scholarly journals Characterizing Early Maternal Style in a Population of Guide Dogs

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily E. Bray ◽  
Mary D. Sammel ◽  
Dorothy L. Cheney ◽  
James A. Serpell ◽  
Robert M. Seyfarth
Keyword(s):  
2015 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 203-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua L. Cohen ◽  
Matthew E. Glover ◽  
Phyllis C. Pugh ◽  
Andrew D. Fant ◽  
Rebecca K. Simmons ◽  
...  

The early-life environment critically influences neurodevelopment and later psychological health. To elucidate neural and environmental elements that shape emotional behavior, we developed a rat model of individual differences in temperament and environmental reactivity. We selectively bred rats for high versus low behavioral response to novelty and found that high-reactive (bred high-responder, bHR) rats displayed greater risk-taking, impulsivity and aggression relative to low-reactive (bred low-responder, bLR) rats, which showed high levels of anxiety/depression-like behavior and certain stress vulnerability. The bHR/bLR traits are heritable, but prior work revealed bHR/bLR maternal style differences, with bLR dams showing more maternal attention than bHRs. The present study implemented a cross-fostering paradigm to examine the contribution of maternal behavior to the brain development and emotional behavior of bLR offspring. bLR offspring were reared by biological bLR mothers or fostered to a bLR or bHR mother and then evaluated to determine the effects on the following: (1) developmental gene expression in the hippocampus and amygdala and (2) adult anxiety/depression-like behavior. Genome-wide expression profiling showed that cross-fostering bLR rats to bHR mothers shifted developmental gene expression in the amygdala (but not hippocampus), reduced adult anxiety and enhanced social interaction. Our findings illustrate how an early-life manipulation such as cross-fostering changes the brain's developmental trajectory and ultimately impacts adult behavior. Moreover, while earlier studies highlighted hippocampal differences contributing to the bHR/bLR phenotypes, our results point to a role of the amygdala as well. Future work will pursue genetic and cellular mechanisms within the amygdala that contribute to bHR/bLR behavior either at baseline or following environmental manipulations.


1977 ◽  
Vol 71 (6) ◽  
pp. 258-261
Author(s):  
Wenda L. Scheffers

In a unit of 20 lessons sighted children were taught about the long cane, guide dogs, daily living skills, eye physiology, causes of blindness, eye care, braille, and attitudes toward blindness. The children were also required to perform some activities under blindfolds. After completing the unit, the children revealed far greater knowledge about blindness and had more positive attitudes toward blind persons—valuable preliminaries for mainstreaming blind children.


1985 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Goddard ◽  
R. G. Beilharz

2007 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 1139-1149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan A. Kimbrel ◽  
Rosemery O. Nelson-Gray ◽  
John T. Mitchell

2016 ◽  
Vol 207 ◽  
pp. 124-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Caron-Lormier ◽  
G.C.W. England ◽  
M.J. Green ◽  
L. Asher

2018 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Du Toit

Since Wild Dog first crawled from the Wet Wild Woods and laid his head on Woman’s lap, he has helped man, not only to hunt and protect, but also as guide. A guide with enhanced senses in the physical world who could find a way across unmarked landscapes, a clever empathic being who could lead man to certain places or to specific individuals. No wonder then that the best-known ancient dog deities accompany humans as guides, often on their way to the afterlife. Dog guides—not to be confused with guide dogs—have remained a constant feature of the representation of dogs in literature, reflecting as much of the nature of these dogs as of the nature and needs of the humans they attend. In this way, the human-animal relationship also reveals how the solipsistic tendencies of human self-definition limits our capacity for being in the world. In the two contemporary novels that form the basis of my enquiry, La Possibilité d’une île (2005) by Michel Houellebecq and Op ’n dag, ’n hond (2016) by John Miles, the agency of dog guides introduces an intriguing element of distancing, reminding us that the self has meaning only in relation to another and that human concerns are not absolute.


2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 923-939 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily E. Bray ◽  
Mary D. Sammel ◽  
Robert M. Seyfarth ◽  
James A. Serpell ◽  
Dorothy L. Cheney
Keyword(s):  

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