scholarly journals Digging Deeper: In Search of the Mechanisms of Carbon and Nitrogen Exchange in Ectomycorrhizal Symbioses

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emiko K. Stuart ◽  
Krista L. Plett
2014 ◽  
Vol 115 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heiko T. Liebel ◽  
Martin I. Bidartondo ◽  
Gerhard Gebauer

2014 ◽  
Vol 72 ◽  
pp. 133-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabelle Bertrand ◽  
Fiona Ehrhardt ◽  
Gonzague Alavoine ◽  
Catherine Joulian ◽  
Oumarou Malam Issa ◽  
...  

Science ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 345 (6192) ◽  
pp. 94-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik F. Y. Hom ◽  
Andrew W. Murray

Mutualistic symbioses shape the evolution of species and ecosystems and catalyze the emergence of biological complexity, yet how such symbioses first form is unclear. We show that an obligate mutualism between the yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiaeand the algaChlamydomonas reinhardtii—two model eukaryotes with very different life histories—can arise spontaneously in an environment requiring reciprocal carbon and nitrogen exchange. This capacity for mutualism is phylogenetically broad, extending to otherChlamydomonasand fungal species. Furthermore, we witnessed the spontaneous association ofChlamydomonasalgal cells physically interacting with filamentous fungi. These observations demonstrate that under specific conditions, environmental change induces free-living species to become obligate mutualists and establishes a set of experimentally tractable, phylogenetically related, synthetic systems for studying the evolution of symbiosis.


1999 ◽  
Vol 133 (3) ◽  
pp. 243-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
NIGEL G. HALFORD

The most important harvested organs of crop plants, such as seeds, tubers and fruits, are often described as assimilate sinks. They play little or no part in the fixation of carbon through the production of sugars through photosynthesis, or in the uptake of nitrogen and sulphur, but import these assimilated resources to support metabolism and to store them in the form of starch, oils and proteins. Wild plants store resources in seeds and tubers to later support an emergent young plant. Cultivated crops are effectively storing resources to provide us with food and many have been bred to accumulate much more than would be required otherwise. For example, approximately 80% of a cultivated potato plant's dry weight is contained in its tubers, ten times the proportion in the tubers of its wild relatives (Inoue & Tanaka 1978). Cultivation and breeding has brought about a shift in the partitioning of carbon and nitrogen assimilate between the organs of the plant.


Author(s):  
R.W. Carpenter

Interest in precipitation processes in silicon appears to be centered on transition metals (for intrinsic and extrinsic gettering), and oxygen and carbon in thermally aged materials, and on oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen in ion implanted materials to form buried dielectric layers. A steadily increasing number of applications of microanalysis to these problems are appearing. but still far less than the number of imaging/diffraction investigations. Microanalysis applications appear to be paced by instrumentation development. The precipitation reaction products are small and the presence of carbon is often an important consideration. Small high current probes are important and cryogenic specimen holders are required for consistent suppression of contamination buildup on specimen areas of interest. Focussed probes useful for microanalysis should be in the range of 0.1 to 1nA, and estimates of spatial resolution to be expected for thin foil specimens can be made from the curves shown in Fig. 1.


Author(s):  
W. R. EMANUEL ◽  
J. S. OLSON ◽  
W. M. POST ◽  
A. G. STANGENBERGER ◽  
P. J. ZINKE

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