scholarly journals Participation and Performance Trends in the Oldest 100-km Ultramarathon in the World

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 1719 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beat Knechtle ◽  
Volker Scheer ◽  
Pantelis Theodoros Nikolaidis ◽  
Caio Victor Sousa
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Large Datasets ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Performance Trends ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Performance

Participation and performance trends in ultramarathon running have been investigated for large datasets and long period of times with an increase in participants and an improvement in performance. However, the analysis of ultramarathons across many decades is missing. We analyzed these trends for 96,036 athletes (88,286 men and 7750 women) from 67 countries competing between 1956 and 2019 in ‘100 km Lauf Biel’ in Switzerland, the oldest 100-km ultramarathon in the world. More men than women participated in all years. The number of male participants reached a peak at around 1985 and a decline in participation occurred thereafter. Women started competing in 1962. Men were always faster than women and both women and men reduced their race times over years. After about 1985, both overall women and men and both female and male winners were not able to improve race times. For men, athletes from all age groups below the age of 49 years old reached a peak of participation in the 1980s, and showed a decrease since then. Regarding age groups, the decrease first started in age group 20–29 years, followed by 30–39, 40–49, 50–59, and 60–69 years. For athletes in age groups 70–79 and 80–89 years, no decrease occurred. For women, age group athletes in age groups 40–49, 50–59, and 60–69 years increased their participation, whereas age groups 20–29 and 30–39 peaked in the late 1980s and started to decrease or stabilize, respectively. Switzerland, Germany, and France were the countries with the highest numbers of participants throughout the history of the race. In men, race times increased after about 1990 for most nationalities; only runners from Germany seemed to stabilize their performance. In women, runners from Italy, France, and Austria improved their performance over the years. In summary, the analysis of the oldest 100-km ultramarathon in the world showed a decrease in participation and an impairment in performance in the last 60 years. These changes were due to a decrease in the number of male ultramarathoners in around the 1980s, where mainly the number of age group runners younger than 70 years decreased.

scholarly journals Increased Participation and Decreased Performance in Recreational Master Athletes in “Berlin Marathon” 1974–2019

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marlen Reusser ◽  
Caio Victor Sousa ◽  
Elias Villiger ◽  
José Ramón Alvero Cruz ◽  
Lee Hill ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The United States ◽  
Marathon Running ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Recreational Athletes ◽  
Performance Trends ◽  
The World ◽  
Boston Marathon ◽  
And Performance

The aspect of participation and performance trends in marathon running has been investigated mainly in marathons held in the United States of America (e.g., “New York City Marathon,” “Boston Marathon”), but not for the fastest course in the world, the “Berlin Marathon” held in Berlin, Germany. This study aimed to examine trends in participation and performance in the “Berlin Marathon” on all its previous 46 editions from 1974 to 2019, the largest dataset ever studied in this event with 696,225 finishers (after data cleaning). Athletes in all age groups increased their participation, except for male athletes aged 20–49 years and athletes of both sexes above 79 years of age. This overall increase in participation was more pronounced in women, but still, there are more men than women participating in “Berlin Marathon” nowadays. All age group athletes decreased their performance across years overall, whereas the top ten recreational athletes improved their performance over the years. Our findings improved the knowledge about the evolution of male and female marathoners across calendar years, especially for the fastest marathon race in the world, the “Berlin Marathon.”

Participation and Performance in the Oldest Ultramarathon–Comrades Marathon 1921–2019

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pantelis Theodoros Nikolaidis ◽  
Beat Knechtle ◽  
RodrigoLuiz Vancini ◽  
Margarida Gomes ◽  
CaioVictor Sousa
Keyword(s):  
Linear Models ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Limited Time ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Performance Trends ◽  
The World ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
And Performance

AbstractParticipation and performance trends have been analyzed for different ultramarathons for limited time periods. This study examined trends in participation and performance in the oldest ultramarathon in the world, the ‘Comrades Marathon’ (South Africa), during a century (1921−2019). Data from www.ultra-marathon.org on 100 000 unique finishers were analysed using different general linear models. Women represented 4.2% of the total sample (n=4152), and the first women ran this race in 1978. Before the year 1965, the number of participants in the race ranged between 5 and 35 athletes, then started to grow exponentially until mid 90’s. An increase in finishers in the 70 s mainly due to an increase in male athletes in age groups 30−39, 40−49 and 50−59 years was observed (p<0.001). A stable running speed for overall women and men but an improvement in performance for the annual top five women and men were shown (p<0.001). Male runners were faster than female runners for all age groups (p<0.001). While overall performance was not improved across years, the annual top five women and men were able to improve their performance over years.

scholarly journals Italians Are the Fastest 3000 m Open-Water Master Swimmers in the World

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (14) ◽  
pp. 7606
Author(s):  
Aldo Seffrin ◽  
Claudio A. B. Lira ◽  
Rodrigo L. Vancini ◽  
Douglas A. T. Santos ◽  
Cathia Moser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Linear Models ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Open Water ◽  
The United States ◽  
East African ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Performance Trends ◽  
The World ◽  
Open Water Swimming ◽  
And Performance

Background: It is well known that athletes originating from a specific region or country can master specific sports disciplines (e.g., East-African runners in long-distance running). In addition, physical and athletic performance are the result of an interaction between genetic, environmental and epigenetic factors. However, little is known about on what determines sports success and performance for long-distance master swimmers such as origin. The aim of the study was to investigate the participation and performance trends of elite master open-water swimmers competing in the World Championships (WC) in 3000 m open-water swimming between 1986 and 2019. Methods: A total of 9247 valid participants were analyzed using generalized linear models (GLMs) with a gamma probability distribution and log link function. Resultsː Most of the starters were from Italy (1646 participations), followed by the United States of America (USA) (1128 participations) and Germany (959 participations). Swimmers from Italy were significantly faster than swimmers from Canada, Germany, USA, Great Britain and also from all other countries grouped (p < 0.005). The age group from 35–39 years old was significantly faster than athletes from age groups of 25–29 years old, 30–34 years old, 40–44 years old, 45–49 years old and 50–54 years old (p < 0.005). The percentage of local athletes in WC was 36% and varied from 36% (Italy, 2004) to 43 % (Germany), 53% (Italy, 2012) and up to 68 % (USA, 1992). Conclusions: Swimmers from Italy were the faster and the most numerous starters during this period of 27 years and 15 editions all over the world in 3000 m master open-water swimming.

scholarly journals Tower Running—Participation, Performance Trends, and Sex Difference

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 1902 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Stark ◽  
Stefania Di Gangi ◽  
Caio Victor Sousa ◽  
Pantelis Nikolaidis ◽  
Beat Knechtle
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Statistical Model ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
Random Effects ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Repeated Measurements ◽  
Stair Climbing ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Performance Trends ◽  
The Difference

Though there are exhaustive data about participation, performance trends, and sex differences in performance in different running disciplines and races, no study has analyzed these trends in stair climbing and tower running. The aim of the present study was therefore to investigate these trends in tower running. The data, consisting of 28,203 observations from 24,007 climbers between 2014 and 2019, were analyzed. The effects of sex and age, together with the tower characteristics (i.e., stairs and floors), were examined through a multivariable statistical model with random effects on intercept, at climber’s level, accounting for repeated measurements. Men were faster than women in each age group (p < 0.001 for ages ≤69 years, p = 0.003 for ages > 69 years), and the difference in performance stayed around 0.20 km/h, with a minimum of 0.17 at the oldest age. However, women were able to outperform men in specific situations: (i) in smaller buildings (<600 stairs), for ages between 30 and 59 years and >69 years; (ii) in higher buildings (>2200 stairs), for age groups <20 years and 60–69 years; and (iii) in buildings with 1600–2200 stairs, for ages >69 years. In summary, men were faster than women in this specific running discipline; however, women were able to outperform men in very specific situations (i.e., specific age groups and specific numbers of stairs).

FC13-04 - Suicide risk in relation to age and psychiatric hospitalization

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S2) ◽  
pp. 1885-1885
Author(s):  
J. Reutfors ◽  
L. Brandt ◽  
K. Sparring Björkstén ◽  
A. Ekbom ◽  
U. Ösby
Keyword(s):  
Suicide Risk ◽  
Psychiatric Hospitalization ◽  
Conditional Logistic Regression ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Post Discharge ◽  
History Of ◽  
Control Study

IntroductionSuicide risk is increased in patients with a history of psychiatric hospitalization.AimTo explore how suicide risk varies by age during psychiatric hospitalization and in the year post-discharge.MethodsThis is a population-based case-control study of all suicides (n = 20,675; 70% male) in Sweden aged ≥18 years during 1991–2003. Each suicide was individually matched to 10 population controls by age, sex, and county of residence. Discharge diagnoses of a mental disorder (except dementia and other organic disorders) in the year prior to suicide were identified by register linkage. Odds ratios (OR) were calculated by conditional logistic regression to estimate the relative risk of suicide in those with psychiatric diagnoses compared to the general population. ORs were estimated by age group (18–34 years, 35–49 years, 50–64 years, and ≥ 65 years) and timing of the suicide in relation to discharge.ResultsDuring hospitalization, the youngest age group had the greatest suicide risk elevation [OR 64 (95% CI 44-92)]. In the first month post-discharge, the oldest age group had the highest suicide risk elevation [OR 162 (95% 66–399) in the first week and OR 127 (95% 67–242) in the second to fourth weeks]. In the remaining eleven months, suicide risk elevation was lower and relatively similar in different age groups.ConclusionsDuring the year following psychiatric hospitalization, an especially high attention should be paid to the suicide risk of the elderly patients in the first month post-discharge.

scholarly journals Study reasons and motives women tend to Rhinoplasty in Ardabil city

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 1014
Author(s):  
Anahita Zakeri ◽  
Firouz Amani ◽  
Roghayeh Aslanian ◽  
Vahid Abbasi ◽  
Habib Ojaghi
Keyword(s):  
Cosmetic Surgery ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of

Background: Cosmetic surgery known as prevalent surgeries in the world that annually thousands of people are undergoing cosmetic surgery to change their appearance. Each year more than 200000 cosmetic surgery have been done on patients 18 years and low and about 390000 of them included surgeries such as breast, cosmetic, abdomen and nose. Iran in terms of plastic surgeries performed proportion to total population is located in the first rank of the world. Studies showed that social and mental factors have main role in doing these surgeries. So, the aim of this study was to evaluate the reasons and motives women tend to Rhinoplasty in Ardabil city.Methods: This descriptive-cross sectional study has been done on 120 women 15-50 years referred to cosmetic surgery clinics and centers. Samples selected randomly from centers which doing Rhinoplasty and data collected by a research base questionnaire including information about demographic data, causes and motive of women tend to Rhinoplasty.Results: Most of women were in the age group 15-20 (39.1%). 56.7% of women were married and 45% were housekeeper. 15% of women have history of psychological diseases and 58.3% have history of doing surgery in their family.Conclusions: Results showed that self confidence known as important factor in Rhinoplasty. Personality characteristics, social conditions and environmental factors play an important role in women tend to cosmetic surgery. So, we need doing studies in big samples for recognize the dimensions of effective factors in doing Rhinoplasty among women.

scholarly journals PROFIL PENDERITA MORBUS HANSEN (MH) DI POLIKLINIK KULIT DAN KELAMIN BLU RSUP PROF. DR. R. D. KANDOU MANADO PERIODE JANUARI – DESEMBER 2012

e-CliniC ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia I. Tiwow ◽  
Renate T. Kandou ◽  
Herry E. J. Pandaleke
Keyword(s):  
Direct Contact ◽  
Mycobacterium Leprae ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Hansen's Disease ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Hansen’S Disease ◽  
History Of ◽  
Infection Disease ◽  
Male Patients ◽  
Multibacillary Leprosy

Abstract: Hansen’s Disease is a chronic infection disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae. The transmission of this disease is by direct contact with Hansen’s Disease patients in a long period of time, and by inhalation. This study aimed to evaluate the profile of hansen’s disease patients in Dermatovenereology clinic of Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Hospital Manado during the period from January – December 2012. This is a descriptive retrospective study. The result of this study showed that among 112 patients with hansen’s disease, the highest rate was within 25-44 age group (46.4%), where male patients outnumbered females (64.3%). Most of the patients reside in the district of Singkil (12.5%). Multibacillary leprosy was most frequent (89.3%). There were 16% patients with ENL reactions. The disability stage 2 were found in 8,1% patients. Most patients had no history of treatment with MDT (54.5%). Keywords: Hansen’s Disease, profile.   Abstrak: Morbus Hansen (MH) adalah penyakit infeksi kronik yang disebabkan oleh Mycobacterium leprae. Penularan terjadi melalui kontak langsung dalam jangka waktu yang lama dan melalui inhalasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui profil penderita morbus hansen di poliklinik kulit dan kelamin BLU RSUP Prof. Dr. R.D. Kandou Manado periode Januari-Desember 2012. Penelitian bersifat deskriptif retrospektif. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan dari 112 penderita MH (10,22%) terbanyak berasal dari kelompok umur 25-44 tahun (46,4%), jenis kelamin laki-laki (64,3%), tempat tinggal kecamatan Singkil (12,5%), tipe MH terbanyak tipe Multibasiler (89,3%), terdapat reaksi ENL sebanyak 16%, kecacatan tingkat 2 sebanyak 8,1%, dan riwayat pengobatan terbanyak belum pernah melakukan pengobatan MDT sebelumnya (54,5%). Kata Kunci: Morbus Hansen, profil.

scholarly journals COVID-19 Prevalence among Czech Dentists

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (23) ◽  
pp. 12488
Author(s):  
Jan Schmidt ◽  
Vojtech Perina ◽  
Jana Treglerova ◽  
Nela Pilbauerova ◽  
Jakub Suchanek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Work Environment ◽  
Team Member ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Lower Prevalence ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
The World ◽  
Dental Assistant ◽  
Dental Professionals

This work evaluates the prevalence of coronavirus disease (COVID-19), a viral infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), among members of the Czech Dental Chamber. The assessment was based on an online questionnaire filled out by 2716 participants, representing 24.3% of all chamber members. Overall, 25.4% of the participants admitted they were diagnosed with COVID-19 by 30 June 2021, with no statistical differences between the sexes. While in the age groups under 50 the reported prevalence was around 30%, with increasing age, it gradually decreased to 15.2% in the group over 70 years. The work environment was identified as a place of contagion by 38.4% of the respondents. The total COVID-19 PCR-verified positivity was 13.9%, revealing a statistically lower prevalence (p = 0.0180) compared with the Czech general population, in which the COVID-19 PCR-verified positivity was ~15.6% (fourth highest rank in the world). The total infection–hospitalization ratio (IHR) was 2.8%, and the median age group of hospitalized individuals was 60–70 years. For respondents older than 60 years, the IHR was 8.7%, and for those under 40 years, it was 0%. Of the respondents, 37.7% admitted that another team member was diagnosed with COVID-19, of which the most frequently mentioned profession was a nurse/dental assistant (81.2%). The results indicate that although the dentist profession is associated with a high occupational risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection, well-chosen antiepidemic measures adopted by dental professionals may outweigh it.

scholarly journals The Oman Animal and Plant Genetic Resources Center’s (OAPGRC) Science Café: A Success Story”

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadiya Abubakr Al Saadi ◽  
Hameed Challoob Ali Al-Khafaji ◽  
Rasha Hilal Al Saifi
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Exceptional Case ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Scientific Culture ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
The World ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Science Cafe

Science Cafés are held in many towns and cities across the world for the promotion of scientific culture and the understanding of our daily lives, which we live in. They provide a platform for interaction and dialogue between scientists, researchers, businesses and the community on trends towards current scientific issues the extent of their impact on culture and society. The Oman Animal and Plant Genetic Resources Center (OAPGRC) Science Cafe is a forum for the discussion of important and interesting scientific topics and issues. Since May 2013 to December 2015, OAPGRC has held a series of science café sessions on topics related to biodiversity, food security, climate change, pollution and sustainable use. The OAPGRC science café is the first in Oman to be put on the international map of scientific cafes around the world.  Reviewing the data on the outcomes and performance of these sessions indicates that the session attendance and active participation was 51% by men and 49% women. This is an exceptional case where the interest is almost equal between the genders. As for the age group, the highest percentage 49% was of a class of young people aged between 18-25 years. Followed by the age group (26-35 years) which was 30%. The lowest percentage was 21% for the age group of above 35 years. The experience of the science café in Oman has been proved as a major success for both the scientific and social aspects. Therefore there are different plans to maintained and develop it in the near future.

scholarly journals Changes in corneal thickness after vitrectomy—Implications for glaucoma practice

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. e0249945
Author(s):  
Lisika Gawas ◽  
Aparna Rao
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Regression ◽  
Corneal Thickness ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Multivariate Regression Analysis ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Elevated Intraocular Pressure ◽  
History Of ◽  
Aphakic Eyes ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Contralateral Eye

Purpose To evaluate changes in central corneal thickness (CCT) following vitrectomy. Methods All consecutive old and new patients referred to glaucoma services for possible secondary glaucoma after vitrectomy and who had undergone corneal pachymetry between July 2013 to June 2020, were included. The eye that developed elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) and was diagnosed clinically as glaucoma after vitrectomy, was labelled as the “affected” eye. The contralateral eye of the patient with normal IOP and no history of vitrectomy was labelled as the “control” eye. The difference in CCT in the affected eye and the contralateral control eye (ΔCCT) and CCT were compared between different age groups. Correlation of CCT in the affected eye with age, diagnosis, type of surgery done, lens status and pre-existing glaucoma was done using multivariate regression analysis. Results Of 127 eyes of 120 patients (M:F = 85:35), the average CCT in the affected eye was significantly higher than the unaffected contralateral control eye (p<0.0001). The ΔCCT in eyes presenting at an age <25 years was higher (median 582, 497–840) than those that presented later (median 518, 384–755), p <0.0001, with maximum ΔCCT seen in eyes that had undergone vitrectomy at age<12 years. The CCT in the affected eye was significantly higher in aphakic eyes (588±81.6 microns) than in pseudophakic eyes (552±79.03 microns), p = 0.03. On multivariate analysis, age<25 years remained as a significant influencer of CCT in the affected eye (β = -1.7, p<0.001, R2 = 28.3%). Conclusions Young age group<25 years are more prone to corneal remodelling and CCT changes after vitrectomy.

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