Exploring The Effect of Visual Information Degradation on Human Perception and Performance In A Human-Telerobot System

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 1302-1307
Author(s):  
Richard Stone ◽  
Minglu Wang ◽  
Thomas Schnieders ◽  
Esraa Abdelall
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Human Perception ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Hit Rate ◽  
Word Level ◽  
Level Of Automation ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Human Operators ◽  
And Performance ◽  
High Level

Human-robotic interaction system are increasingly becoming integrated into industrial, commercial and emergency service agencies. It is critical that human operators understand and trust automation when these systems support and even make important decisions. The following study focused on human-in-loop telerobotic system performing a reconnaissance operation. Twenty-four subjects were divided into groups based on level of automation (Low-Level Automation (LLA), and High-Level Automation (HLA)). Results indicated a significant difference between low and high word level of control in hit rate when permanent error occurred. In the LLA group, the type of error had a significant effect on the hit rate. In general, the high level of automation was better than the low level of automation, especially if it was more reliable, suggesting that subjects in the HLA group could rely on the automatic implementation to perform the task more effectively and more accurately.

scholarly journals Static Profiling of Assembly Code Performance and Optimization Effectiveness using Instructions Performed and Program Latency

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2S8) ◽  
pp. 1463-1468
Keyword(s):  
Assembly Language ◽  
Optimization Method ◽  
Program Optimization ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Code Performance ◽  
Execution Speed ◽  
The Difference ◽  
And Performance ◽  
High Level ◽  
Optimization And Performance

Software program optimization for improved execution speed can be achieved through modifying the program. Programs are usually written in high level languages then translated into low level assembly language. More coverage of optimization and performance analysis can be performed on low level than high level language. Optimization improvement is measured in the difference in program execution performance. Several methods are available for measuring program performance are classified into static approaches and dynamic approaches. This paper presents an alternative method of more accurately measuring code performance statically than commonly used code analysis metrics. New metrics proposed are designed to expose effectiveness of optimization performed on code, specifically unroll optimizations. An optimization method, loop unroll is used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the increased accuracy of the proposed metric. The results of the study show that measuring Instructions Performed and Instruction Latency is a more accurate static metric than Instruction Count and subsequently those based on it.

scholarly journals Reconstructing feedback representations in ventral visual pathway with a generative adversarial autoencoder

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haider Al-Tahan ◽  
Yalda Mohsenzadeh
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Visual Pathway ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Ventral Visual Pathway ◽  
High Level ◽  
Feedback Connections ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractWhile vision evokes a dense network of feedforward and feedback neural processes in the brain, visual processes are primarily modeled with feedforward hierarchical neural networks, leaving the computational role of feedback processes poorly understood. Here, we developed a generative autoencoder neural network model and adversarially trained it on a categorically diverse data set of images. We hypothesized that the feedback processes in the ventral visual pathway can be represented by reconstruction of the visual information performed by the generative model. We compared representational similarity of the activity patterns in the proposed model with temporal (magnetoencephalography) and spatial (functional magnetic resonance imaging) visual brain responses. The proposed generative model identified two segregated neural dynamics in the visual brain. A temporal hierarchy of processes transforming low level visual information into high level semantics in the feedforward sweep, and a temporally later dynamics of inverse processes reconstructing low level visual information from a high level latent representation in the feedback sweep. Our results append to previous studies on neural feedback processes by presenting a new insight into the algorithmic function and the information carried by the feedback processes in the ventral visual pathway.Author summaryIt has been shown that the ventral visual cortex consists of a dense network of regions with feedforward and feedback connections. The feedforward path processes visual inputs along a hierarchy of cortical areas that starts in early visual cortex (an area tuned to low level features e.g. edges/corners) and ends in inferior temporal cortex (an area that responds to higher level categorical contents e.g. faces/objects). Alternatively, the feedback connections modulate neuronal responses in this hierarchy by broadcasting information from higher to lower areas. In recent years, deep neural network models which are trained on object recognition tasks achieved human-level performance and showed similar activation patterns to the visual brain. In this work, we developed a generative neural network model that consists of encoding and decoding sub-networks. By comparing this computational model with the human brain temporal (magnetoencephalography) and spatial (functional magnetic resonance imaging) response patterns, we found that the encoder processes resemble the brain feedforward processing dynamics and the decoder shares similarity with the brain feedback processing dynamics. These results provide an algorithmic insight into the spatiotemporal dynamics of feedforward and feedback processes in biological vision.

Comparison of Spoilage Rates in Ground Turkey and Ground Beef

1992 ◽  
Vol 55 (7) ◽  
pp. 518-521 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. J. STERN ◽  
C. E. LYON ◽  
M. T. MUSGROVE ◽  
J. A. DICKENS ◽  
R. L. WILSON
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Tissue ◽  
Ground Beef ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Origin Of Species ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Livestock Species ◽  
Plastic Bags ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Uninoculated Control ◽  
High Level

Spoilage rates of ground turkey and ground beef were compared. Clean muscle tissue of the two livestock species were ground in a hygienic manner, providing initial mesotrophic counts (72 h at 25°C) in the range of ca. 102–3 CFU/g. Moisture, fat, and protein contents for the ground products were similar. Each ground product was subjected to the following treatments: a) uninoculated control, b) inoculated with a low level of turkey flora, c) inoculated with a high level of turkey flora, d) inoculated with a low level of beef flora, and e) inoculated with a high level of beef flora. Three replicate analyses were performed on the products which were held at 5°C in air-permeable plastic bags. Five subsamples (20–25 g) were taken for each of the five analysis times over 10 d of storage. At completion of storage, bacterial counts varied from 103.5 to 109.2 CFU/g, with the turkey control group at the lower end of the range. Our findings indicate no significant difference between the spoilage rates of the two ground products, regardless of treatment or origin of species.

The effects of genotype and post-weaning nutrition on compensatory growth in cattle reared as singles or twins

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 423-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. A. Wright ◽  
A. J. F. Russel ◽  
E. A. Hunter
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Equal Weight ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Limited Opportunity ◽  
Similar Weight ◽  
Grazing Period ◽  
And Performance ◽  
High Level

ABSTRACTThirty-five Charolais × Blue-Grey and Charolais × (Hereford × Friesian) weaned suckled calves which had been reared as either singles or twins and 19 single-reared Luing and Charolais × Luing weaned suckled calves were given silagead libitumsupplemented with either 0·75 or 2·5 kg rolled barley per day during the post-weaning winter. During summer the cattle continuously grazed perennial ryegrass swards. The high level of barley supplementation increased winter live-weight gain by 0·25 kg/day (P< 0·001). During summer the cattle from the low level of feeding gained weight at 0·09 kg/day (P< 0·05) faster than those from the high level of feeding. However, by the end of the summer grazing period the cattle on the low level of feeding were proportionately only 0·97 the weight of the animals on the high level of feeding.During winter the performance of all genotypes was similar, but at pasture the Luing cattle gained less weight (P< 0·01) than the single-reared Charolais-cross genotypes.Twin-reared cattle took 55 days longer to reach slaughter condition, but produced carcasses of equal weight and fatness to those from single-reared cattle.The twin-reared cattle on the high level of feeding and the single-reared cattle on the low level of feeding attained a similar weight, body condition and ultrasonic backfat at turn-out. Thereafter, their herbage intakes and live-weight gains were identical suggesting that previous level of feeding per se is unimportant in determining an animal's subsequent intake and performance. Rather it is the body composition at a given age, irrespective of the pathway followed to attain that composition, that determines performance thereafter. It is also suggested that the inability of cattle to compensate for a reduction in level of nutrition during the first 3 to 4 months of life is due to the lack of potential for fat deposition, and there is thus limited opportunity for nutritional manipulation of body composition at that age.

scholarly journals Continuous Flash Suppression Known and Unknowns

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Pournaghdali ◽  
Bennett L Schwartz
Keyword(s):  
Visual Processing ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Continuous Flash Suppression ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Experimental Configuration ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Nonconscious Perception

Studies utilizing continuous flash suppression (CFS) provide valuable information regarding conscious and nonconscious perception. There are, however, crucial unanswered questions regarding the mechanisms of suppression and the level of visual processing in the absence of consciousness with CFS. Research suggests that the answers to these questions depend on the experimental configuration and how we assess consciousness in these studies. The aim of this review is to evaluate the impact of different experimental configurations and the assessment of consciousness on the results of the previous CFS studies. We review studies that evaluated the influence of different experimental configuration on the depth of suppression with CFS and discuss how different assessments of consciousness may impact the results of CFS studies. Finally, we review behavioral and brain recording studies of CFS. In conclusion, previous studies provide evidence for survival of low-level visual information and complete impairment of high-level visual information under the influence of CFS. That is, studies suggest that nonconscious perception of lower-level visual information happens with CFS but there is no evidence for nonconscious highlevel recognition with CFS.

scholarly journals PENGARUH STRATEGI PELATIHAN DAN PENGETAHUAN KONSEP DASAR EKOLOGI TERHADAP SIKAP TENAGA KERJA YANG BERWAWASAN LINGKUNGAN

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 11-30
Author(s):  
J. E. Endang D. P
Keyword(s):  
Group Discussion ◽  
Training Centre ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Regional Labor ◽  
Labor Training ◽  
Level Of Knowledge ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
Training Strategies ◽  
High Level

This study aimed at investigating the effect of training strategies and knowledge of basic concepts of ecology on environmental-based attitude of prospective labors. The experimental study with 2x2 factorial designs was conducted at the Regional Labor Training Centre of West Jakarta with training participants of the center involved as subjects of the study. The study has been focused on four Research Questions: (1) Is there any significant difference in the environmental-based attitude of prospective labors who were trained with fieldtrip strategy and those who were trained with group discussion strategy?; (2) Is there any significant difference in the environmental-based attitude of prospective labors with high level of knowledge of basic concepts of ecology who were trained with fieldtrip strategy and those who were trained with group discussion strategy?; (3) Is there any in the environmental-based attitude of prospective labors with low level of knowledge of basic concepts of ecology who were trained with fieldtrip strategy and those who were trained with group discussion strategy?; and (4) Is there any interactions between the effect of training strategies and knowledge of basic concepts of ecology on the environmental-based attitude of prospective labors?Findings of the study signify that (1) there is no significant difference in the environmental-based attitude of prospective labors who were trained with fieldtrip strategy and those who were trained with group discussion strategy; (2) prospective labors with high level of knowledge of basic concepts of ecology who were trained with fieldtrip strategy show better environmental-based attitude compared to those who were trained with group discussion strategy; (3) prospective labors with low level of knowledge of basic concepts of ecology who were trained with group discussion strategy show better environmental-based attitude compared to those who were trained with fieldtrip strategy; and (4) there is an interaction between training strategies and knowledge of basic concepts of ecology on the environmental-based attitude of prospective labors.To sum up, to promote better environmental-based attitude of prospective labors requires appropriate training strategies that is determined by carefully considering their knowledge level on basic concepts of ecology.

scholarly journals Electrophysiological signatures of hierarchical learning

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meng Liu ◽  
Wenshan Dong ◽  
Shaozheng Qin ◽  
Tom Verguts ◽  
Qi Chen
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Process ◽  
Human Perception ◽  
Learning Task ◽  
Prediction Errors ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Hierarchical Learning ◽  
Low Level ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Better Than

AbstractHuman perception and learning is thought to rely on a hierarchical generative model that is continuously updated via precision-weighted prediction errors (pwPEs). However, the neural basis of such cognitive process and how it unfolds during decision making, remain poorly understood. To investigate this question, we combined a hierarchical Bayesian model (i.e., Hierarchical Gaussian Filter, HGF) with electrophysiological (EEG) recording, while participants performed a probabilistic reversal learning task in alternatingly stable and volatile environments. Behaviorally, the HGF fitted significantly better than two control, non-hierarchical, models. Neurally, low-level and high-level pwPEs were independently encoded by the P300 component. Low-level pwPEs were reflected in the theta (4-8 Hz) frequency band, but high-level pwPEs were not. Furthermore, the expressions of high-level pwPEs were stronger for participants with better HGF fit. These results indicate that the brain employs hierarchical learning, and encodes both low- and high-level learning signals separately and adaptively.

scholarly journals Occupational stress and its related demographic factors among Iranian CCU nurses: a cross-sectional study

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Azam Faraji ◽  
Mahtab Karimi ◽  
Seyyed Mohsen Azizi ◽  
Maryam Janatolmakan ◽  
Alireza Khatony
Keyword(s):  
Occupational Stress ◽  
Demographic Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Academic Degree ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Performance ◽  
High Level

Abstract Objectives Occupational stress can have an adverse effect on mental and physical health and performance of nurses. The aim of this study was to investigate the occupational stress of Iranian critical care unit (CCU) nurses and its related demographic factors. Results In this cross-sectional study, 155 CCU nurses were randomly selected. The Osipow Occupational Stress Questionnaire was used as data collection tool. The mean of nurses’ occupational stress was 210.13 ± 40.87 out of 300, which was at the “moderate-to-high” level. The highest mean of occupational stress was related to the subscale of “Role Overload” (36.30 ± 6.98) and the lowest mean was related to the subscale of “Physical Environment” (33.58 ± 9.76). There was no statistically significant difference between the mean occupational stress and variables of sex, age, academic degree and working experience.

Temperature Variation Analysis of a Coolant Level Using Multiple Comparisons for Green Turning Process

2003 ◽  
Vol 17 (08n09) ◽  
pp. 1388-1394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seung Han Yang ◽  
Young Moon Lee ◽  
Hee Sool Kim ◽  
Tae Jo Ko
Keyword(s):  
Cutting Temperature ◽  
Multiple Comparisons ◽  
Cutting Condition ◽  
Dry Cutting ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Adequate Amount ◽  
Honestly Significant Difference ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
High Level ◽  
Tukey Method

Tukey method of multiple comparisons was proposed to decide the adequate amount of coolant re Tukey method of multiple comparisons was proposed to decide the adequate amount of coolant required in machining and to keep the cutting temperature low simultaneously. A new coolant level, termed as "low level", was suggested and it was proved to be approximately one quarter of conventional coolant amount or "high level". "None level" was also used in the experiment to simulate the dry cutting condition. Cutting temperatures according to each different coolant level were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) test and Tukey method of multiple comparisons. A difference in cutting temperatures was found by ANOVA. According to the further study with Tukey method of Honestly Significant Difference (HSD), there was a temperature difference between "none level" and "low level", but no difference in temperature between "low level" and "high level".

iQ-Check Listeria spp. Real-Time PCR Test Kit

2013 ◽  
Vol 96 (3) ◽  
pp. 508-515
Author(s):  
Wendy F Lauer ◽  
Jean-Philippe Tourniaire
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Real Time Pcr ◽  
Reference Method ◽  
Sampling Area ◽  
Fermented Sausage ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Test Kit ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
High Level ◽  
Health Canada

Abstract A comparative evaluation study of the Bio-Rad® iQ-Check™Listeria species Kit (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA) was conducted at Q Laboratories, Inc., Cincinnati, OH. iQ-Check is a rapid method based on real-time PCR amplification and detection of all species of Listeria, including L. grayi, in food and environmental samples. The iQ-Check method was compared to the Health Canada MFHPB-30 reference method for the analysis of five ready-to-eat meats—deli turkey, hot dogs, liver paté, raw fermented sausage, and deli ham—and one stainless steel surface. Each food matrix was analyzed at two contamination levels: a low level at 0.2–2 CFU/25 g and a high level at 2–5 CFU/25 g. The environmental surfaces were analyzed at a low level of 0.2–2 CFU/5 cm2 sampling area and a high level of 2–5 CFU/5 cm2 sampling area. There were 20 replicates per contamination level and five control replicates at 0 CFU/25 g or 0 CFU/5 cm2 sampling area (uninoculated). All samples that were detected by iQ-Check were subsequently confirmed by reference method protocol. There was no significant difference in the number of positive samples detected by the iQ-Check Listeria spp. Kit in comparison to the Health Canada MFHPB-30 method for all matrixes tested.

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