scholarly journals Spatial Patterns of Thalassia testudinum Immune Status and Labyrinthula spp. Load Implicate Environmental Quality and History as Modulators of Defense Strategies and Wasting Disease in Florida Bay, United States

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paige Duffin ◽  
Daniel L. Martin ◽  
Bradley T. Furman ◽  
Cliff Ross
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Resource Availability ◽  
Immune Status ◽  
Florida Bay ◽  
Plant Morphology ◽  
Thalassia Testudinum ◽  
Everglades Restoration ◽  
Wasting Disease ◽  
Pathogen Load ◽  
Immune Biomarkers

Seagrass wasting disease, caused by protists of the genus Labyrinthula, is an important stressor of the dominant macrophyte in Florida Bay (FB), United States, Thalassia testudinum. FB exhibits countervailing gradients in plant morphology and resource availability. A synoptic picture of the Thalassia-Labyrinthula relationship was obtained by assessing the activity of four immune biomarkers in conjunction with pathogen prevalence and load [via quantitative PCR (qPCR)] at 15 sites across FB. We found downregulated immune status paired with moderate pathogen load among larger-bodied host phenotypes in western FB and upregulated immunity for smaller-bodied phenotypes in eastern FB. Among the highest immune response sites, a distinct inshore-offshore loading pattern was observed, where coastal basins exposed to freshwater runoff and riverine inputs had the highest pathogen loads, while adjacent offshore locations had the lowest. To explain this, we propose a simple, conceptual model that defines a framework for testable hypotheses based on recent advances in resistance-tolerance theory. We suggest that resource availability has the potential to drive not only plant size, but also tolerance to pathogen load by reducing investment in immunity. Where resources are more scarce, plants may adopt a resistance strategy, upregulating immunity; however, when physiologically challenged, this strategy appears to fail, resulting in high pathogen load. While evidence remains correlative, we argue that hyposalinity stress, at one or more temporal scales, may represent one of many potential drivers of disease dynamics in FB. Together, these data highlight the complexity of the wasting disease pathosystem and raise questions about how climate change and ongoing Everglades restoration might impact this foundational seagrass species.

Surveillance and Monitoring of White-Tailed Deer for Chronic Wasting Disease in the Northeastern United States

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 387-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tyler S. Evans ◽  
Krysten L. Schuler ◽  
W. David Walter
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Wildlife Management ◽  
Chronic Wasting Disease ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Northeastern United States ◽  
Wasting Disease ◽  
The Past ◽  
Northern Colorado

Abstract Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prion disease that affects both wild and captive cervid populations. In the past 45 y, CWD has spread from northern Colorado to all bordering states, as well as the midwestern United States (Midwest) and northeastern United States (Northeast), Canada, and South Korea. Because CWD is a relatively new issue for wildlife management agencies in the Northeast, we surveyed a representative (e.g., cervid biologist, wildlife veterinarian) from 14 states to gain a better understanding of state-specific surveillance measures. Between 2002 and 2012, New York (37,093) and Pennsylvania (35,324) tested the greatest number of harvested white-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus in the Northeast. Additionally, the 14 states surveyed have tested 121,730 harvested deer, or approximately 15,216/y, since CWD was first detected in 2005. The most common tissues used by agencies in the Northeast for testing were retropharyngeal lymph nodes, which have been determined to be the most reliable in detecting CWD in cervids. Understanding CWD surveillance efforts at a regional scale can help to provide guidance for the development of new surveillance plans or the improvement of existing ones. Furthermore, collaborations among state and regional agencies in the Northeast may attempt to identify deficiencies in surveillance by state or subregion.

scholarly journals Safety and Efficacy of Cyclosporine in the Treatment of Chronic Dry Eye

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. OED.S16067 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clyde Schultz
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Structure ◽  
United States ◽  
Dry Eye ◽  
Immune Status ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
The United States ◽  
Hormonal Status ◽  
Multifactorial Disease ◽  
Safety And Efficacy ◽  
Surface System

Dry-eye syndrome (DES) is a multifactorial disease affecting millions of individuals worldwide. Various factors, including age, hormonal status, genetics, sex, immune status, innervation status, nutrition, pathogens, and environmental stress, can alter the cellular and molecular structure or function of components of the ocular surface system. The resulting imbalance increases susceptibility to desiccation and epithelial damage, leading to a vicious circle in which inflammation amplifies and sustains further damage by chronic deregulation of the system. Lubricating agents and steroids have been used as treatment options. However, as the causes of the disease become better elucidated, the more chemically complex cyclosporine A has become an increasingly useful treatment option and in the United States is currently the only Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved prescription drug for the treatment of dry eye. The safety and efficacy of cyclosporine have been shown in numerous studies.

The Ambiguous Role of Trade Unions in Startup Formation

2018 ◽  
pp. 308-325
Author(s):  
Sylvia Rohlfer
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Trade Union ◽  
Resource Availability ◽  
Trade Unions ◽  
Occupational Choice ◽  
Industrial Relations ◽  
The United States ◽  
Firm Formation ◽  
The Individual

In this chapter the authors analyze the role of trade unions for firm formation from the perspective of the individual entrepreneur. The industrial relations and entrepreneurship literature reviewed shows that trade unions matter in firm formation decisions in three ways: with regard to the occupational choice problem, the management of potential employees and the resource availability for the startup. Taking the Spanish economy as an example the findings from an empirical study demonstrate the perceived actual and potential role of unions for firm formation. The findings are compared with trade union activity in Germany and the United States in order to draw recommendations for trade union strategists.

Regional algal biofuel production potential in the coterminous United States as affected by resource availability trade-offs

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 215-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik R. Venteris ◽  
Richard L. Skaggs ◽  
Mark S. Wigmosta ◽  
Andre M. Coleman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Resource Availability ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Production Potential ◽  
Algal Biofuel ◽  
Trade Offs

scholarly journals The Impact of SARS-COV-2 Response on Hospital Infection Prevention Programs and Practices in Southeastern United States

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Sonali D. Advani ◽  
Andrea Cromer ◽  
Brittain Wood ◽  
Esther Baker ◽  
Kathryn L. Crawford ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Resource Availability ◽  
Infection Prevention ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Prevention Programs ◽  
Hospital Infection ◽  
Prevention Policies ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Initial assessments of SARS-COV-2 preparedness revealed resource shortages and variations in infection prevention policies across US hospitals. Our follow-up survey revealed improvement in resource availability, increase in testing capacity, and uniformity in infection prevention policies. Most importantly, the survey highlighted an increase in staffing shortages and use of travel nursing.

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