The Critical Role of the Right Dorsal and Ventral Anterior Insula in Reciprocity: Evidence From the Trust and Ultimatum Games

Purpose: The basolateral amygdala (BLA) and infralimbic area (IL) of medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) are two inter-connected brain structures that mediate both fear memory expression and extinction. Besides the well-known role of the BLA in the acquisition and expression of fear memory, projections from IL to BLA inhibit fear expression and have a critical role in fear extinction. However, the details of IL-BLA interaction remain unclear. Here, we aimed to investigate the role of functional reciprocal interactions between BLA and IL in mediating fear memory extinction. Methods: Using lidocaine (LID), male rats underwent unilateral or bilateral inactivation of the BLA and then unilateral intra-IL infusion of CORT, prior to extinction training of auditory fear conditioning paradigm. Freezing behavior was reported as an index for the measurement of conditioned fear. Infusions were performed before the extinction training, allowing to examine the effects on fear expression and also further extinction memory. Experiments 1-3 investigated the effects of left or right infusion of CORT into IL, and LID unilaterally into BLA on fear memory extinction. Results: Results showed that intra-IL infusion of CORT in the right hemisphere reduced freezing behavior when administrated before the extinction training. Auditory fear memory extinction was impaired by asymmetric inactivation of BLA and CORT infusion in the right IL; however, the same effect was not observed with symmetric inactivation of BLA. Conclusion: It is concluded that that the IL-BLA neural circuit may provide additional evidence to contribution of this circuit in auditory fear extinction. This study demonstrate dissociable roles for right or left BLA in subserving the auditory fear extinction. Our finding also raise the possibility that left BLA-IL circuitry may contribute in mediating auditory fear memory extinction via underlying mechanisms, however further research is required.

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Frequency-dependent circuits anchored in the dorsal and ventral left anterior insula

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-020-73192-z ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Yifeng Wang ◽

Qijun Zou ◽

Yujia Ao ◽

Yang Liu ◽

Yujie Ouyang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Functional Organization ◽

Functional Integration ◽

Anterior Insula ◽

Frequency Effect ◽

Frequency Dependent ◽

Functional Connections ◽

Human Connectome Project ◽

Cognitive Neurosciences ◽

The Right

Abstract The hub role of the right anterior insula (AI) has been emphasized in cognitive neurosciences and been demonstrated to be frequency-dependently organized. However, the functional organization of left AI (LAI) has not been systematically investigated. Here we used 100 unrelated datasets from the Human Connectome Project to study the frequency-dependent organization of LAI along slow 6 to slow 1 bands. The broadband functional connectivity of LAI was similar to previous findings. In slow 6-slow 3 bands, both dorsal and ventral seeds in LAI were correlated to the salience network (SN) and language network (LN) and anti-correlated to the default mode network (DMN). However, these seeds were only correlated to the LAI in slow 2-slow 1 bands. These findings indicate that broadband and narrow band functional connections reflect different functional organizations of the LAI. Furthermore, the dorsal seed had a stronger connection with the LN and anti-correlation with DMN while the ventral seed had a stronger connection within the SN in slow 6-slow 3 bands. In slow 2-slow 1 bands, both seeds had stronger connections with themselves. These observations indicate distinctive functional organizations for the two parts of LAI. Significant frequency effect and frequency by seed interaction were also found, suggesting different frequency characteristics of these two seeds. The functional integration and functional segregation of LDAI and LVAI were further supported by their cognitive associations. The frequency- and seed-dependent functional organizations of LAI may enlighten future clinical and cognitive investigations.

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Right Place at the Right Time: How Changes in Protocadherins Affect Synaptic Connections Contributing to the Etiology of Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Cells ◽

10.3390/cells9122711 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (12) ◽

pp. 2711

Author(s):

Maria Mancini ◽

Silvia Bassani ◽

Maria Passafaro

Keyword(s):

Cell Adhesion ◽

Neurodevelopmental Disorders ◽

Synapse Formation ◽

Large Fraction ◽

Critical Role ◽

Basic Research ◽

Axon Pathfinding ◽

Neurite Initiation ◽

The Right

During brain development, neurons need to form the correct connections with one another in order to give rise to a functional neuronal circuitry. Mistakes during this process, leading to the formation of improper neuronal connectivity, can result in a number of brain abnormalities and impairments collectively referred to as neurodevelopmental disorders. Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), present on the cell surface, take part in the neurodevelopmental process regulating migration and recognition of specific cells to form functional neuronal assemblies. Among CAMs, the members of the protocadherin (PCDH) group stand out because they are involved in cell adhesion, neurite initiation and outgrowth, axon pathfinding and fasciculation, and synapse formation and stabilization. Given the critical role of these macromolecules in the major neurodevelopmental processes, it is not surprising that clinical and basic research in the past two decades has identified several PCDH genes as responsible for a large fraction of neurodevelopmental disorders. In the present article, we review these findings with a focus on the non-clustered PCDH sub-group, discussing the proteins implicated in the main neurodevelopmental disorders.

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Perspectives

Vikalpa The Journal for Decision Makers ◽

10.1177/0256090919900401 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 15 (4) ◽

pp. 3-10

Author(s):

Jayanth R Varma ◽

N Venkiteswaran

Keyword(s):

Capital Market ◽

Economic Activity ◽

Critical Role ◽

Regulatory Agencies ◽

Recent Past ◽

Positive Direction ◽

Emerging Trends ◽

The Government ◽

The Right

The Indian capital market has shown signs of buoyancy and dynamism in the recent past. There is a very real need, therefore, to nurture and to give positive direction to the emerging trends in this sphere of economic activity. It is in this context that regulatory agencies have a critical role in providing the right kind of support to avoid bunching of issues as well as in protecting investors against manipulation by unscrupulous investors. Have Indian regulatory agencies risen to the occasion by formulating appropriate and adequate policies to facilitate the development of the capital markets in India? In this article, Varma and Venkiteswaran examine the role of Indian regulatory agencies and evaluate the methodology spelt out in the official guidelines for valuation of equity shares made public by the Government of India.

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The rhetoric of New Zealand's COVID-19 response

Accounting Auditing & Accountability Journal ◽

10.1108/aaaj-08-2020-4890 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽

Author(s):

Binh Bui ◽

Olayinka Moses ◽

John Dumay

Keyword(s):

Critical Role ◽

Decision Makers ◽

Response Strategy ◽

Content Type ◽

Rhetorical Strategy ◽

The Public ◽

Government Documents ◽

The Right ◽

Public Policy Decisions

PurposeThe authors unpack the critical role of rhetoric in developing and justifying the New Zealand (NZ) government's coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) lockdown strategy.Design/methodology/approachUsing Green's (2004) theory of rhetorical diffusion, the authors analysed government documents and media releases before, during and after the lockdown to reconstruct the government's rationale.FindingsThe blending of kairos (sense of urgency and “right” time to act), ethos (emphasis on “saving lives”), pathos (fear of disruption and death) and selective use of health-based logos (shrinking infection rates), prompted fast initial adoption of the lockdown. However, support for the rhetoric wavered post-lockdown as absence of robust logos became apparent to the public.Research limitations/implicationsThe authors implicate the role of rhetoric in decision-makers’ ability to successfully elicit support for a new practice under urgency and the right moment to act using emotionalisation and moralisation. The assessment of the NZ government's response strategy provides insights decision-makers could glean in developing policies to tame the virus.Practical implicationsThis study’s analysis demonstrates the unsustainability of rhetoric in the absence of reliable information.Originality/valueThe authors demonstrate the consequences of limited (intermittent) evidence and disregard for accounting/accountability data in public policy decisions under a rhetorical strategy.

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Doing the Right Thing: The Critical Role of Students in the Tenure Campaign

Amerasia Journal ◽

10.17953/amer.16.1.2kn676215890035m ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 109-117

Author(s):

Mary Katayama

Keyword(s):

Critical Role ◽

The Right

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Critical role of the right VLPFC in emotional regulation of social exclusion: a tDCS study

Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience ◽

10.1093/scan/nsy026 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 357-366 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Zhenhong He ◽

Yiqin Lin ◽

Lisheng Xia ◽

Zhenli Liu ◽

Dandan Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Social Exclusion ◽

Emotional Regulation ◽

Critical Role ◽

The Right

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Impaired Recognition of Emotional Faces after Stroke Involving Right Amygdala or Insula

Seminars in Speech and Language ◽

10.1055/s-0037-1608859 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 39 (01) ◽

pp. 087-100 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Brittany Godin ◽

Kumiko Oishi ◽

Kenichi Oishi ◽

Cameron Davis ◽

Yessenia Gomez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Facial Expressions ◽

Right Hemisphere ◽

Anterior Insula ◽

Human Anatomy ◽

Lesion Volume ◽

Stroke Patients ◽

Emotional Faces ◽

The Right ◽

Right Hemisphere Stroke

AbstractDespite its basic and translational importance, the neural circuitry supporting the perception of emotional faces remains incompletely understood. Functional imaging studies and chronic lesion studies indicate distinct roles of the amygdala and insula in recognition of fear and disgust in facial expressions, whereas intracranial encephalography studies, which are not encumbered by variations in human anatomy, indicate a somewhat different role of these structures. In this article, we leveraged lesion-mapping techniques in individuals with acute right hemisphere stroke to investigate lesions associated with impaired recognition of prototypic emotional faces before significant neural reorganization can occur during recovery from stroke. Right hemisphere stroke patients were significantly less accurate than controls on a test of emotional facial recognition for both positive and negative emotions. Patients with right amygdala or anterior insula lesions had significantly lower scores than other right hemisphere stroke patients on recognition of angry and happy faces. Lesion volume within several regions, including the right amygdala and anterior insula, each independently contributed to the error rate in recognition of individual emotions. Results provide additional support for a necessary role of the right amygdala and anterior insula within a network of regions underlying recognition of facial expressions, particularly those that have biological importance or motivational relevance and have implications for clinical practice.

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Bias for the Left Visual Field in Rapid Serial Visual Presentation: Effects of Additional Salient Cues Suggest a Critical Role of Attention

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience ◽

10.1162/jocn_a_00714 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 27 (2) ◽

pp. 266-279 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Kamila Śmigasiewicz ◽

Dariusz Asanowicz ◽

Nicole Westphal ◽

Rolf Verleger

Keyword(s):

Visual Field ◽

Left Visual Field ◽

Right Hemisphere ◽

Critical Role ◽

Visual Presentation ◽

The Other ◽

Early Posterior Negativity ◽

Left And Right ◽

The Right

Everyday experience suggests that people are equally aware of stimuli in both hemifields. However, when two streams of stimuli are rapidly presented left and right, the second target (T2) is better identified in the left hemifield than in the right hemifield. This left visual field (LVF) advantage may result from differences between hemifields in attracting attention. Therefore, we introduced a visual cue shortly before T2 onset to draw attention to one stream. Thus, to identify T2, attention was correctly positioned with valid cues but had to be redirected to the other stream with invalid ones. If the LVF advantage is caused by differences between hemifields in attracting attention, invalid cues should increase, and valid cues should reduce the LVF advantage as compared with neutral cues. This prediction was confirmed. ERP analysis revealed that cues evoked an early posterior negativity, confirming that attention was attracted by the cue. This negativity was earlier with cues in the LVF, which suggests that responses to salient events are faster in the right hemisphere than in the left hemisphere. Valid cues speeded up, and invalid cues delayed T2-evoked N2pc; in addition, valid cues enlarged T2-evoked P3. After N2pc, right-side T2 evoked more sustained contralateral negativity than left T2, least long-lasting after valid cues. Difficulties in identifying invalidly cued right T2 were reflected in prematurely ending P3 waveforms. Overall, these data provide evidence that the LVF advantage is because of different abilities of the hemispheres in shifting attention to relevant events in their contralateral hemifield.

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