scholarly journals Minipuberty: Looking Back to Understand Moving Forward

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Lucaccioni ◽  
Viola Trevisani ◽  
Alessandra Boncompagni ◽  
Lucia Marrozzini ◽  
Alberto Berardi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crucial Role ◽  
Linear Growth ◽  
Sex Differentiation ◽  
External Genitalia ◽  
Complete Suppression ◽  
Fetal Life ◽  
Hpg Axis ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Related Pattern

Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis activation occurs three times in life: the first is during fetal life, and has a crucial role in sex determination, the second time is during the first postnatal months of life, and the third is with the onset of puberty. These windows of activation recall the three windows of the “Developmental Origin of Health and Disease” (DOHaD) paradigm and may play a substantial role in several aspects of human development, such as growth, behavior, and neurodevelopment. From the second trimester of pregnancy there is a peak in gonadotropin levels, followed by a decrease toward term and complete suppression at birth. This is due to the negative feedback of placental estrogens. Studies have shown that in this prenatal HPG axis activation, gonadotropin levels display a sex-related pattern which plays a crucial role in sex differentiation of internal and external genitalia. Soon after birth, there is a new increase in LH, FSH, and sex hormone concentrations, both in males and females, due to HPG re-activation. This postnatal activation is known as “minipuberty.” The HPG axis activity in infancy demonstrates a pulsatile pattern with hormone levels similar to those of true puberty. We review the studies on the changes of these hormones in infancy and their influence on several aspects of future development, from linear growth to fertility and neurobehavior.

scholarly journals Mitochondrial Protein Network: From Biogenesis to Bioenergetics in Health and Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Alessandra Ferramosca
Keyword(s):  
Crucial Role ◽  
Mitochondrial Protein ◽  
Protein Network ◽  
Eukaryotic Cells ◽  
Double Membrane ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Membrane Bound

Mitochondria are double membrane-bound organelles which are essential for the viability of eukaryotic cells, because they play a crucial role in bioenergetics, metabolism and signaling [...]

Nutritional programming and the reproductive function of the offspring

2014 ◽  
Vol 54 (9) ◽  
pp. 1166 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Chavatte-Palmer ◽  
C. Dupont ◽  
N. Debus ◽  
S. Camous
Keyword(s):  
Growth Retardation ◽  
Intrauterine Growth Retardation ◽  
Maternal Nutrition ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Fetal Life ◽  
Ample Evidence ◽  
Primordial Follicles ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Maternal Undernutrition ◽  
Males And Females

There is ample evidence on the importance of maternal nutrition during pregnancy on fetal and offspring development. In ruminant females, the pool of oocytes is complete and definitive before birth, based on the resting reserve of primordial follicles established during fetal life, which represent the lifespan supply for the female’s fertilisable oocytes, whereas in males, although the production of spermatozoa is a continuous process throughout post-pubertal life. Sertoli cells, which play a central role in the development of a functional testis, proliferate during pre- and post-natal life, coordinating testicular development. Both male and female fertility may, therefore, be affected by the maternal environment, but studies on the effects of developmental nutritional conditions on reproductive function and fertility, both in males and females, are relatively scarce. In humans, intrauterine growth retardation has been associated with abnormal ovarian development, characterised by a decreased volume of primordial follicles in the ovarian cortical tissue in girls, and a higher incidence of cryptorchidism in boys, with subsequent low sperm counts in adulthood. Age at puberty and gonadotropin and inhibin B plasma concentrations are also affected. Animal studies suggest both in males and females that maternal undernutrition during pregnancy may affect pituitary response to GnRH and gonadal development and function, depending on the timing and magnitude of the undernutrition. Excess nutrition, which is often associated with intrauterine growth retardation in domestic species, induces effects on the onset of puberty and both testicular and ovarian function, maybe through the observed reduction in fetal growth. This review addresses the influence of maternal nutrition on offspring reproductive function using examples in humans and animals, with particular focus on ruminants.

scholarly journals The correlation between dimensional characteristics, live weight and fluff and feather level of obroshynska gray and obroshynska white natural groups geese

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (74) ◽  
Author(s):  
V. S. Zaplatynsky
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Linear Growth ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Natural Group ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Body Sizes ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Natural Groups

This article presents data on dynamics of linear growth and weight rates of obroshynska gray and obroshynska gray natural groups geese, factional fluff content, correlation coefficients between body weight and body sizes and amount of feathers. It has been found that male and female individuals of obroshynska gray natural group geese dominated by live weight of obroshynska white natural group geese. Particularly, this advantage in 90 days aged males was 549.4 (P < 0.05), in 120 days aged males – 635.6 (P < 0.01) and in 180 days aged males – 422.6 (P < 0.05) g, in females – 177.0, 461.8 (P < 0.01) and 401.8 g respectively. It has been also revealed the obroshynska gray natural group geese domination by researched body sizes in all geese ages, but it was only reliable in some cases. Geese of both sexes in both natural groups were characterized by high fluff and feather level. We investigated age, sex and interbreed differentiation on fluff and feather levels in studied geese groups. It should be noted that fluff and feather level was better in white geese indicating a better fluff and feather quality. The correlation coefficients between body weight and overall fluff and feather levels in females of obroshynska gray natural group geese dependent on ages and fluff and feather levels were between -0.30 – +0.63, in males – between -0.51 – +0.68 and in obroshynska white natural groups geese coefficients were between -0.29 – +0.70 and -0.30 до +0.82 respectively. It has been found the correlations between geese body sizes and fluff and feather levels. In males and females geese from abroshynska gray natural group depenent on ages, body sizes and fluff and feather levels coefficients were -0.49 – +0.81 and -0.76 – +0.88, and for obroshynska white natural group geese – -0.49 – +0.90 and -0.65 – +0.65.

scholarly journals Specific morphogenetic events in mouse external genitalia sex differentiation are responsive/dependent upon androgens and/or estrogens

2012 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 269-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esequiel Rodriguez ◽  
Dana A. Weiss ◽  
Max Ferretti ◽  
Hong Wang ◽  
Julia Menshenia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differentiation ◽  
External Genitalia

Shifting linear growth during infancy: Illustration of genetic factors in growth from fetal life through infancy

1976 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
David W. Smith ◽  
William Truog ◽  
James E. Rogers ◽  
Larry J. Greitzer ◽  
Alfred L. Skinner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Linear Growth ◽  
Fetal Life

Interplay between engineered nanomaterials and microbiota

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yirong Zhang ◽  
Monika Mortimer ◽  
Liang-Hong Guo
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Engineered Nanomaterials ◽  
Health And Disease

The growing evidence of the microbiome’s crucial role in human health and disease has prompted research on understanding the impacts of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) on commensal microorganisms. Accordingly, the number...

Microbial programming of health and disease starts during fetal life

2015 ◽  
Vol 105 (4) ◽  
pp. 265-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petya T. Koleva ◽  
Ji-Sun Kim ◽  
James A. Scott ◽  
Anita L. Kozyrskyj
Keyword(s):  
Fetal Life ◽  
Health And Disease

scholarly journals The role of sex steroids in white adipose tissue adipocyte function

Reproduction ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 153 (4) ◽  
pp. R133-R149 ◽  
Author(s):  
A E Newell-Fugate
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
White Adipose Tissue ◽  
Hormonal Factors ◽  
Obesity Epidemic ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Hormonal Milieu ◽  
Gender Influences

With the increasing knowledge that gender influences normal physiology, much biomedical research has begun to focus on the differential effects of sex on tissue function. Sexual dimorphism in mammals is due to the combined effects of both genetic and hormonal factors. Hormonal factors are mutable particularly in females in whom the estrous cycle dominates the hormonal milieu. Given the severity of the obesity epidemic and the fact that there are differences in the obesity rates in men and women, the role of sex in white adipose tissue function is being recognized as increasingly important. Although sex differences in white adipose tissue distribution are well established, the mechanisms affecting differential function of adipocytes within white adipose tissue in males and females remain largely understudied and poorly understood. One of the largest differences in the endocrine environment in males and females is the concentration of circulating androgens and estrogens. This review examines the effects of androgens and estrogens on lipolysis/lipogenesis, adipocyte differentiation, insulin sensitivity and adipokine production in adipocytes from white adipose tissue with a specific emphasis on the sexual dimorphism of adipocyte function in white adipose tissue during both health and disease.

Visibility of precursors of the gonopods in a freshwater crayfish, Astacus leptodactylus Eschscholtz, 1823 (Decapoda, Astacidae)

Crustaceana ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
pp. 369-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muzaffer M. Harlioğlu
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differentiation ◽  
Freshwater Crayfish ◽  
Astacus Leptodactylus ◽  
Sex Recognition ◽  
Abdominal Somite ◽  
Production Methods ◽  
Stage 4 ◽  
The Family ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Fast Growth Rate

Astacus leptodactylusEschscholtz, 1823 is an important, marketable species of crustacean, consumed intensely as a luxury food in many countries. BecauseA. leptodactylusis less cannibalistic than other crayfish species, is more fecund, and has a fast growth rate, it is accepted as a considerably suitable crayfish for culturing in extensive pond systems. Information on the reproductive biology and anatomy of crayfish is important for developing suitable production methods. Sex recognition may also be essential in separating males and females in crayfish rearing (i.e., to prevent cannibalism, males grow faster than females). Although male reproductive system morphology and spermatophore formation in crayfish, includingA. leptodactylus, have been studied in detail, this study is the first to demonstrate the visibility of precursors of the gonopods and, thus, the actual presence of gonopods, which of course determine the male sex, in a freshwater crayfish. The present study shows that the first signs of secondary sexual characters (i.e., precursors of the gonopods) can be distinguished in the form of small tubercles on the first abdominal somite in male stage 4 juveniles, and the gonopods themselves are distinguishable in male stage 5 juveniles inA. leptodactylus. In conclusion, sex differentiation inA. leptodactyluscan be realized already in stage 4 juveniles. Further studies should be carried out on the presence and shape of precursors of gonopods in stage 4 and gonopods in stage 5 juveniles of species of astacid crayfish in order to facilitate solving taxonomic problems in the family Astacidae.

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