scholarly journals The Influence of Cognitive Load on Distractor-Response Bindings

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tarini Singh ◽  
Torsten Schubert
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Secondary Task ◽  
High Load ◽  
Feature Binding ◽  
Binding Studies ◽  
Stimulus Response ◽  
Central Attention ◽  
Visual Binding ◽  
Low Load ◽  
Memory Contents

Binding theories postulate an integration of stimulus and response features into temporary episodic traces or event files. In general, in the visual binding literature, attention is considered to be necessary to feature binding, and a higher cognitive load can lead to worse performance. On the other hand, in stimulus-response binding theories, central attention is not regarded as necessary in binding effects. A possible discrepancy between the visual feature binding findings and the findings in stimulus-response binding studies could lie in the amount of central load implemented, whereas another discrepancy was related to a specific type of process that was manipulated. In the present study, load was manipulated in three levels, such as no load, low load, and high load, and the binding effects were tested under each condition. Load was manipulated by using a secondary task, which was to be carried out simultaneously with the primary task. Additionally, the influence of targeting different working memory processes (maintenance and updating) was examined by varying the time point of the presentation of the secondary task. The results indicate that, under high load, binding effects are observed if memory contents are merely maintained, but not observed when memory contents are actively updated.

scholarly journals A cognitively demanding working-memory intervention enhances extinction

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lycia de Voogd ◽  
Elizabeth A. Phelps
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Conditioned Response ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
High Load ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Extinction Learning ◽  
Lower Accuracy ◽  
Low Load ◽  
Memory Intervention

Improving extinction learning has the potential to optimize psychotherapy for persistent anxiety-related disorders. Recent findings show that extinction learning can be improved with a cognitively demanding eye-movement intervention. It is, however, unclear whether [1] any cognitively-demanding task can enhance extinction, or whether it is limited to eye movements, and [2] the effectiveness of such an intervention can be enhanced by increasing cognitive load. Participants (n=102) completed a Pavlovian threat conditioning paradigm across two days. One group underwent standard extinction (Control), a second group underwent extinction paired with a 1-back working memory task (Low-Load), and a third group underwent extinction paired with a 2-back working memory task (High-Load). We found that the conditioned response during extinction was reduced for both the Low-Load and the High-Load groups compared to the Control group. This reduction persisted during recovery the following day when no working memory task was executed. Finally, we found that within the High-Load group, participants with lower accuracy scores on the 2-back task (i.e., for who the task was more difficult) had a stronger reduction in the conditioned response. This suggests that cognitive load induced by a working memory intervention embedded during extinction reduces persistent threat responses.

Cognitive Load Mediates the Effect of Emotion on Analytical Thinking

2016 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 343-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bastien Trémolière ◽  
Marie-Ève Gagnon ◽  
Isabelle Blanchette
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Secondary Task ◽  
Deleterious Effect ◽  
Detrimental Effect ◽  
Emotional Problems ◽  
Syllogistic Reasoning ◽  
Cognitive Resources ◽  
Potential Explanation ◽  
Cognitive Mechanism ◽  
Analytical Thinking

Abstract. Although the detrimental effect of emotion on reasoning has been evidenced many times, the cognitive mechanism underlying this effect remains unclear. In the present paper, we explore the cognitive load hypothesis as a potential explanation. In an experiment, participants solved syllogistic reasoning problems with either neutral or emotional contents. Participants were also presented with a secondary task, for which the difficult version requires the mobilization of cognitive resources to be correctly solved. Participants performed overall worse and took longer on emotional problems than on neutral problems. Performance on the secondary task, in the difficult version, was poorer when participants were reasoning about emotional, compared to neutral contents, consistent with the idea that processing emotion requires more cognitive resources. Taken together, the findings afford evidence that the deleterious effect of emotion on reasoning is mediated by cognitive load.

Study on bearing stiffness characteristics with residual stress in carburized layer

2020 ◽  
pp. 095440622096079
Author(s):  
Junshuai Liang ◽  
Ning Li ◽  
Jingyu Zhai ◽  
BaoGang Wen ◽  
Qingkai Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stress ◽  
Contact Stiffness ◽  
Roller Bearing ◽  
High Load ◽  
Axial Stiffness ◽  
Fe Model ◽  
Low Load ◽  
Bearing Stiffness ◽  
Carburized Layer ◽  
Stiffness Characteristics

In this study, a layering method of carburized ring is presented. A finite element (FE) model for analyzing bearing stiffness characteristics is established considering the residual stress in the carburized layer. The residual stress in the carburized layer of a double-row conical roller bearing is tested and the influence of the distribution of residual stress in carburized layer on the bearing stiffness is investigated. Results show that the residual stress in the carburized layer increases the contact stiffness of the bearing by 5% in the low-load zone and 3% in the high-load zone. The radial stiffness of the bearing is increased by 5% in the low-load zone and 3% in the high-load zone. The axial stiffness is increased by 6%, and the angular stiffness increased by 4%. The larger the thickness of the carburized layer, the greater the residual compressive stress in the carburized layer, the deeper the position of the maximum residual stresses in the carburized layer will lead to the greater stiffness of the bearing.

The Impact of Cognitive Load on Volitional Running

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 1179-1183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan J. Blakely ◽  
Kyle Wilson ◽  
Paul N. Russell ◽  
William S. Helton
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
High Load ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Cognitive Tasks ◽  
Running Speed ◽  
Original Experiment ◽  
The Impact

The effects of physical activity on cognition and the effects of cognitive load on physical activity are complex. Both the nature of the physical activity and cognitive task may influence the interactive effects of performing a physical task while also performing a cognitive task. In a previous study examining the impact of increasing cognitive load on outdoor running speed and the impact of outdoor running on cognitive performance, Blakely et al. (2015) found running speed decreased as cognitive load increased. They also found that the impact of running itself on cognitive performance occurred when the cognitive task was itself demanding (high cognitive load). In the current study we expanded on this previous research by improving the experimental task to rule out peripheral sensory, not central or executive, interference and by incorporating heart rate measures and VO2 max estimates. Twelve runners completed five conditions, two seated cognitive tasks (one low load and one high load), two dual running cognitive tasks and one run only. Results were similar to the original experiment, as the cognitive task became more difficult, voluntary running speed decreased. Also the effects of running on cognitive performance (counting) were found only when the cognitive task was high load.

Low-load resistance training with low relative pressure produces muscular changes similar to high-load resistance training

2017 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. E126-E133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daeyeol Kim ◽  
Jeremy P. Loenneke ◽  
Xin Ye ◽  
Debra A. Bemben ◽  
Travis W. Beck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Training ◽  
Load Resistance ◽  
High Load ◽  
Relative Pressure ◽  
Low Load

Attitudinal Effects of Stimulus Co-occurrence and Stimulus Relations: Paradoxical Effects of Cognitive Load

2021 ◽  
pp. 014616722110443
Author(s):  
Bertram Gawronski
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Behavioral Outcomes ◽  
Learning Effects ◽  
Stimulus Relations ◽  
Object A ◽  
Unpleasant Stimulus ◽  
Paradoxical Effects ◽  
Low Load ◽  
Attitudinal Effects ◽  
The Impact

Research suggests that evaluations of an object can be jointly influenced by (a) the mere co-occurrence of the object with a pleasant or unpleasant stimulus (e.g., mere co-occurrence of object A and negative event B) and (b) the object’s specific relation to the co-occurring stimulus (e.g., object A starts vs. stops negative event B). Three experiments investigated the impact of cognitive load during learning on the effects of stimulus co-occurrence and stimulus relations. Counter to the shared prediction of competing theories suggesting that effects of stimulus relations should be reduced by cognitive load during learning, effects of stimulus relations were greater (rather than smaller) under high-load compared with low-load conditions. Effects of stimulus co-occurrence were not significantly affected by cognitive load. The results are discussed in terms of theories suggesting that cognitive load can influence behavioral outcomes via strategic shifts in resource allocation in response to task-specific affordances.

Blood Flow Restriction Therapy Impact on Musculoskeletal Strength and Mass

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (5) ◽  
pp. 263502542110326
Author(s):  
Steven R. Dayton ◽  
Simon J. Padanilam ◽  
Tyler C. Sylvester ◽  
Michael J. Boctor ◽  
Vehniah K. Tjong
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Resistance Training ◽  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Load Resistance ◽  
High Load ◽  
Blood Flow Restriction ◽  
Occlusion Pressure ◽  
Total Occlusion ◽  
Flow Restriction ◽  
Low Load

Background: Blood flow restriction (BFR) training restricts arterial inflow and venous outflow from the extremity and can produce gains in muscle strength at low loads. Low-load training reduces joint stress and decreases cardiovascular risk when compared with high-load training, thus making BFR an excellent option for many patients requiring rehabilitation. Indications: Blood flow restriction has shown clinical benefit in a variety of patient populations including healthy patients as well as those with osteoarthritis, anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, polymyositis/dermatomyositis, and Achilles tendon rupture. Technique Description: This video demonstrates BFR training in 3 clinical areas: upper extremity resistance training, lower extremity resistance training, and low-intensity cycling. All applications of BFR first require determination of total occlusion pressure. Upper extremity training requires inflating the tourniquet to 50% of total occlusion pressure, while lower extremity exercises use 80% of total occlusion pressure. Low-load resistance training exercises follow a specific repetition scheme: 30 reps followed by a 30-second rest and then 3 sets of 15 reps with 30-seconds rest between each. During cycle training, 80% total occlusion pressure is used as the patient cycles for 15 minutes without rest. Results: Augmenting low-load resistance training with BFR increases muscle strength when compared with low-load resistance alone. In addition, low-load BFR has demonstrated an increase in muscle mass greater than low-load training alone and equivalent to high-load training absent BFR. A systematic review determined the safety of low-load training with BFR is comparable to traditional high-intensity resistance training. The most common adverse effects include exercise intolerance, discomfort, and dull pain which are also frequent in patients undergoing traditional resistance training. Severe adverse effects including deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and rhabdomyolysis are exceedingly rare, less than 0.006% according to a national survey. Patients undergoing BFR rehabilitation experience less perceived exertion and demonstrate decreased pain scores compared with high-load resistance training. Conclusion: Blood flow restriction training is an effective alternative to high-load resistance training for patients requiring musculoskeletal rehabilitation for multiple disease processes as well as in the perioperative setting. Blood flow restriction has been shown to be a safe training modality when managed by properly trained physical therapists and athletic trainers.

Effect of stirring time on the mechanical behavior of friction stir spot weld of Al 6061-T6 lap-shear configuration

2018 ◽  
Vol 233 (10) ◽  
pp. 3583-3591 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amirreza Shahani ◽  
Ali Farrahi
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Behavior ◽  
Failure Modes ◽  
Static Strength ◽  
High Load ◽  
Welding Condition ◽  
Friction Stir ◽  
Al 6061 ◽  
Lap Shear ◽  
Low Load ◽  
Stirring Time

The effect of five different stirring times of friction stir spot welding on lap-shear specimens of Al 6061-T6 alloy has been experimentally analyzed. The welding condition with 2 s of stirring shows the optimum mechanical behavior in comparison to the others. The static strength and fatigue behavior of the joint are justified using the microhardness profiles. The static results prove that the increase of stirring time beyond the 2 s case has little effect on improving the static strength. The fatigue results reveal two different failure modes, which are shear fracture at high load levels and transverse crack growth at low load levels. At medium load levels, although the final failure is similar to high load levels, the transverse growth of the crack outside the welding zone, just like low load levels, is also observed.

Progression in den Methoden: von „Low Load“ zu „High Load“

Sportphysio ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 08 (01) ◽  
pp. 16-28
Author(s):  
Hans-Josef Haas ◽  
Christian Szepessy Steinmann
Keyword(s):  
High Load ◽  
Low Load

Bis ein Sportler nach einer Verletzung wieder am Wettkampf teilnehmen kann, müssen seine motorischen Fähigkeiten abhängig von den Heilungsvorgängen spezifisch entwickelt werden – ein komplexer Prozess, bei dem viele Aspekte berücksichtigt werden müssen.

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