scholarly journals Conserved RXLR Effector Genes of Phytophthora infestans Expressed at the Early Stage of Potato Infection Are Suppressive to Host Defense

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junliang Yin ◽  
Biao Gu ◽  
Guiyan Huang ◽  
Yuee Tian ◽  
Junli Quan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phytophthora Infestans ◽  
Host Defense ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Effector Genes ◽  
Rxlr Effector

scholarly journals Phytophthora infestans RXLR effector AVR1 disturbs the growth of Physcomitrium patens without affecting Sec5 localization

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. e0249637
Author(s):  
Elysa J. R. Overdijk ◽  
Vera Putker ◽  
Joep Smits ◽  
Han Tang ◽  
Klaas Bouwmeester ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Phytophthora Infestans ◽  
Host Defense ◽  
Plant Development ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Yeast Two Hybrid ◽  
Positive Interaction ◽  
Rxlr Effector ◽  
A Subunit ◽  
Two Hybrid

Plant pathogens often exploit a whole range of effectors to facilitate infection. The RXLR effector AVR1 produced by the oomycete plant pathogen Phytophthora infestans suppresses host defense by targeting Sec5. Sec5 is a subunit of the exocyst, a protein complex that is important for mediating polarized exocytosis during plant development and defense against pathogens. The mechanism by which AVR1 manipulates Sec5 functioning is unknown. In this study, we analyzed the effect of AVR1 on Sec5 localization and functioning in the moss Physcomitrium patens. P. patens has four Sec5 homologs. Two (PpSec5b and PpSec5d) were found to interact with AVR1 in yeast-two-hybrid assays while none of the four showed a positive interaction with AVR1ΔT, a truncated version of AVR1. In P. patens lines carrying β-estradiol inducible AVR1 or AVR1ΔT transgenes, expression of AVR1 or AVR1ΔT caused defects in the development of caulonemal protonema cells and abnormal morphology of chloronema cells. Similar phenotypes were observed in Sec5- or Sec6-silenced P. patens lines, suggesting that both AVR1 and AVR1ΔT affect exocyst functioning in P. patens. With respect to Sec5 localization we found no differences between β-estradiol-treated and untreated transgenic AVR1 lines. Sec5 localizes at the plasma membrane in growing caulonema cells, also during pathogen attack, and its subcellular localization is the same, with or without AVR1 in the vicinity.

scholarly journals Clade 5 aspartic proteases of Phytophthora infestans are virulence factors implied in RXLR effector cleavage

2019 ◽  
Vol 154 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charikleia Schoina ◽  
Natalie Verbeek-de Kruif ◽  
Francine Govers ◽  
Klaas Bouwmeester
Keyword(s):  
Phytophthora Infestans ◽  
Virulence Factors ◽  
Aspartic Proteases ◽  
Rxlr Effector

scholarly journals Potato NPH3/RPT2-Like Protein StNRL1, Targeted by a Phytophthora infestans RXLR Effector, Is a Susceptibility Factor

2016 ◽  
Vol 171 (1) ◽  
pp. 645-657 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lina Yang ◽  
Hazel McLellan ◽  
Shaista Naqvi ◽  
Qin He ◽  
Petra C. Boevink ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phytophthora Infestans ◽  
Susceptibility Factor ◽  
Rxlr Effector

Diversity of Avr-vnt1 and AvrSmira1 effector genes in Polish and Norwegian populations of Phytophthora infestans

2018 ◽  
Vol 67 (8) ◽  
pp. 1792-1802 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Stefańczyk ◽  
M. Brylińska ◽  
M. B. Brurberg ◽  
R. Naerstad ◽  
A. Elameen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phytophthora Infestans ◽  
Effector Genes

scholarly journals Small RNAs generated by bidirectional transcription mediate silencing of RXLR effector genes in the oomycete Phytophthora sojae

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Qinhu Wang ◽  
Tingting Li ◽  
Chengcheng Zhong ◽  
Shizhi Luo ◽  
Ke Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Rnas ◽  
Phytophthora Sojae ◽  
Effector Genes ◽  
Bidirectional Transcription ◽  
Rxlr Effector

Phytophthora infestans RXLR effector PITG20303 targets a potato MKK1 protein to suppress plant immunity

2020 ◽  
Vol 229 (1) ◽  
pp. 501-515 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Du ◽  
Xiaokang Chen ◽  
Yalu Guo ◽  
Xiaojiang Zhang ◽  
Houxiao Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phytophthora Infestans ◽  
Plant Immunity ◽  
Rxlr Effector

scholarly journals Granzyme-Mediated Regulation of Host Defense in the Liver in Experimental Leishmania donovani Infection

2014 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 702-712 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry W. Murray ◽  
Marisa Mitchell-Flack ◽  
Hua Zheng ◽  
Xiaojing Ma
Keyword(s):  
Host Defense ◽  
Leishmania Donovani ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Double Knockout ◽  
Th1 Cell ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Infected Liver ◽  
Parasite Replication ◽  
Cell Effector Function

In the livers of susceptible C57BL/6 (B6) mice infected withLeishmania donovani, CD8+T cell mechanisms are required for granuloma assembly, macrophage activation, intracellular parasite killing, and self-cure. Since gene expression of perforin and granzymes A and B (GzmA and GzmB), cytolytic proteins linked to CD8+cell effector function, was enhanced in infected liver tissue, B6 mice deficient in these granular proteins were used to gauge host defense roles. Neither perforin nor GzmA was required; however, mice deficient in GzmB (GzmB−/−, GzmB cluster−/−, and GzmA×B cluster double knockout [DKO] mice) showed both delayed granuloma assembly and initially impaired control of parasite replication. Since these two defects in B6 mice were limited to early-stage infection, innately resistant 129/Sv mice were also tested. In this genetic setting, expression of both innate and subsequent T (Th1) cell-dependent acquired resistance, including the self-cure phenotype, was entirely derailed in GzmA×B cluster DKO mice. These results, in susceptible B6 mice for GzmB and in resistant 129/Sv mice for GzmA and/or the GzmB cluster, point to granzyme-mediated host defense regulation in the liver in experimental visceral leishmaniasis.

scholarly journals CMPG1-dependent cell death follows perception of diverse pathogen elicitors at the host plasma membrane and is suppressed by Phytophthora infestans RXLR effector AVR3a

2011 ◽  
Vol 190 (3) ◽  
pp. 653-666 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleanor M. Gilroy ◽  
Rosalind M. Taylor ◽  
Ingo Hein ◽  
Petra Boevink ◽  
Ari Sadanandom ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Phytophthora Infestans ◽  
Rxlr Effector ◽  
Host Plasma Membrane ◽  
Dependent Cell

scholarly journals Phytophthora infestans RXLR effector AVR1 interacts with exocyst component Sec5 to manipulate plant immunity

2015 ◽  
pp. pp.01169.2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Du ◽  
Mohamed H Mpina ◽  
Paul R. J. Birch ◽  
Klaas Bouwmeester ◽  
Francine Govers
Keyword(s):  
Phytophthora Infestans ◽  
Plant Immunity ◽  
Rxlr Effector

scholarly journals A Cysteine Protease Gene Is Expressed Early in Resistant Potato Interactions with Phytophthora infestans

1999 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1114-1119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna O. Avrova ◽  
Helen E. Stewart ◽  
Walter De Jong ◽  
Jacqueline Heilbronn ◽  
Gary D. Lyon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phytophthora Infestans ◽  
Cysteine Protease ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Cathepsin K ◽  
Field Resistance ◽  
Amino Acid Sequences ◽  
Ribonuclease Protection Assay ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Protease Gene ◽  
Ribonuclease Protection

A potato cysteine protease (cyp) cDNA expressed at an early stage of an incompatible interaction with Phytophthora infestans was isolated. Both the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences are highly homologous to those of a tomato cysteine protease, CYP1. Striking protein similarity to all known cathepsins in animals, particularly cathepsin K, was also observed. However, unlike cathepsins, a granulin binding domain is located near the carboxyl terminus of the putative CYP protein. In animals, granulins bind to receptors in the plasma membrane and signal cell growth and division. A ribonuclease protection assay demonstrated that the cyp gene is tightly regulated and is induced 15 h post inoculation with P. infestans in potato leaves either with high field resistance or in which a resistance (R) gene is activated. We conclude that a common signaling pathway is activated in each form of resistance.

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