scholarly journals To Go or Not to Go: Degrees of Dynamic Inhibitory Control Revealed by the Function of Grip Force and Early Electrophysiological Indices

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trung Van Nguyen ◽  
Che-Yi Hsu ◽  
Satish Jaiswal ◽  
Neil G. Muggleton ◽  
Wei-Kuang Liang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Error Correction ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Force Measurement ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Source Analysis ◽  
Motor Inhibition

A critical issue in executive control is how the nervous system exerts flexibility to inhibit a prepotent response and adapt to sudden changes in the environment. In this study, force measurement was used to capture “partial” unsuccessful trials that are highly relevant in extending the current understanding of motor inhibition processing. Moreover, a modified version of the stop-signal task was used to control and eliminate potential attentional capture effects from the motor inhibition index. The results illustrate that the non-canceled force and force rate increased as a function of stop-signal delay (SSD), offering new objective indices for gauging the dynamic inhibitory process. Motor response (time and force) was a function of delay in the presentation of novel/infrequent stimuli. A larger lateralized readiness potential (LRP) amplitude in go and novel stimuli indicated an influence of the novel stimuli on central motor processing. Moreover, an early N1 component reflects an index of motor inhibition in addition to the N2 component reported in previous studies. Source analysis revealed that the activation of N2 originated from inhibitory control associated areas: the right inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG), pre-motor cortex, and primary motor cortex. Regarding partial responses, LRP and error-related negativity (ERNs) were associated with error correction processes, whereas the N2 component may indicate the functional overlap between inhibition and error correction. In sum, the present study has developed reliable and objective indices of motor inhibition by introducing force, force-rate and electrophysiological measures, further elucidating our understandings of dynamic motor inhibition and error correction.

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Functional MRI Reveal Cortical and Subcortical Interactions during Stop-signal Response Inhibition

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bram B. Zandbelt ◽  
Mirjam Bloemendaal ◽  
Janna Marie Hoogendam ◽  
René S. Kahn ◽  
Matthijs Vink
Keyword(s):  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Reactive Inhibition ◽  
Reactive Control ◽  
Motor Complex ◽  
Repetitive Tms ◽  
The Right

Stopping an action requires suppression of the primary motor cortex (M1). Inhibitory control over M1 relies on a network including the right inferior frontal cortex (rIFC) and the supplementary motor complex (SMC), but how these regions interact to exert inhibitory control over M1 is unknown. Specifically, the hierarchical position of the rIFC and SMC with respect to each other, the routes by which these regions control M1, and the causal involvement of these regions in proactive and reactive inhibition remain unclear. We used off-line repetitive TMS to perturb neural activity in the rIFC and SMC followed by fMRI to examine effects on activation in the networks involved in proactive and reactive inhibition, as assessed with a modified stop-signal task. We found repetitive TMS effects on reactive inhibition only. rIFC and SMC stimulation shortened the stop-signal RT (SSRT) and a shorter SSRT was associated with increased M1 deactivation. Furthermore, rIFC and SMC stimulation increased right striatal activation, implicating frontostriatal pathways in reactive inhibition. Finally, rIFC stimulation altered SMC activation, but SMC stimulation did not alter rIFC activation, indicating that rIFC lies upstream from SMC. These findings extend our knowledge about the functional organization of inhibitory control, an important component of executive functioning, showing that rIFC exerts reactive control over M1 via SMC and right striatum.

scholarly journals Stopping a response has global or nonglobal effects on the motor system depending on preparation

2012 ◽  
Vol 107 (1) ◽  
pp. 384-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Greenhouse ◽  
Caitlin L. Oldenkamp ◽  
Adam R. Aron
Keyword(s):  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Motor System ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Proactive Control ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Do So

Much research has focused on how people stop initiated response tendencies when instructed by a signal. Stopping of this kind appears to have global effects on the motor system. For example, by delivering transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over the leg area of the primary motor cortex, it is possible to detect suppression in the leg when the hand is being stopped (Badry R et al. Suppression of human cortico-motoneuronal excitability during the stop-signal task. Clin Neurophysiol 120: 1717–1723, 2009). Here, we asked if such “global suppression” can be observed proactively, i.e., when people anticipate they might have to stop. We used a conditional stop signal task, which allows the measurement of both an “anticipation phase” (i.e., where proactive control is applied) and a “stopping” phase. TMS was delivered during the anticipation phase ( experiment 1) and also during the stopping phase ( experiments 1 and 2) to measure leg excitability. During the anticipation phase, we did not observe leg suppression, but we did during the stopping phase, consistent with Badry et al. (2009) . Moreover, when we split the subject groups into those who slowed down behaviorally (i.e., exercised proactive control) and those who did not, we found that subjects who slowed did not show leg suppression when they stopped, whereas those who did not slow did show leg suppression when they stopped. These results suggest that if subjects prepare to stop, then they do so without global effects on the motor system. Thus, preparation allows them to stop more selectively.

scholarly journals Dynamical EEG Indices of Progressive Motor Inhibition and Error-Monitoring

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 478
Author(s):  
Trung Van Nguyen ◽  
Prasad Balachandran ◽  
Neil G. Muggleton ◽  
Wei-Kuang Liang ◽  
Chi-Hung Juan
Keyword(s):  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Control Process ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Error Processing ◽  
Alpha Power ◽  
Error Monitoring ◽  
Motor Inhibition ◽  
Hilbert Huang Transform ◽  
Time Frequency

Response inhibition has been widely explored using the stop signal paradigm in the laboratory setting. However, the mechanism that demarcates attentional capture from the motor inhibition process is still unclear. Error monitoring is also involved in the stop signal task. Error responses that do not complete, i.e., partial errors, may require different error monitoring mechanisms relative to an overt error. Thus, in this study, we included a “continue go” (Cont_Go) condition to the stop signal task to investigate the inhibitory control process. To establish the finer difference in error processing (partial vs. full unsuccessful stop (USST)), a grip-force device was used in tandem with electroencephalographic (EEG), and the time-frequency characteristics were computed with Hilbert–Huang transform (HHT). Relative to Cont_Go, HHT results reveal (1) an increased beta and low gamma power for successful stop trials, indicating an electrophysiological index of inhibitory control, (2) an enhanced theta and alpha power for full USST trials that may mirror error processing. Additionally, the higher theta and alpha power observed in partial over full USST trials around 100 ms before the response onset, indicating the early detection of error and the corresponding correction process. Together, this study extends our understanding of the finer motor inhibition control and its dynamic electrophysiological mechanisms.

scholarly journals Multimodal Neuroimaging Differences in Nicotine Abstinent Smokers Versus Satiated Smokers

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 755-763 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bader Chaarani ◽  
Philip A Spechler ◽  
Alexandra Ivanciu ◽  
Mitchell Snowe ◽  
Joshua P Nickerson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Multimodal Neuroimaging ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Nicotine Abstinence ◽  
Behavioral Impairments

Abstract Introduction Research on cigarette smokers suggests cognitive and behavioral impairments. However, much remains unclear how the functional neurobiology of smokers is influenced by nicotine state. Therefore, we sought to determine which state, be it acute nicotine abstinence or satiety, would yield the most robust differences compared with nonsmokers when assessing neurobiological markers of nicotine dependence. Methods Smokers (N = 15) and sociodemographically matched nonsmokers (N = 15) were scanned twice using a repeated-measures design. Smokers were scanned after a 24-hour nicotine abstinence and immediately after smoking their usual brand cigarette. The neuroimaging battery included a stop-signal task of response inhibition and pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling to measure cerebral blood flow (CBF). Whole-brain voxel-wise analyses of covariance were carried out on stop success and stop fail Stop-Signal Task contrasts and CBF maps to assess differences among nonsmokers, abstinent smokers, and satiated smokers. Cluster correction was performed using AFNI’s 3dClustSim to achieve a significance of p < .05. Results Smokers exhibited higher brain activation in bilateral inferior frontal gyrus, a brain region known to be involved in inhibitory control, during successful response inhibitions relative to nonsmokers. This effect was significantly higher during nicotine abstinence relative to satiety. Smokers also exhibited lower CBF in the bilateral inferior frontal gyrus than nonsmokers. These hypoperfusions were not different between abstinence and satiety. Conclusions These findings converge on alterations in smokers in prefrontal circuits known to be critical for inhibitory control. These effects are present, even when smokers are satiated, but the neural activity required to achieve performance equal to controls is increased when smokers are in acute abstinence. Implications Our multimodal neuroimaging study gives neurobiological insights into the cognitive demands of maintaining abstinence and suggests targets for assessing the efficacy of therapeutic interventions.

scholarly journals Leveling the Field for a Fairer Race between Going and Stopping: Neural Evidence for the Race Model of Motor Inhibition from a New Version of the Stop Signal Task

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 590-602 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tobin Dykstra ◽  
Darcy A. Waller ◽  
Eliot Hazeltine ◽  
Jan R. Wessel
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Model ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Race Model ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Motor Inhibition ◽  
Neural Process ◽  
Processing Demands ◽  
Inhibition Process

The stop signal task (SST) is the gold standard experimental model of inhibitory control. However, neither SST condition–contrast (stop vs. go, successful vs. failed stop) purely operationalizes inhibition. Because stop trials include a second, infrequent signal, the stop versus go contrast confounds inhibition with attentional and stimulus processing demands. While this confound is controlled for in the successful versus failed stop contrast, the go process is systematically faster on failed stop trials, contaminating the contrast with a different noninhibitory confound. Here, we present an SST variant to address both confounds and evaluate putative neural indices of inhibition with these influences removed. In our variant, stop signals occurred on every trial, equating the noninhibitory demands of the stop versus go contrast. To entice participants to respond despite the impending stop signals, responses produced before stop signals were rewarded. This also reversed the go process bias that typically affects the successful versus failed stop contrast. We recorded scalp electroencephalography in this new version of the task (as well as a standard version of the SST with infrequent stop signal) and found that, even under these conditions, the properties of the frontocentral stop signal P3 ERP remained consistent with the race model. Specifically, in both tasks, the amplitude of the P3 was increased on stop versus go trials. Moreover, the onset of this P3 occurred earlier for successful compared with failed stop trials in both tasks, consistent with the proposal of the race model that an earlier start of the inhibition process will increase stopping success. Therefore, the frontocentral stop signal P3 represents a neural process whose properties are in line with the predictions of the race model of motor inhibition, even when the SST's confounds are controlled.

scholarly journals Exploring the impact of a brief mindfulness induction on motor inhibitory control

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satish Jaiswal ◽  
Shao-Yang Tsai ◽  
Chi-Hung Juan ◽  
Wei-Kuang Liang ◽  
Neil G. Muggleton
Keyword(s):  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Mindfulness Training ◽  
Mindfulness Practice ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Motor Inhibition ◽  
Mindfulness Induction ◽  
Marginal Improvement ◽  
The Impact

AbstractInhibitory control can be divided into motor and cognitive inhibition. The current research is the first study exploring the impact of brief mindfulness training on motor inhibition, measured by a stop signal task in participants without any meditation experience. Motor inhibition performance was compared before and immediately after three different conditions; a brief mindfulness induction, a resting state and an active control session in which participants listened to their favorite music. Post-test learning effect on go-reaction times was seen for the resting and mindfulness conditions, but was absent in the music session, possibly due to emotional arousal might have led slower responses. Brief mindfulness training did not significantly alter inhibitory control, although marginal improvement in stop signal reaction time following the mindfulness induction was observed. Motor inhibition appears unresponsive to either short-term or long-term mindfulness practice. Future mindfulness studies should explore a broad spectrum of cognitive functions and populations.

scholarly journals Latency and amplitude of the stop-signal P3 event-related potential are related to inhibitory GABAa activity in primary motor cortex

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan Hynd ◽  
Cheol Soh ◽  
Benjamin O. Rangel ◽  
Jan R. Wessel
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Short Interval ◽  
Race Model ◽  
Intracortical Inhibition ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Gabaergic Neurotransmission ◽  
Overt Behavior

AbstractBy stopping actions even after their initiation, humans can adapt their ongoing behavior rapidly to changing environmental circumstances. The neural processes underlying the implementation of rapid action-stopping are still controversially discussed. In the early 1990s, a fronto-central P3 event-related potential (ERP) was identified in the human EEG response following stop-signals in the classic stop-signal task, accompanied by the proposal that this ERP reflects the “inhibitory” side of the purported horse-race underlying successful action-stopping. Later studies have lent support to this interpretation by finding that the amplitude and onset of the stop-signal P3 relate to both overt behavior and to movement-related EEG activity in ways predicted by the race model. However, such studies are limited by the ability of EEG to allow direct inferences about the presence (or absence) of true, physiologically inhibitory signaling at the neuronal level. To address this, we here present a cross-modal individual differences investigation of the relationship between the features stop-signal P3 ERP and GABAergic neurotransmission in primary motor cortex (M1, as measured by paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation). Following recent work, we measured short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI), a marker of inhibitory GABAa activity in M1, in a group of 41 human participants who also performed the stop-signal task while undergoing EEG recordings. In line with the P3-inhibition hypothesis, we found that subjects with stronger inhibitory GABA activity in M1 also showed both faster onsets and larger amplitudes of the stop-signal P3. This provides direct evidence linking the properties of this ERP to a true physiological index of motor system inhibition. We discuss these findings in the context of recent theoretical developments and empirical findings regarding the neural implementation of inhibitory control during action-stopping.

scholarly journals Associatively-mediated suppression of corticospinal excitability: A transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) study

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel S. Seet ◽  
Evan J. Livesey ◽  
Justin A. Harris
Keyword(s):  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Response Inhibition ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Motor Evoked Potentials ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Corticospinal Excitability ◽  
Stop Signal Task

AbstractResponse inhibition—the suppression of prepotent behaviours when they are inappropriate— has been thought to rely on executive control. Against this received wisdom, it has been argued that external cues repeatedly associated with response inhibition can come to trigger response inhibition automatically without top-down command. The current project endeavoured to provide evidence for associatively-mediated motor inhibition. We tested the hypothesis that stop-associated stimuli can, in a bottom-up fashion, directly activate inhibitory mechanisms in the motor cortex. Human subjects were first trained on a stop-signal task. Once trained, the subjects received transcranial magnetic stimulation applied over their primary motor cortex during passive observation of either the stop signal (i.e. without any need to stop a response) or an equally familiar control stimulus never associated with stopping. Analysis of motor-evoked potentials showed that corticospinal excitability was reduced during exposure to the stop signal, which likely involved stimulus-driven activation of intracortical GABAergic interneurons. This result offers evidence for the argument that, through associative learning, stop-associated stimuli can engage local inhibitory processes at the level of the motor cortex.

Inhibitory Control and the Frontal Eye Fields

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (12) ◽  
pp. 2804-2812 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil G. Muggleton ◽  
Chiao-Yun Chen ◽  
Ovid J. L. Tzeng ◽  
Daisy L. Hung ◽  
Chi-Hung Juan
Keyword(s):  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Visual Processes ◽  
Manual Responses

Inhibitory control mechanisms are important in a range of behaviors to prevent execution of motor acts which, having been planned, are no longer necessary. Ready examples of this can be seen in a range of sports, such as cricket and baseball, where the choice between execution or inhibition of a bat swing must be made in a brief time interval. The role of the FEFs, an area typically described in relation to eye movement functions but also involved in visual processes, was investigated in an inhibitory control task using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). A stop signal task with manual responses was used, providing measures of impulsivity and inhibitory control. TMS over FEF had no effect on response generation (impulsivity, indexed by go signal RT) but disrupted inhibitory control (indexed by stop signal RT). This is the first demonstration of a role for FEF in this type of task in normal subjects in a task which did not require eye movements and complements previous TMS findings of roles for pre-SMA and inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) in inhibitory control.

Stop Signal Task Training Strengthens GABA-mediated Neurotransmission within the Primary Motor Cortex

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (10) ◽  
pp. 1984-2000
Author(s):  
Nahian S. Chowdhury ◽  
Evan J. Livesey ◽  
Justin A. Harris
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Resting State ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Short Interval ◽  
Intracortical Inhibition ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Task Training ◽  
Experimental Group

We have recently shown that the efficiency in stopping a response, measured using the stop signal task, is related to GABAA-mediated short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) in the primary motor cortex. In this study, we conducted two experiments on humans to determine whether training participants in the stop signal task within one session (Experiment 1) and across multiple sessions (Experiment 2) would increase SICI strength. For each experiment, we obtained premeasures and postmeasures of stopping efficiency and resting-state SICI, that is, during relaxed muscle activity (Experiment 1, n = 45, 15 male participants) and SICI during the stop signal task (Experiment 2, n = 44, 21 male participants). In the middle blocks of Experiment 1 and the middle sessions of Experiment 2, participants in the experimental group completed stop signal task training, whereas control participants completed a similar task without the requirement to stop a response. After training, the experimental group showed increased resting-state SICI strength (Experiment 1) and increased SICI strength during the stop signal task (Experiment 2). Although there were no overall behavioral improvements in stopping efficiency, improvements at an individual level were correlated with increases in SICI strength at rest (Experiment 1) and during successful stopping (Experiment 2). These results provide evidence of neuroplasticity in resting-state and task-related GABAA-mediated SICI in the primary motor cortex after response inhibition training. These results also suggest that SICI and stopping efficiency are temporally linked, such that a change in SICI between time points is correlated with a change in stopping efficiency between time points.

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