Three-Year-Olds Solved a Mental Rotation Task Above Chance Level, but No Linear Relation Concerning Reaction Time and Angular Disparity Presented Itself

AbstractWhile the effects of aerobic exercise during a cognitive task on the performance of said cognitive task have been extensively studied, it has not been investigated whether cognitive performance during aerobic exercise influences the physical performance. For this, it is the main goal of the study to investigate the physical and cognitive performance during a simultaneous conduction of aerobic exercise and mental rotation. Forty-one German sport students cycled at 60% intensity while simultaneously performing a mental rotation task. In a within-subject design, both physical and cognitive performances were compared with isolated cycling and mental rotation as control conditions using both objective (heart rate and pedal cadence in the cycling task, reaction time and accuracy in the mental rotation task) and subjective (RPE) cognitive and physical measures. The results analyzed with hierarchical linear modeling revealed no effect of either simultaneous cognitive tasks on objective (heart rate) or subjective (RPE) physical effort, nor of simultaneous exercise on reaction time or accuracy in cognitive performance. However, we have found lower cadence during cognitive tasks, which was also stable in time compared to an increase in cadence during exercise control. Furthermore, our results demonstrated increased cognitive effort during exercise. Our findings suggest that increased effort, both physiological and cognitive, is required during combined physical and cognitive work in support of neurological resource conflicts caused by the differing demands of exercise and executive function.

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Individual Differences in Mental Rotation

Experimental Psychology (formerly Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie) ◽

10.1027/1618-3169/a000184 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 60 (3) ◽

pp. 164-171 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Peter Khooshabeh ◽

Mary Hegarty ◽

Thomas F. Shipley

Keyword(s):

Individual Differences ◽

Mental Rotation ◽

Response Times ◽

Task Demands ◽

Mental Rotation Task ◽

Imagery Ability ◽

Alternative Strategies

Two experiments tested the hypothesis that imagery ability and figural complexity interact to affect the choice of mental rotation strategies. Participants performed the Shepard and Metzler (1971) mental rotation task. On half of the trials, the 3-D figures were manipulated to create “fragmented” figures, with some cubes missing. Good imagers were less accurate and had longer response times on fragmented figures than on complete figures. Poor imagers performed similarly on fragmented and complete figures. These results suggest that good imagers use holistic mental rotation strategies by default, but switch to alternative strategies depending on task demands, whereas poor imagers are less flexible and use piecemeal strategies regardless of the task demands.

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Neuroimaging correlates of insight in obsessive compulsive disorder: A fMRI study

European Psychiatry ◽

10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.344 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 41 (S1) ◽

pp. S409-S409

Author(s):

A. Gadad ◽

D.Y.C.J. Reddy ◽

D.G. Venkatasubramanian ◽

D.J. C.N

Keyword(s):

Mental Rotation ◽

Negative Correlation ◽

Mental Rotation Task ◽

Healthy Controls ◽

Inferior Parietal Lobule ◽

Good Insight ◽

Compulsive Disorder ◽

Accuracy Ratio ◽

Parietal Lobule ◽

Medial Frontal Gyrus

Aim of the studyTo study the neural substrates of insight in OCD by comparing patients with good insight, patients with poor insight and matched healthy controls using functional MRI.MethodologySubjects were recruited from among patients attending OCD clinic, adult psychiatry services and psychiatry ward inpatients of National Institute of Mental Health And Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore. They were further divided into ‘good insight’ (n = 30) and ‘poor insight’ (n = 14) using Brown's assessment of belief's scale. Control subjects (n = 30) were recruited from consenting volunteers. 3 T MRI was used mental rotation task was paradigm used for fMRI and analysis was done by SPM 8.ResultsPoor insight patients and good insight patients comparison revealed differential activation in left superior/medial frontal gyrus (corresponding to the DLPFC). A negative correlation between BABS score and activation of right inferior parietal lobule. Mental rotation task behavioural data results: OCD patients as a group had significantly lower accuracy compared to healthy controls. Poor insight group had significantly decreased accuracy ratio compared to good insight group and healthy controls. A negative correlation was noted between BABS score and accuracy ratio, indicating that poorer the insight, greater the errors during the active task.ConclusionInsight has been important prognostic factor in OCD. Poor insight patients had specific deficits in left medial frontal gyrus and right inferior parietal lobule as compared to good insight patients and healthy controls. Together, these indicate that insight has a strong neurobiological underpinning in OCD.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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Mental Rotation Meets the Motion Aftereffect: The Role of hV5/MT+ in Visual Mental Imagery

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience ◽

10.1162/jocn.2010.21525 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 23 (6) ◽

pp. 1395-1404 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Ruth Seurinck ◽

Floris P. de Lange ◽

Erik Achten ◽

Guy Vingerhoets

Keyword(s):

Mental Rotation ◽

Mental Imagery ◽

Parietal Cortex ◽

Neural Activity ◽

Posterior Parietal Cortex ◽

Visual Motion ◽

Motion Aftereffect ◽

Mental Rotation Task ◽

Behavioral Performance ◽

Visual Mental Imagery

A growing number of studies show that visual mental imagery recruits the same brain areas as visual perception. Although the necessity of hV5/MT+ for motion perception has been revealed by means of TMS, its relevance for motion imagery remains unclear. We induced a direction-selective adaptation in hV5/MT+ by means of an MAE while subjects performed a mental rotation task that elicits imagined motion. We concurrently measured behavioral performance and neural activity with fMRI, enabling us to directly assess the effect of a perturbation of hV5/MT+ on other cortical areas involved in the mental rotation task. The activity in hV5/MT+ increased as more mental rotation was required, and the perturbation of hV5/MT+ affected behavioral performance as well as the neural activity in this area. Moreover, several regions in the posterior parietal cortex were also affected by this perturbation. Our results show that hV5/MT+ is required for imagined visual motion and engages in an interaction with parietal cortex during this cognitive process.

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Acoustic Neurofeedback Increases Beta ERD During Mental Rotation Task

Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback ◽

10.1007/s10484-018-9426-0 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 44 (2) ◽

pp. 103-115 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Wioletta Karina Ozga ◽

Dariusz Zapała ◽

Piotr Wierzgała ◽

Paweł Augustynowicz ◽

Robert Porzak ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mental Rotation ◽

Mental Rotation Task

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An fMRI investigation of right parietal function using a mental rotation task in pre-pubertal boys with ADHD, combined type

Molecular Psychiatry ◽

10.1038/sj.mp.4002070 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 12 (9) ◽

pp. 793-793 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

A Vance ◽

T J Silk ◽

R Cunnington

Keyword(s):

Mental Rotation ◽

Mental Rotation Task ◽

Pubertal Boys

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2BALANCE: Test-retest reliability of a cognitive-motor dual-task protocol

Journal of Vestibular Research ◽

10.3233/ves-210069 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-13

Author(s):

Maya Danneels ◽

Ruth Van Hecke ◽

Laura Leyssens ◽

Dirk Cambier ◽

Raymond van de Berg ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mental Rotation ◽

Dual Task ◽

Motor Task ◽

Mental Rotation Task ◽

Cognitive Tasks ◽

Task Condition ◽

Dual Task Condition ◽

Single Task ◽

Retest Reliability ◽

Test Retest Reliability

PURPOSE: Aside from typical symptoms such as dizziness and vertigo, persons with vestibular disorders often have cognitive and motor problems. These symptoms have been assessed in single-task condition. However, dual-tasks assessing cognitive-motor interference might be an added value as they reflect daily life situations better. Therefore, the 2BALANCE protocol was developed. In the current study, the test-retest reliability of this protocol was assessed. METHODS: The 2BALANCE protocol was performed twice in 20 healthy young adults with an in-between test interval of two weeks. Two motor tasks and five different cognitive tasks were performed in single and dual-task condition. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), the standard error of measurement, and the minimal detectable difference were calculated. RESULTS: All cognitive tasks, with the exception of the mental rotation task, had favorable reliability results (0.26≤ICC≤0.91). The dynamic motor task indicated overall substantial reliability values in all conditions (0.67≤ICC≤0.98). Similar results were found for the static motor task during dual-tasking (0.50≤ICC≤0.92), but were slightly lower in single-task condition (–0.26≤ICC≤0.75). CONCLUSIONS: The 2BALANCE protocol was overall consistent across trials. However, the mental rotation task showed lowest reliability values.

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An investigation of age related slowing in cognitive processing speed in a mental rotation task.

The Japanese journal of psychology ◽

10.4992/jjpsy.69.393 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 69 (5) ◽

pp. 393-400 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Yasuyuki Gondo ◽

Osamu Ishihara ◽

Katsuharu Nakazato ◽

Yoshiko Shimonaka ◽

Leonard W. Poon

Keyword(s):

Mental Rotation ◽

Cognitive Processing ◽

Processing Speed ◽

Mental Rotation Task ◽

Age Related ◽

Cognitive Processing Speed

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Developmental origins of cognitive offloading

Proceedings of The Royal Society B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1098/rspb.2019.2927 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 287 (1928) ◽

pp. 20192927 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Kristy L. Armitage ◽

Adam Bulley ◽

Jonathan Redshaw

Keyword(s):

Reaction Time ◽

Mental Rotation ◽

Linear Relationship ◽

Cognitive Processing ◽

External Support ◽

Developmental Origins ◽

The World ◽

Adult Humans ◽

Cognitive Offloading ◽

Navigational Aids

Many animals manipulate their environments in ways that appear to augment cognitive processing. Adult humans show remarkable flexibility in this domain, typically relying on internal cognitive processing when adequate but turning to external support in situations of high internal demand. We use calendars, calculators, navigational aids and other external means to compensate for our natural cognitive shortcomings and achieve otherwise unattainable feats of intelligence. As yet, however, the developmental origins of this fundamental capacity for cognitive offloading remain largely unknown. In two studies, children aged 4–11 years ( n = 258) were given an opportunity to manually rotate a turntable to eliminate the internal demands of mental rotation––to solve the problem in the world rather than in their heads. In study 1, even the youngest children showed a linear relationship between mental rotation demand and likelihood of using the external strategy, paralleling the classic relationship between angle of mental rotation and reaction time. In study 2, children were introduced to a version of the task where manually rotating inverted stimuli was sometimes beneficial to performance and other times redundant. With increasing age, children were significantly more likely to manually rotate the turntable only when it would benefit them. These results show how humans gradually calibrate their cognitive offloading strategies throughout childhood and thereby uncover the developmental origins of this central facet of intelligence.

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