scholarly journals Increased Participation and Decreased Performance in Recreational Master Athletes in “Berlin Marathon” 1974–2019

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marlen Reusser ◽  
Caio Victor Sousa ◽  
Elias Villiger ◽  
José Ramón Alvero Cruz ◽  
Lee Hill ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The United States ◽  
Marathon Running ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Recreational Athletes ◽  
Performance Trends ◽  
The World ◽  
Boston Marathon ◽  
And Performance

The aspect of participation and performance trends in marathon running has been investigated mainly in marathons held in the United States of America (e.g., “New York City Marathon,” “Boston Marathon”), but not for the fastest course in the world, the “Berlin Marathon” held in Berlin, Germany. This study aimed to examine trends in participation and performance in the “Berlin Marathon” on all its previous 46 editions from 1974 to 2019, the largest dataset ever studied in this event with 696,225 finishers (after data cleaning). Athletes in all age groups increased their participation, except for male athletes aged 20–49 years and athletes of both sexes above 79 years of age. This overall increase in participation was more pronounced in women, but still, there are more men than women participating in “Berlin Marathon” nowadays. All age group athletes decreased their performance across years overall, whereas the top ten recreational athletes improved their performance over the years. Our findings improved the knowledge about the evolution of male and female marathoners across calendar years, especially for the fastest marathon race in the world, the “Berlin Marathon.”

Participation and Performance in the Oldest Ultramarathon–Comrades Marathon 1921–2019

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pantelis Theodoros Nikolaidis ◽  
Beat Knechtle ◽  
RodrigoLuiz Vancini ◽  
Margarida Gomes ◽  
CaioVictor Sousa
Keyword(s):  
Linear Models ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Limited Time ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Performance Trends ◽  
The World ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
And Performance

AbstractParticipation and performance trends have been analyzed for different ultramarathons for limited time periods. This study examined trends in participation and performance in the oldest ultramarathon in the world, the ‘Comrades Marathon’ (South Africa), during a century (1921−2019). Data from www.ultra-marathon.org on 100 000 unique finishers were analysed using different general linear models. Women represented 4.2% of the total sample (n=4152), and the first women ran this race in 1978. Before the year 1965, the number of participants in the race ranged between 5 and 35 athletes, then started to grow exponentially until mid 90’s. An increase in finishers in the 70 s mainly due to an increase in male athletes in age groups 30−39, 40−49 and 50−59 years was observed (p<0.001). A stable running speed for overall women and men but an improvement in performance for the annual top five women and men were shown (p<0.001). Male runners were faster than female runners for all age groups (p<0.001). While overall performance was not improved across years, the annual top five women and men were able to improve their performance over years.

scholarly journals Italians Are the Fastest 3000 m Open-Water Master Swimmers in the World

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (14) ◽  
pp. 7606
Author(s):  
Aldo Seffrin ◽  
Claudio A. B. Lira ◽  
Rodrigo L. Vancini ◽  
Douglas A. T. Santos ◽  
Cathia Moser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Linear Models ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Open Water ◽  
The United States ◽  
East African ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Performance Trends ◽  
The World ◽  
Open Water Swimming ◽  
And Performance

Background: It is well known that athletes originating from a specific region or country can master specific sports disciplines (e.g., East-African runners in long-distance running). In addition, physical and athletic performance are the result of an interaction between genetic, environmental and epigenetic factors. However, little is known about on what determines sports success and performance for long-distance master swimmers such as origin. The aim of the study was to investigate the participation and performance trends of elite master open-water swimmers competing in the World Championships (WC) in 3000 m open-water swimming between 1986 and 2019. Methods: A total of 9247 valid participants were analyzed using generalized linear models (GLMs) with a gamma probability distribution and log link function. Resultsː Most of the starters were from Italy (1646 participations), followed by the United States of America (USA) (1128 participations) and Germany (959 participations). Swimmers from Italy were significantly faster than swimmers from Canada, Germany, USA, Great Britain and also from all other countries grouped (p < 0.005). The age group from 35–39 years old was significantly faster than athletes from age groups of 25–29 years old, 30–34 years old, 40–44 years old, 45–49 years old and 50–54 years old (p < 0.005). The percentage of local athletes in WC was 36% and varied from 36% (Italy, 2004) to 43 % (Germany), 53% (Italy, 2012) and up to 68 % (USA, 1992). Conclusions: Swimmers from Italy were the faster and the most numerous starters during this period of 27 years and 15 editions all over the world in 3000 m master open-water swimming.

scholarly journals Comparative and correlational analysis of the performance from 2016 crossfit games high-level athletes

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
João Francisco Barbieri ◽  
Renan Felipe Correia ◽  
Luz Albany Arcila Castaño ◽  
Douglas Vinicius Carvalho Brasil ◽  
Alex Natalino Ribeiro
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Functional Training ◽  
Exponential Increase ◽  
Training Modality ◽  
The World ◽  
Competitive Success ◽  
Morphological Variables ◽  
And Performance ◽  
High Level

Background: CrossFit is a functional training modality created by Greg Glassman in 1995 in the United States. Such modality is characterized by the execution of complex and high intensity movements with the purpose of preparing the participant for the unpredictable. It is observed the exponential increase in CrossFit practice across the world, with this increase there are a consolidation of this modality with as a very peculiar sport modality, since as tasks to be performed in the competitions are made public just before the events happen. Few studies have focused on the determinants of competitive success in CrossFit, both morphologically and performance. Objective: This present study dedicated to investigate, in the existing literature and in the results of the 2016 championship, variables that can be predicted the performance of these athletes. Methods: The performance of 40 2016 - CrossFit Games finalists of both genders were analyzed in the morphological variables (weight, height, body mass index), performance and specific tests (Benchmarks and 1 MR tests). Results: We found that among male athletes, it was not possible to identify variables that could predict a classification. However, among the women, we identified some variables that correlated with classification, such as the Benchmark Filth 50, Sprint performance of 400m and maximal loads in the Clean and Jerk and Snatch exercises. Conclusion: It was attributed to the correlations found among women the smaller participation in the Games, this allowed physical characteristics as force to influence in the final position.

scholarly journals Participation and Performance Trends in the Oldest 100-km Ultramarathon in the World

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 1719 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beat Knechtle ◽  
Volker Scheer ◽  
Pantelis Theodoros Nikolaidis ◽  
Caio Victor Sousa
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Large Datasets ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Performance Trends ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Performance

Participation and performance trends in ultramarathon running have been investigated for large datasets and long period of times with an increase in participants and an improvement in performance. However, the analysis of ultramarathons across many decades is missing. We analyzed these trends for 96,036 athletes (88,286 men and 7750 women) from 67 countries competing between 1956 and 2019 in ‘100 km Lauf Biel’ in Switzerland, the oldest 100-km ultramarathon in the world. More men than women participated in all years. The number of male participants reached a peak at around 1985 and a decline in participation occurred thereafter. Women started competing in 1962. Men were always faster than women and both women and men reduced their race times over years. After about 1985, both overall women and men and both female and male winners were not able to improve race times. For men, athletes from all age groups below the age of 49 years old reached a peak of participation in the 1980s, and showed a decrease since then. Regarding age groups, the decrease first started in age group 20–29 years, followed by 30–39, 40–49, 50–59, and 60–69 years. For athletes in age groups 70–79 and 80–89 years, no decrease occurred. For women, age group athletes in age groups 40–49, 50–59, and 60–69 years increased their participation, whereas age groups 20–29 and 30–39 peaked in the late 1980s and started to decrease or stabilize, respectively. Switzerland, Germany, and France were the countries with the highest numbers of participants throughout the history of the race. In men, race times increased after about 1990 for most nationalities; only runners from Germany seemed to stabilize their performance. In women, runners from Italy, France, and Austria improved their performance over the years. In summary, the analysis of the oldest 100-km ultramarathon in the world showed a decrease in participation and an impairment in performance in the last 60 years. These changes were due to a decrease in the number of male ultramarathoners in around the 1980s, where mainly the number of age group runners younger than 70 years decreased.

Bringing the Real World of Science to Children: A Partnership of the American Museum of Natural History and the City University of New York

2008 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony G Picciano ◽  
Robert V. Steiner
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
Natural History ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Compulsory Education ◽  
Development Program ◽  
The United States ◽  
American Museum ◽  
The World ◽  
The City

Every child has a right to an education. In the United States, the issue is not necessarily about access to a school but access to a quality education. With strict compulsory education laws, more than 50 million students enrolled in primary and secondary schools, and billions of dollars spent annually on public and private education, American children surely have access to buildings and classrooms. However, because of a complex and competitive system of shared policymaking among national, state, and local governments, not all schools are created equal nor are equal education opportunities available for the poor, minorities, and underprivileged. One manifestation of this inequity is the lack of qualified teachers in many urban and rural schools to teach certain subjects such as science, mathematics, and technology. The purpose of this article is to describe a partnership model between two major institutions (The American Museum of Natural History and The City University of New York) and the program designed to improve the way teachers are trained and children are taught and introduced to the world of science. These two institutions have partnered on various projects over the years to expand educational opportunity especially in the teaching of science. One of the more successful projects is Seminars on Science (SoS), an online teacher education and professional development program, that connects teachers across the United States and around the world to cutting-edge research and provides them with powerful classroom resources. This article provides the institutional perspectives, the challenges and the strategies that fostered this partnership.

“Little Plants in the Country”: Henry Ford's Village Industries and the Beginning of Decentralized Technology in Modern America

Prospects ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 181-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard P. Segal
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
New York ◽  
Information Processing ◽  
Real Estate ◽  
New York Times ◽  
The United States ◽  
Physical Proximity ◽  
The World ◽  
Word Processors

“Technology Spurs Decentralization Across the Country.” So reads a 1984 New York Times article on real-estate trends in the United States. The contemporary revolution in information processing and transmittal now allows large businesses and other institutions to disperse their offices and other facilities across the country, even across the world, without loss of the policy- and decision-making abilities formerly requiring regular physical proximity. Thanks to computers, word processors, and the like, decentralization has become a fact of life in America and other highly technological societies.

Effect of Changing a Traffic Control Device Color on Driver Behavior and Perception across Different Age Groups

2021 ◽  
pp. 036119812110111
Author(s):  
Hatem Abou-Senna ◽  
Mohamed El-Agroudy ◽  
Mustapha Mouloua ◽  
Essam Radwan
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Control ◽  
Traffic Management ◽  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The United States ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Traffic Density ◽  
Driving Conditions ◽  
And Performance

The use of express lanes (ELs) in freeway traffic management has seen increasing popularity throughout the United States, particularly in Florida. These lanes aim at making the most efficient transportation system management and operations tool to provide a more reliable trip. An important component of ELs is the channelizing devices used to delineate the separation between the ELs and the general-purpose lane. With the upcoming changes to the FHWA Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices, this study provided an opportunity to recommend changes affecting safety and efficiency on a nationwide level. It was important to understand the impacts on driver perception and performance in response to the color of the EL delineators. It was also valuable to understand the differences between demographics in responding to delineator colors under different driving conditions. The driving simulator was used to test the responses of several demographic groups to changes in marker color and driving conditions. Furthermore, participants were tested for several factors relevant to driving performance including visual and subjective responses to the changes in colors and driving conditions. Impacts on driver perception were observed via eye-tracking technology with changes to time of day, visibility, traffic density, roadway surface type, and, crucially, color of the delineating devices. The analyses concluded that white was the optimal and most significant color for notice of delineators across the majority of subjective and performance measures, followed by yellow, with black being the least desirable.

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