Temporal Dynamics of Subjective and Objective Alertness During Exposure to Bright Light in the Afternoon for 5 h

Light can induce an alertness response in humans. The effects of exposure to bright light vs. dim light on the levels of alertness during the day, especially in the afternoon, as reported in the literature, are inconsistent. This study employed a multiple measurement strategy to explore the temporal variations in the effects of exposure to bright light vs. regular office light (1,200 lx vs. 200 lx at eye level, 6,500 K) on the alertness of participants for 5 h in the afternoon. In this study, 20 healthy adults (11 female; mean age 23.25 ± 2.3 years) underwent the Karolinska sleepiness scale (KSS), the auditory psychomotor vigilance test (PVT), and the waking electroencephalogram (EEG) test for two levels of light intervention. The results yielded a relatively lower relative delta power and a relatively higher beta power for the 1,200 lx condition in comparison with the 200 lx condition. However, the light conditions elicited no statistically significant differences in the KSS scores and performance with respect to the PVT. The results suggested that exposure to bright light for 5 h in the afternoon could enhance physiological arousal while exerting insignificant effects on subjective feelings and performance abilities relating to the alertness of the participants.

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Genetic Determinants of Neurobehavioral Responses to Caffeine Administration during Sleep Deprivation: A Randomized, Cross Over Study (NCT03859882)

Genes ◽

10.3390/genes12040555 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 555

Author(s):

Mégane Erblang ◽

Fabien Sauvet ◽

Catherine Drogou ◽

Michaël Quiquempoix ◽

Pascal Van Beers ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sleep Deprivation ◽

Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽

Genetic Determinants ◽

Placebo Condition ◽

Double Blind ◽

Single Nucleotide ◽

Psychomotor Vigilance Test ◽

Tnf Α ◽

And Performance ◽

Psychomotor Vigilance

This study investigated whether four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) moderated caffeine effects on vigilance and performance in a double-blind and crossover total sleep deprivation (TSD) protocol in 37 subjects. In caffeine (2 × 2.5 mg/kg/24 h) or placebo-controlled condition, subjects performed a psychomotor vigilance test (PVT) and reported sleepiness every six hours (Karolinska sleepiness scale (KSS)) during TSD. EEG was also analyzed during the 09:15 PVT. Carriers of the TNF-α SNP A allele appear to be more sensitive than homozygote G/G genotype to an attenuating effect of caffeine on PVT lapses during sleep deprivation only because they seem more degraded, but they do not perform better as a result. The A allele carriers of COMT were also more degraded and sensitive to caffeine than G/G genotype after 20 h of sleep deprivation, but not after 26 and 32 h. Regarding PVT reaction time, ADORA2A influences the TSD effect but not caffeine, and PER3 modulates only the caffeine effect. Higher EEG theta activity related to sleep deprivation was observed in mutated TNF-α, PER3, and COMT carriers, in the placebo condition particularly. In conclusion, there are genetic influences on neurobehavioral impairments related to TSD that appear to be attenuated by caffeine administration. (NCT03859882).

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Daytime Exposure to Bright Light, as Compared to Dim Light, Decreases Sleepiness and Improves Psychomotor Vigilance Performance

SLEEP ◽

10.1093/sleep/26.6.695 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 26 (6) ◽

pp. 695-700 ◽

Cited By ~ 215

Author(s):

Jo Phipps-Nelson ◽

Jennifer R. Redman ◽

Derk-Jan Dijk ◽

Shantha M. W. Rajaratnam

Keyword(s):

Bright Light ◽

Vigilance Performance ◽

Dim Light ◽

Psychomotor Vigilance

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Effectiveness of Cognitive-Based and Conventional Alerters for Locomotive Engineers

Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting ◽

10.1177/154193120204602211 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 46 (22) ◽

pp. 1829-1833 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Andrew R. Dattel ◽

Stephen M. Popkin ◽

John K. Pollard

Keyword(s):

Vigilance Task ◽

Experimental Session ◽

Performance Tasks ◽

Adaptive Automation ◽

Psychomotor Vigilance Test ◽

Phase Study ◽

Three Phase ◽

And Performance ◽

Eye Closure ◽

Psychomotor Vigilance

This is the first phase of a three-phase study that examined the effectiveness and reliability of alertness monitoring and warning devices for locomotive engineers. Four university students participated in this initial phase. Two experimental sessions were run for each participant, once during dayshift hours (9am to either 1pm or 5pm) and once during nightshift hours (10pm until 2am or 6am). They completed a series of vigilance performance tasks throughout their 4-hour or 8-hour experimental session. A conventional electro-mechanical alerter commonly found on board a locomotive was used for one of the two sessions, while a novel simple cognitive-based task was used for the other session. The Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) and percent eye closure (PERCLOS) were used as measures of alertness. As expected, PERCLOS and performance task reaction time (RT) increased throughout the night sessions. Furthermore, it was found that when participants were exposed to the cognitive-based alerter, they had lower PERCLOS values throughout the night sessions and shorter vigilance task RT throughout the day sessions than when they were exposed to the conventional alerter. These results are discussed with respect to adaptive automation and their potential implications.

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Differential and interacting effects of age and sleep restriction on daytime sleepiness and vigilance in adolescence: a longitudinal study

SLEEP ◽

10.1093/sleep/zsy177 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 41 (12) ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Ian G Campbell ◽

Hans P A Van Dongen ◽

Marcus Gainer ◽

Emmad Karmouta ◽

Irwin Feinberg

Keyword(s):

Daytime Sleepiness ◽

Age Effect ◽

Vigilance Performance ◽

Psychomotor Vigilance Test ◽

Time In Bed ◽

Contradictory Evidence ◽

Psychomotor Vigilance ◽

Electroencephalogram Eeg ◽

Multiple Sleep Latency ◽

Adolescent Brain Development

AbstractStudy ObjectivesThere is contradictory evidence on whether sleep need decreases across adolescence. We investigated this question longitudinally with a dose-response design to test the effects of varied sleep durations on daytime sleepiness and on vigilance and to test whether these relations change with age across early and mid-adolescence.MethodsData from 76 participants who completed at least 2 years of the 3-year study are included in this report. Annually, participants ranging in age from 9.8 to 16.2 years completed three different time in bed (TIB) schedules each consisting of four consecutive nights of 7, 8.5, or 10 hours. Daytime sleepiness (multiple sleep latency test [MSLT]) and vigilance (psychomotor vigilance test [PVT]) were measured on the day following the fourth night of each TIB schedule.ResultsElectroencephalogram (EEG)-measured sleep durations changed linearly with TIB. MSLT-measured daytime sleepiness decreased with longer TIB and increased with age. The TIB and age effects interacted such that the TIB effect decreased with age. PVT performance improved with longer TIB and improved with age, but the benefit that increased TIB conferred on PVT performance did not change with age.ConclusionsThese results seem paradoxical because daytime sleepiness increased but vigilance improved with age. The significant age effect on the relation between TIB and sleepiness compared to the lack of an age effect on the relation between TIB and vigilance performance suggests different rates of maturation in underlying brain systems. We interpret these findings in relation to our model of adolescent brain development driven by synaptic elimination.

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The effects of intermittent light during the evening on sleepiness, sleep electroencephalographic spectral power and performance the next morning

Lighting Research and Technology ◽

10.1177/1477153519828414 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 51 (8) ◽

pp. 1159-1177 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

MQ Yang ◽

QW Chen ◽

YY Zhu ◽

Q Zhou ◽

YG Geng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Functioning ◽

Light Exposure ◽

Light Condition ◽

Continuous Light ◽

Bright Light ◽

Beta Activity ◽

Intermittent Light ◽

Dim Light ◽

And Performance ◽

Electroencephalographic Activity

Most studies on the effects of light exposure have been conducted with continuous light. The present study investigated the effects of intermittent light exposure on sleepiness, mood, electroencephalographic activity during sleep and performance the next morning. Fifteen volunteers were scheduled to come to the sleep laboratory to experience different lighting conditions: intermittent bright light, continuous bright light and continuous dim light. Subjective sleepiness and mood were assessed during light exposure, with electroencephalographic recording during sleep. After waking the next morning, participants filled out questionnaires and went through two cognitive tasks. The results revealed significantly lower ratings of sleepiness after intermittent light exposure, which is not different from the ratings in the continuous bright light condition, and an increase in vitality during later part of the evening and more beta activity during the first 90 minutes of sleep in the intermittent light condition, in comparison with the continuous dim light condition. However, both intermittent and continuous bright light exposure showed no difference from the continuous dim light condition in subjects' mood and cognitive functioning the next morning. The data indicated intermittent light during evening decreased sleepiness, had only minimal impact on mood in the evening, increased beta electroencephalographic activity during sleep, but had no significant influence on cognitive functioning the next morning.

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116 Behavioral Attention Raw Scores Best Differentiate Cognitive Resilience and Vulnerability to Sleep Loss

SLEEP ◽

10.1093/sleep/zsab072.115 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 44 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. A47-A48

Author(s):

Erika Yamazaki ◽

Tess Brieva ◽

Courtney Casale ◽

Caroline Antler ◽

Namni Goel

Keyword(s):

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Response Speed ◽

Sleep Loss ◽

Vulnerable Groups ◽

Average Performance ◽

Psychomotor Vigilance Test ◽

Time In Bed ◽

Attention Performance ◽

Optimal Approach ◽

Psychomotor Vigilance

Abstract Introduction There are substantial, stable individual differences in cognitive performance resulting from sleep restriction (SR) and total sleep deprivation (TSD). The best method for defining cognitive resilience and vulnerability to sleep loss remains an unanswered, yet important question. To investigate this, we compared multiple approaches and cutoff thresholds to define resilience and vulnerability using the 10-minute Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT). Methods Forty-one healthy adults (ages 21-49; mean±SD, 33.9±8.9y; 18 females) participated in a 13-night experiment [2 baseline nights (10h-12h time-in-bed, TIB), 5 SR nights (4h TIB), 4 recovery nights (12h TIB), and 36h TSD]. The PVT was administered every 2h during wakefulness. PVT lapses (reaction time [RT]>500 ms) and 1/RT (response speed) were measured. Resilient and vulnerable groups were defined by three approaches: average performance during SR1-5, average performance change from baseline to SR1-5, and variance in performance during SR1-5. Within each approach, resilient/vulnerable groups were defined by +/- 1 standard deviation and by the top and bottom 12.5%, 20%, 25%, 33%, 50%. Bias-corrected and accelerated bootstrapped t-tests compared PVT performance between the resilient and vulnerable groups during baseline and SR1-5. Kendall’s tau correlations compared the ranking of individuals in each group. Results T-tests revealed that the resilient and vulnerable PVT lapses groups, defined by all three approaches, had significantly different mean PVT lapses at all cutoffs. Resilient and vulnerable PVT 1/RT groups, defined by raw scores and by change from baseline, had significantly different mean PVT 1/RT at all cutoffs. However, resilient/vulnerable PVT 1/RT groups defined by variance only differed at the 33% and 50% cutoffs. Notably, raw scores at baseline significantly differed between resilient/vulnerable groups for both PVT measures. Variance vs. raw scores and variance vs. change from baseline had the lowest correlation coefficients for both PVT measures. Conclusion Defining resilient and vulnerable groups by raw scores during SR1-5 produced the clearest differentiation between resilient and vulnerable groups at every cutoff threshold for PVT lapses and response speed. As such, we propose that using PVT raw score is the optimal approach to define resilient and vulnerable groups for behavioral attention performance during sleep loss. Support (if any) ONR Award No.N00014-11-1-0361;NIH UL1TR000003;NASA NNX14AN49G and 80NSSC20K0243;NIH R01DK117488

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If You’re Happy and You Know it Stay Alert: The Effects of Lighting on Vigilance Performance and Affective State

Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting ◽

10.1177/1071181321651314 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 65 (1) ◽

pp. 854-858

Author(s):

Lauren E. Monroe ◽

Samantha L. Smith

Keyword(s):

Affective State ◽

Light Condition ◽

Bright Light ◽

Extended Period ◽

Light Therapy ◽

Speed Of Information Processing ◽

Attention Tasks ◽

High Workload ◽

Dim Light ◽

Over Time

Vigilance, or sustained attention tasks involve detecting critical signals, embedded amid more frequent neutral signals, over an extended period of time. A decline in performance, engagement, and arousal over time, as well as high workload and stress, are common outcomes of such tasks. Exposure to broad-spectrum or short wavelength bright light has been found to positively impact alertness, speed of information processing, and mood, but has not been extensively explored in the vigilance domain. The present study explored whether a light therapy lamp could mitigate the negative vigilance outcomes found in both performance and affective state. Results indicated that the therapy light did not prevent a decline in detection of critical signals over time, nor significantly impact workload, sleepiness, or subjective stress state compared to a dim light condition. However, mood questionnaire results suggest that lighting may impact separate constructs of arousal and tiredness, warranting further research.

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Age-dependent electroencephalogram (EEG) patterns during sevoflurane general anesthesia in infants

eLife ◽

10.7554/elife.06513 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 4 ◽

Cited By ~ 54

Author(s):

Laura Cornelissen ◽

Seong-Eun Kim ◽

Patrick L Purdon ◽

Emery N Brown ◽

Charles B Berde

Keyword(s):

General Anesthesia ◽

Temporal Dynamics ◽

Brain Activity ◽

Body Movement ◽

Video Recording ◽

Brain State ◽

Alpha Power ◽

State Monitoring ◽

Spatio Temporal ◽

Electroencephalogram Eeg

Electroencephalogram (EEG) approaches may provide important information about developmental changes in brain-state dynamics during general anesthesia. We used multi-electrode EEG, analyzed with multitaper spectral methods and video recording of body movement to characterize the spatio-temporal dynamics of brain activity in 36 infants 0–6 months old when awake, and during maintenance of and emergence from sevoflurane general anesthesia. During maintenance: (1) slow-delta oscillations were present in all ages; (2) theta and alpha oscillations emerged around 4 months; (3) unlike adults, all infants lacked frontal alpha predominance and coherence. Alpha power was greatest during maintenance, compared to awake and emergence in infants at 4–6 months. During emergence, theta and alpha power decreased with decreasing sevoflurane concentration in infants at 4–6 months. These EEG dynamic differences are likely due to developmental factors including regional differences in synaptogenesis, glucose metabolism, and myelination across the cortex. We demonstrate the need to apply age-adjusted analytic approaches to develop neurophysiologic-based strategies for pediatric anesthetic state monitoring.

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Spatial and Temporal Variations of Nitrogen and Phosphorus in Surface Water and Groundwater of Mudong River Watershed in Huixian Karst Wetland, Southwest China

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su131910740 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (19) ◽

pp. 10740

Author(s):

Linyan Pan ◽

Junfeng Dai ◽

Zhiqiang Wu ◽

Liangliang Huang ◽

Zupeng Wan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Surface Water ◽

Temporal Dynamics ◽

Flow Direction ◽

Influencing Factor ◽

Shallow Groundwater ◽

Temporal Variations ◽

Field Investigation ◽

Spatial And Temporal Variation ◽

Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽

River Watershed

When considering the factors affecting the spatial and temporal variation of nitrogen and phosphorus in karst watersheds, the unique karst hydrogeology as an internal influencing factor cannot be ignored, as well as natural factors such as meteorological hydrology and external factors such as human activities. A watershed-scale field investigation was completed to statistically analyze spatial and temporal dynamics of nitrogen and phosphorus through the regular monitoring and collection of surface water and shallow groundwater in the agricultural-dominated Mudong River watershed in the Huixian Karst Wetland over one year (May 2020 to April 2021). Our research found that non-point source pollution of nitrogen (84.5% of 239 samples TN > 1.0 mg/L) was more serious than phosphorus (7.5% of 239 samples TP > 0.2 mg/L) in the study area, and shallow groundwater nitrogen pollution (98.3% of 118 samples TN > 1.0 mg/L) was more serious than surface water (68.6% of 121 samples TN > 1.0 mg/L). In the three regions with different hydrodynamic features, the TN concentration was higher and dominated by NO3−-N in the river in the northern recharge area, while the concentrations of TN and TP were the highest in shallow groundwater wells in the central wetland core area and increased along the surface water flow direction in the western discharge area. This research will help improve the knowledge about the influence of karst hydrodynamic features on the spatial patterns of nitrogen and phosphorus in water, paying attention to the quality protection and security of water in karst areas with a fragile water ecological environment.

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