scholarly journals No Difference in Arousal or Cognitive Demands Between Manual and Partially Automated Driving: A Multi-Method On-Road Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Lohani ◽  
Joel M. Cooper ◽  
Gus G. Erickson ◽  
Trent G. Simmons ◽  
Amy S. McDonnell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Bayes Factor ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Automated Driving ◽  
Cognitive Demands ◽  
Automated Technology ◽  
Detection Response ◽  
Response Task ◽  
Middle Aged Adults ◽  
Partial Automation

IntroductionPartial driving automation is not always reliable and requires that drivers maintain readiness to take over control and manually operate the vehicle. Little is known about differences in drivers’ arousal and cognitive demands under partial automation and how it may make it difficult for drivers to transition from automated to manual modes. This research examined whether there are differences in drivers’ arousal and cognitive demands during manual versus partial automation driving.MethodWe compared arousal (using heart rate) and cognitive demands (using the root mean square of successive differences in normal heartbeats; RMSSD, and Detection Response Task; DRT) while 39 younger (M = 28.82 years) and 32 late-middle-aged (M = 52.72 years) participants drove four partially automated vehicles (Cadillac, Nissan Rogue, Tesla, and Volvo) on interstate highways. If compared to manual driving, drivers’ arousal and cognitive demands were different under partial automation, then corresponding differences in heart rate, RMSSD, and DRT would be expected. Alternatively, if drivers’ arousal and cognitive demands were similar in manual and partially automated driving, no difference in the two driving modes would be expected.ResultsResults suggest no significant differences in heart rate, RMSSD, or DRT reaction time performance between manual and partially automated modes of driving for either younger or late-middle-aged adults across the four test vehicles. A Bayes Factor analysis suggested that heart rate, RMSSD, and DRT data showed extreme evidence in favor of the null hypothesis.ConclusionThis novel study conducted on real roads with a representative sample provides important evidence of no difference in arousal and cognitive demands. Younger and late-middle-aged motorists who are new to partial automation are able to maintain arousal and cognitive demands comparable to manual driving while using the partially automated technology. Drivers who are more experienced with partially automated technology may respond differently than those with limited prior experience.

scholarly journals Middle-aged endurance athletes exhibit lower cerebrovascular impedance than sedentary peers

2020 ◽  
Vol 129 (2) ◽  
pp. 335-342
Author(s):  
Jun Sugawara ◽  
Tsubasa Tomoto ◽  
Justin Repshas ◽  
Rong Zhang ◽  
Takashi Tarumi
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Endurance Training ◽  
Brain Perfusion ◽  
Endurance Athletes ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Harmonic Oscillations ◽  
Middle Aged Adults

Impedance modulus in the range of first harmonic oscillations (0.78–1.56 Hz), which reflects heart rate at rest, was lower in middle-aged endurance athletes than in age-matched sedentary peers and was similar to young individuals. Prolonged endurance training is associated with the improved cerebrovascular dampening function in middle-aged adults. Lower cerebrovascular impedance modulus may contribute to maintaining brain perfusion in midlife.

Correlates of Heart Rate Recovery in Healthy Young- to Middle-Aged Adults

2007 ◽  
Vol 39 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. S239-S240
Author(s):  
Mercedes Carnethon ◽  
Barbara Sternfeld ◽  
Kiang Liu ◽  
David R. Jacobs ◽  
Pamela J. Schreiner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Recovery ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Middle Aged Adults

Poor Heart Rate Recovery Is Associated With the Development of New-Onset Atrial Fibrillation in Middle-Aged Adults

2016 ◽  
Vol 91 (12) ◽  
pp. 1769-1777 ◽  
Author(s):  
Avi Sabbag ◽  
Anat Berkovitch ◽  
Yechezkel Sidi ◽  
Shaye Kivity ◽  
Sagit Ben Zekry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Recovery ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Middle Aged Adults ◽  
Onset Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
New Onset

scholarly journals Heart rate variability in middle-aged adults

Medicine ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 98 (44) ◽  
pp. e17764
Author(s):  
Hyunjoo Oh ◽  
Seungwon Shin ◽  
Byung-Hee Koh ◽  
Minwoo Hwang
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Variability ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Middle Aged Adults

scholarly journals Acute Effects of Tai Chi Training on Cognitive and Cardiovascular Responses in Late Middle-Aged Adults: A Pilot Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiffany C. Y. Cheung ◽  
Karen P. Y. Liu ◽  
Janet Y. H. Wong ◽  
Young-Hyeon Bae ◽  
Stanley Sai-Chuen Hui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Perceived Stress ◽  
Stress Level ◽  
Tai Chi ◽  
Cardiovascular Responses ◽  
Blood Oxygenation ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Middle Aged Adults ◽  
Palmar Skin

This study explored the immediate effects of Tai Chi (TC) training on attention and meditation, perceived stress level, heart rate, oxygen saturation level in blood, and palmar skin temperature in late middle-aged adults. Twenty TC practitioners and 20 nonpractitioners volunteered to join the study. After baseline measurements were taken, the TC group performed TC for 10 minutes while their cognitive states and cardiovascular responses were concurrently monitored. The control group rested for the same duration in a standing position. Both groups were then reassessed. The participants’ attention and meditation levels were measured using electroencephalography; stress levels were measured using Perceived Stress Scale; heart rate and blood oxygenation were measured using an oximeter; and palmar skin temperature was measured using an infrared thermometer. Attention level tended to increase during TC and dropped immediately thereafter (p<0.001). Perceived stress level decreased from baseline to posttest in exclusively the TC group (p=0.005). Heart rate increased during TC (p<0.001) and decreased thereafter (p=0.001). No significant group, time, or group-by-time interaction effects were found in the meditation level, palmar skin temperature, and blood oxygenation outcomes. While a 10-minute TC training could temporarily improve attention and decrease perceived stress levels, it could not improve meditation, palmar skin temperature, or blood oxygenation among late middle-aged adults.

Cardiac sensitivity to isoprenaline, lymphocyte β-adrenoceptors and age

1984 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
pp. 697-699 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Fitzgerald ◽  
V. Doyle ◽  
J. G. Kelly ◽  
K. O'Malley
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Cyclic Amp ◽  
Heart Rate Response ◽  
Increase Heart Rate ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Middle Aged Adults ◽  
Measurable Change ◽  
True Correlation

1. The heart rate response to isoprenaline in 11 subjects aged 19–46 years was compared with lymphocyte β-adrenoceptor numbers and lymphocyte cyclic AMP responsiveness. 2. The dose of isoprenaline required to increase heart rate by 25 beats/min (CD25) increased as a function of age (r 0.79; P < 0.01). Lymphocyte receptor numbers also correlated directly with age (r 0.61; P<0.05), but there was no true correlation between CD25 and lymphocyte receptor numbers. 3. Baseline and maximum lymphocyte cyclic AMP concentrations in response to isoprenaline stimulation in vitro were unrelated to age, CD25 or receptor numbers. 4. This study confirms previous findings of a reduced responsiveness with age and a rise in receptor numbers in young and middle-aged adults. However, the decline in the heart response to isoprenaline was unrelated to any measurable change in j3-adrenoceptor concentration or responses, at least in the isolated lymphocyte.

scholarly journals POOR HEART RATE RESERVE PREDICTS NEW ONSET ATRIAL FIBRILLATION IN MIDDLE AGED ADULTS

2016 ◽  
Vol 67 (13) ◽  
pp. 853
Author(s):  
Avi Sabbag ◽  
Anat Berkovitch ◽  
Yechezkel Sidi ◽  
Shaye Kivity ◽  
Roy Binart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Reserve ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Middle Aged Adults ◽  
Onset Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
New Onset

scholarly journals Electroencephalography Sample Entropy of Driver Passive Fatigue Threshold in Automated Driving

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yijing Zhang ◽  
Jinfei Ma ◽  
Chi Zhang ◽  
Ruosong Chang
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Safety ◽  
Mental Workload ◽  
Fatigue Threshold ◽  
Automated Driving ◽  
Subjective Report ◽  
Low Load ◽  
Detection Response ◽  
Response Task ◽  
Stage 1 ◽  
The Impact

Abstract With the continuous improvement of automated vehicles, researchers have found that automated driving is more likely to cause insufficient mental workload for the driver, which induces passive fatigue and endangers traffic safety. To explore the impact of automation and scenario complexity on the passive fatigue of the driver, we developed a three-factor, 2 (automated driving, manual driving) × 2 (monotonic condition, engaging condition) × 6 (measurement stage: 1–6) mixed experiment. We collected electroencephalography (EEG), detection-response task (DRT) performance, and the subjective report scores of 48 drivers. We found that in automated driving under monotonic conditions, the topographic map’s activation range of the drivers brain was the smallest in the six stages, and the mental workload of this group continued to maintain the lowest state at each stage; however, the subjectively reported fatigue level was significantly increased; thus, the driver experienced passive fatigue. After simulating a low-load scenario for 40 min, the power of the alpha of the driver’s EEG indicators increased significantly, the accuracy of the detection reaction task decreased, and the reaction time became slower. The EEG sample’s entropy value of the driver’s passive fatigue was 0.243, and the judgement accuracy rate was 0.71. We proved that in automated driving under monotonic conditions, the driver is more prone to passive fatigue owing to insufficient mental workload.

scholarly journals Estimation of Heart Rate Using Regression Models and Artificial Neural Network in Middle-Aged Adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kuan Tao ◽  
Jiahao Li ◽  
Jiajin Li ◽  
Wei Shan ◽  
Huiping Yan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Artificial Neural Network ◽  
Regression Model ◽  
Multivariate Regression ◽  
Maximal Heart Rate ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Multivariate Regression Model ◽  
Artificial Neural ◽  
Middle Aged Adults

Purpose: Heart rate is the most commonly used indicator in clinical medicine to assess the functionality of the cardiovascular system. Most studies have focused on age-based equations to estimate the maximal heart rate, neglecting multiple factors that affect the accuracy of the prediction.Methods: We studied 121 middle-aged adults at an average age of 57.2years with an average body mass index (BMI) of 25.9. The participants performed on a power bike with a starting wattage of 0W that was increased by 25W every 3min until the experiment terminated. Ambulatory blood pressure and electrocardiography were monitored through gas metabolic analyzers for safety concerns. Six descriptive characteristics of participants were observed, which were further analyzed using a multivariate regression model and an artificial neural network (ANN).Results: The input variables for the multivariate regression model and ANN were selected by correlation for the reduction of dimension. The accuracy of estimation by multivariate regression model and ANN was 9.74 and 9.42%, respectively, which outperformed the traditional age-based model (with an accuracy of 10.31%).Conclusion: This study provides comprehensive approaches to estimate the maximal heart rate using multiple indicators, revealing that both the multivariate regression model and ANN incorporated with age, resting heart rate (RHR), and second-order heart rate (SOHR) are more accurate than univariate models.

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