scholarly journals Olfactory Stimulation Modulates Visual Perception Without Training

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshiaki Tsushima ◽  
Yurie Nishino ◽  
Hiroshi Ando
Keyword(s):  
Visual Perception ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Olfactory Stimulation ◽  
Perceptual Training ◽  
Temporal Area ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Considerable Research ◽  
Sensory Modalities ◽  
Visual Cortices ◽  
High Level

Considerable research shows that olfactory stimulations affect other modalities in high-level cognitive functions such as emotion. However, little known fact is that olfaction modulates low-level perception of other sensory modalities. Although some studies showed that olfaction had influenced on the other low-level perception, all of them required specific experiences like perceptual training. To test the possibility that olfaction modulates low-level perception without training, we conducted a series of psychophysical and neuroimaging experiments. From the results of a visual task in which participants reported the speed of moving dots, we found that participants perceived the slower motions with a lemon smell and the faster motions with a vanilla smell, without any specific training. In functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies, brain activities in the visual cortices [V1 and human middle temporal area (hMT)] changed based on the type of olfactory stimulation. Our findings provide us with the first direct evidence that olfaction modulates low-level visual perception without training, thereby indicating that olfactory-visual effect is not an acquired behavior but an innate behavior. The present results show us with a new crossmodal effect between olfaction and vision, and bring a unique opportunity to reconsider some fundamental roles of olfactory function.

scholarly journals Behavioural test battery for the Back of the Brain project

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ro Julia Robotham ◽  
Sheila Kerry ◽  
Grace E Rice ◽  
Alex Leff ◽  
Matt Lambon Ralph ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Perception ◽  
Cerebral Artery ◽  
Visual Recognition ◽  
Posterior Cerebral Artery ◽  
Test Battery ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Symptom Profile ◽  
Behavioural Test ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Brain

Much of the patient literature on the visual recognition of faces, words and objects is based on single case studies of patients selected according to their symptom profile. The Back of the Brain project aims to provide novel insights into the cerebral and cortical architecture underlying visual recognition of complex stimuli by adopting a different approach. A large group of patients was recruited according to their lesion location (in the areas supplied by the posterior cerebral artery) rather than their symptomatology. All patients were assessed with the same battery of sensitive tests of visual perception enabling the identification of dissociations as well as associations between deficits in face, word and object recognition. This paper provides a detailed description of the extensive behavioural test battery that was developed for the Back of the Brain project and that enables assessment of low-level, intermediate and high-level visual perceptual abilities. •Extensive behavioural test battery for assessing low-level, intermediate and high-level visual perception in patients with posterior cerebral artery stroke •Method enabling direct comparison of visual face, word and object processing abilities in patients with posterior cerebral artery stroke

Low-level and high-level processes in apparent motion

1980 ◽  
Vol 290 (1038) ◽  
pp. 137-151 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Perception ◽  
Apparent Motion ◽  
Low Level ◽  
High Level ◽  
Interpretive Process

When a group of dots within a random-dot array is discontinuously displaced, it appears as a moving region perceptually segregated from its stationary surround. The spatial, temporal and other constraints governing this effect are markedly different from those classically found for the apparent motion of isolated stimulus elements. The random-dot display appears to tap a low-level motion-detecting process, distinct from the more interpretive process elicited by the classical displays. The distinct contributions of these processes can be identified in ‘multi-stable’ displays which yield alternative percepts of apparent motion depending on which one or both of the processes is activated. Such experiments illustrate the interaction of relatively stimulus-constrained and relatively autonomous processes in visual perception.

scholarly journals Visual perception as retrospective Bayesian decoding from high- to low-level features

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (43) ◽  
pp. E9115-E9124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Ding ◽  
Christopher J. Cueva ◽  
Misha Tsodyks ◽  
Ning Qian
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Visual Perception ◽  
Human Perception ◽  
Quantitative Comparison ◽  
Global Precedence ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Memory Representations ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Different Parts

When a stimulus is presented, its encoding is known to progress from low- to high-level features. How these features are decoded to produce perception is less clear, and most models assume that decoding follows the same low- to high-level hierarchy of encoding. There are also theories arguing for global precedence, reversed hierarchy, or bidirectional processing, but they are descriptive without quantitative comparison with human perception. Moreover, observers often inspect different parts of a scene sequentially to form overall perception, suggesting that perceptual decoding requires working memory, yet few models consider how working-memory properties may affect decoding hierarchy. We probed decoding hierarchy by comparing absolute judgments of single orientations and relative/ordinal judgments between two sequentially presented orientations. We found that lower-level, absolute judgments failed to account for higher-level, relative/ordinal judgments. However, when ordinal judgment was used to retrospectively decode memory representations of absolute orientations, striking aspects of absolute judgments, including the correlation and forward/backward aftereffects between two reported orientations in a trial, were explained. We propose that the brain prioritizes decoding of higher-level features because they are more behaviorally relevant, and more invariant and categorical, and thus easier to specify and maintain in noisy working memory, and that more reliable higher-level decoding constrains less reliable lower-level decoding.

A Novel Plausible Model for Visual Perception

2011 ◽  
pp. 428-444
Author(s):  
Zhiwei Shi ◽  
Zhongzhi Shi ◽  
Hong Hu
Keyword(s):  
Visual Perception ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Experimental Simulation ◽  
Visual Features ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Cognitive Problem ◽  
Plausible Model ◽  
Semantic Concepts ◽  
High Level

Traditionally, how to bridge the gap between low-level visual features and high-level semantic concepts has been a tough task for researchers. In this article, we propose a novel plausible model, namely cellular Bayesian networks (CBNs), to model the process of visual perception. The new model takes advantage of both the low-level visual features, such as colors, textures, and shapes, of target objects and the interrelationship between the known objects, and integrates them into a Bayesian framework, which possesses both firm theoretical foundation and wide practical applications. The novel model successfully overcomes some weakness of traditional Bayesian Network (BN), which prohibits BN being applied to large-scale cognitive problem. The experimental simulation also demonstrates that the CBNs model outperforms purely Bottom-up strategy 6% or more in the task of shape recognition. Finally, although the CBNs model is designed for visual perception, it has great potential to be applied to other areas as well.

Teknik Data Mining Dalam Clustering Produksi Susu Segar Di Indonesia Dengan Algoritma K-Means

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-39
Author(s):  
Ilham Safitra Damanik ◽  
Sundari Retno Andani ◽  
Dedi Sehendro
Keyword(s):  
Data Mining ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Clustering Algorithm ◽  
Clustering Method ◽  
Data Mining Techniques ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Fresh Milk ◽  
Nutritional Needs ◽  
High Level ◽  
Level Cluster

Milk is an important intake to meet nutritional needs. Both consumed by children, and adults. Indonesia has many producers of fresh milk, but it is not sufficient for national milk needs. Data mining is a science in the field of computers that is widely used in research. one of the data mining techniques is Clustering. Clustering is a method by grouping data. The Clustering method will be more optimal if you use a lot of data. Data to be used are provincial data in Indonesia from 2000 to 2017 obtained from the Central Statistics Agency. The results of this study are in Clusters based on 2 milk-producing groups, namely high-dairy producers and low-milk producing regions. From 27 data on fresh milk production in Indonesia, two high-level provinces can be obtained, namely: West Java and East Java. And 25 others were added in 7 provinces which did not follow the calculation of the K-Means Clustering Algorithm, including in the low level cluster.

Determinants of Abuse of the Bodies of the Dead

2019 ◽  
pp. 71-77
Author(s):  
Margarita Khomyakova
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Value Judgments ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Medical Institutions ◽  
Specific Object ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Dead ◽  
High Level

The author analyzes definitions of the concepts of determinants of crime given by various scientists and offers her definition. In this study, determinants of crime are understood as a set of its causes, the circumstances that contribute committing them, as well as the dynamics of crime. It is noted that the Russian legislator in Article 244 of the Criminal Code defines the object of this criminal assault as public morality. Despite the use of evaluative concepts both in the disposition of this norm and in determining the specific object of a given crime, the position of criminologists is unequivocal: crimes of this kind are immoral and are in irreconcilable conflict with generally accepted moral and legal norms. In the paper, some views are considered with regard to making value judgments which could hardly apply to legal norms. According to the author, the reasons for abuse of the bodies of the dead include economic problems of the subject of a crime, a low level of culture and legal awareness; this list is not exhaustive. The main circumstances that contribute committing abuse of the bodies of the dead and their burial places are the following: low income and unemployment, low level of criminological prevention, poor maintenance and protection of medical institutions and cemeteries due to underperformance of state and municipal bodies. The list of circumstances is also open-ended. Due to some factors, including a high level of latency, it is not possible to reflect the dynamics of such crimes objectively. At the same time, identification of the determinants of abuse of the bodies of the dead will reduce the number of such crimes.

scholarly journals EXPRESS: Marketers Project Their Personal Preferences onto Consumers: Overcoming the Threat of Egocentric Decision Making

2021 ◽  
pp. 002224372199837
Author(s):  
Walter Herzog ◽  
Johannes D. Hattula ◽  
Darren W. Dahl
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Consumer Preferences ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Pilot Studies ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Marketing Managers ◽  
False Consensus Effect ◽  
False Consensus ◽  
High Level

This research explores how marketing managers can avoid the so-called false consensus effect—the egocentric tendency to project personal preferences onto consumers. Two pilot studies were conducted to provide evidence for the managerial importance of this research question and to explore how marketing managers attempt to avoid false consensus effects in practice. The results suggest that the debiasing tactic most frequently used by marketers is to suppress their personal preferences when predicting consumer preferences. Four subsequent studies show that, ironically, this debiasing tactic can backfire and increase managers’ susceptibility to the false consensus effect. Specifically, the results suggest that these backfire effects are most likely to occur for managers with a low level of preference certainty. In contrast, the results imply that preference suppression does not backfire but instead decreases false consensus effects for managers with a high level of preference certainty. Finally, the studies explore the mechanism behind these results and show how managers can ultimately avoid false consensus effects—regardless of their level of preference certainty and without risking backfire effects.

Exploring The Effect of Visual Information Degradation on Human Perception and Performance In A Human-Telerobot System

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 1302-1307
Author(s):  
Richard Stone ◽  
Minglu Wang ◽  
Thomas Schnieders ◽  
Esraa Abdelall
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Human Perception ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Hit Rate ◽  
Word Level ◽  
Level Of Automation ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Human Operators ◽  
And Performance ◽  
High Level

Human-robotic interaction system are increasingly becoming integrated into industrial, commercial and emergency service agencies. It is critical that human operators understand and trust automation when these systems support and even make important decisions. The following study focused on human-in-loop telerobotic system performing a reconnaissance operation. Twenty-four subjects were divided into groups based on level of automation (Low-Level Automation (LLA), and High-Level Automation (HLA)). Results indicated a significant difference between low and high word level of control in hit rate when permanent error occurred. In the LLA group, the type of error had a significant effect on the hit rate. In general, the high level of automation was better than the low level of automation, especially if it was more reliable, suggesting that subjects in the HLA group could rely on the automatic implementation to perform the task more effectively and more accurately.

scholarly journals The high-level benefits of low-level sandboxing

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (POPL) ◽  
pp. 1-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Sammler ◽  
Deepak Garg ◽  
Derek Dreyer ◽  
Tadeusz Litak
Keyword(s):  
Low Level ◽  
High Level
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