused leukoencephalopathy with cavities, dysplasia of corpus callosum and cerebral atrophy. Exome sequencing revealed three IBA57 mutations, one shared variant (c.286T > C) has been previously reported, the remaining two (c.189delC and c.580A > G) are novel. To enhance the understanding of this rare disease, we further made a literature review about the current progress in clinical, genetic and treatment of the disorder. Due to the rapid progress of MMDS, early awareness is crucial to prompt and proper administration, as well as genetic counseling.

scholarly journals A retrospective study of the clinical phenotype and predictors of survival in non-Caucasian Hispanic patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

BMC Neurology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Marisol Sánchez-Martínez ◽  
José Alberto Choreño-Parra ◽  
Lilia Nuñez-Orozco ◽  
Noel Placencia-Álvarez ◽  
Laura Marcela Alvis-Castaño ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Overall Survival ◽  
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ◽  
Prognostic Factors ◽  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Survival Time ◽  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Clinical Phenotype ◽  
Age At Onset ◽  
Als Patients ◽  
Lateral Sclerosis

Abstract Background Little is known about the clinical phenotype of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) in non-Caucasian populations. Here, we aimed to describe the clinical characteristics, prognostic factors and survival of Mexican patients with ALS. Methods We conducted a retrospective study by reviewing the medical records of patients with ALS that attended and were regularly followed at a third level hospital in Mexico City from 2000 to 2015. We calculated absolute and relative frequencies of the clinical characteristics from all the participants. We also estimated correlation coefficients between clinical features and overall survival. Additionally, survival rates were compared for all participants grouped according to different clinical features using the Kaplan-Meier method and the log-rank test. Results We enrolled 45 ALS patients, 53.33% had spinal-onset ALS and 46.66% presented bulbar ALS. The male/female ratio was 0.8. The mean age at onset of symptoms was 58.11 years. Mean survival time from onset was 64.73 ± 34.83 months. Cumulative survival rate after 5 years of disease onset was 44.44%. Age at onset and age at diagnosis inversely correlated with overall survival time. Also, we found that bulbar-onset, short diagnostic delay, percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy, mechanical ventilation, and lower total cholesterol serum levels were associated with short survival. Conclusions The clinical characteristics of Mexican ALS patients differ from the disease phenotype observed in Caucasians. Nonetheless, the predictive value of certain well-recognized prognostic factors remains consistent in our population. The current study provides relevant information for a better understanding of prognostic factors in ALS patients from Mexico and other Latin American countries.

scholarly journals GALC mutations in Chinese patients with late-onset Krabbe disease: a case report

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shunzhi Zhuang ◽  
Lingen Kong ◽  
Caiming Li ◽  
Likun Chen ◽  
Tingting Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Vision Loss ◽  
Late Onset ◽  
Brain Mri ◽  
Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Krabbe Disease ◽  
Chinese Patients ◽  
Case Presentation ◽  
Corticospinal Tracts ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri

Abstract Background: Krabbe disease (also known as globoid cell leukodystrophy) cause by a deficiency of the enzyme -galactocerebrosidase (galactosylceramidase, GALC). The deficiency of GALC leads to accumulation of galactosylceramide and psychosine, the latter GALC substrate having a potential role in triggering demyelination. Typically, the disease has an infantile onset, with rapid deterioration in the first few months, leading to death before the age of 2 years. The late onset forms (late-infantile, juvenile, and adult forms) are rare with variable clinical outcomes, presenting spastic paraplegia as the main symptom. Case presentation: We recruited a family with two affected individuals. The proband (Patient 1), a 25-year-old male, was presented with slow progressive symptoms, including spastic gait disturbance and vision loss since the 5th year of life. His elder sister (Patient 2), became wheelchair-bound and demented at the age of 22 years. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed increased signal intensity in the white matter along with the involvement of the bilateral corticospinal tracts. GALC deficiency was confirmed by biochemical analysis. DNA sequencing revealed two mutations (c.865G>C: p. G289R and c.136G>T: p. D46Y) in GALC. The clinical characteristics, brain MRI, biochemical and molecular findings led to the diagnosis of Krabbe disease. Conclusion: Clinical and neuroimaged signs, positive enzymatic analysis and molecular data converged to definite diagnosis in this neurodegenerative disease.

scholarly journals Chinese SLE Treatment and Research group (CSTAR) registry 2009–2019: Major clinical characteristics of Chinese patients with systemic lupus erythematosus

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-47
Author(s):  
Mengtao Li ◽  
Yanhong Wang ◽  
Jiuliang Zhao ◽  
Qian Wang ◽  
Ziqian Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Research Group ◽  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Disease Onset ◽  
Damage Index ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Organ Damage ◽  
Chinese Patients ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Objective To describe the overall clinical characteristics of patients from the Chinese SLE Treatment and Research group (CSTAR) registry in the past 10 years. Methods CSTAR registry originated as a multicenter, consecutive, and prospective design launched in 2009. The data were collected online from 304 rheumatology centers, which covered 30 provinces in China. All data were generated and uploaded in the clinic directly without secondary collection, including demographic, clinical manifestations, disease activity (SLEDAI-2K) and organ damage evaluation (SLICC Damage Index), and lab test results. Biological samples were preserved for future study. Meanwhile, data cleaning and validation were managed by a professional backstage statistician. Results A total of 25,147 SLE patients were registered up to Dec 2019. The mean age of disease onset was 31.2 years with the age of confirmed diagnosis at 32.1 years. The male to female rate was 1:11.9. 4.6% were pediatric patients. The most common clinical presentations at entry were oral ulcer (59.4%), arthritis (55.0%), alopecia (43.22%), skin rash (40.0%), and nephritis (33.5%). The mean SLEDAI score at entry was 4 and 32.6% were in moderate to severely active disease. 66.4% and 37.8% of patients were positive for anti-ds-DNA antibody or low complement level. Additionally, 1.1% of patients were with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). The prevalence rate of cerebrovascular disease was 0.3%. A total of 58.2% of patients were in clinical remission when thery were registered. Conclusions The CSTAR registry is the largest ongoing SLE registry in China so far. More than 25,000 SLE patients are registered and nearly 10,000 are in follow-up visits. This registry has provided high-quality data for future studies and will become an infrastructure for domestic and international collaborations.

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