scholarly journals Individual Differences in Sequential Movement Coordination in Hip-Hop Dance: Capturing Joint Articulation in Practicing the Wave

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derrick D. Brown ◽  
Guido Wijffels ◽  
Ruud G. J. Meulenbroek
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Hip Hop ◽  
Motor Task ◽  
Propagation Speed ◽  
Attentional Focus ◽  
Dance Movement ◽  
Large Wave ◽  
Success Indicators ◽  
Kinematic Analyses ◽  
Four Blocks

The current study highlights individual differences in the joint articulation strategies used by novices practicing a hip-hop dance movement, the wave. Twelve young adults, all naive regarding hip-hop dance performance, practized the wave in 120 trials separated into four blocks with the order of internal or external attentional focus counterbalanced across subjects. Various kinematic analyses were analyzed to capture performance success while exploiting the observed individual differences in order to establish the reliability of the proposed performance indicators. An external focus of attention marginally facilitated the smooth transfer of a wave motion across neighboring limb segments as characterized by a constant propagation speed combined with large wave amplitudes. Systematic correlations between the success indicators were found, exemplifying the various degrees of joint articulation that novices prove capable of during an initial practicing session to try and perform a novel complex motor task.

Individual Differences in the Vitamin Model of Well-being

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Warr
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Attentional Focus ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Environmental Features ◽  
Individual Variations ◽  
Nonlinear Associations

Prominent among frameworks of well-being is the Vitamin Model, which emphasizes nonlinear associations with environmental features. The Vitamin Model has previously been described through average patterns for people in general, but we need also to explore inter-individual variations. For presentation, those differences can either be viewed generically, based on divergence in age, personality and so on, or through short-term episodes of emotion regulation, such as through situation-specific attentional focus and reappraisal. Both long-term and short-term variations are considered here.

Training Effects on Response Strategies in a Perceptual Motor Task

1985 ◽  
Vol 29 (8) ◽  
pp. 755-758
Author(s):  
Jani Gabriel Byrne ◽  
Nancy S. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Performance Measures ◽  
Dual Task ◽  
Response Pattern ◽  
Motor Task ◽  
Response Strategy ◽  
Time Sharing ◽  
Close Inspection ◽  
Response Strategies ◽  
Early Performance

This study examined the influence of training on individual differences in time-sharing response strategies for a dual-task. Using early performance measures in a dual-task, subjects were classified on Day 1 as performing in either a simultaneous, alternating, or massed fashion. On Day 2, subjects received training instructions to either upgrade or maintain their particular response strategy. The results indicated that training was successful in the majority of the cases. Close inspection of performance revealed that subjects who were not able to achieve simultaneity had learned the dual-task response pattern, but were responding too slowly.

scholarly journals Individual Differences in Learning a Novel Discrete Motor Task

PLoS ONE ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. e112806 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Golenia ◽  
Marina M. Schoemaker ◽  
Leonora J. Mouton ◽  
Raoul M. Bongers
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Motor Task

scholarly journals Electrophysiological responses to negative evaluative person-knowledge: Effects of individual differences

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Krasowski ◽  
Sebastian Schindler ◽  
Maximilian Bruchmann ◽  
Robert Moeck ◽  
Thomas Straube
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Trait Anxiety ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Attentional Focus ◽  
N170 Component ◽  
Electrophysiological Responses ◽  
Early Posterior Negativity ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Task Conditions ◽  
Study Participants

AbstractFaces transmit rich information about a unique personal identity. Recent studies examined how negative evaluative information affects event-related potentials (ERPs), the relevance of individual differences, such as trait anxiety, neuroticism, or agreeableness, for these effects is unclear. In this preregistered study, participants (N = 80) were presented with neutral faces, either associated with highly negative or neutral biographical information. Faces were shown under three different task conditions that varied the attentional focus on face-unrelated features, perceptual face information, or emotional information. Results showed a task-independent increase of the N170 component for faces associated with negative information, while interactions occurred for the Early Posterior Negativity (EPN) and the Late Positive Potential (LPP), showing ERP differences only when paying attention to the evaluative information. Trait anxiety and neuroticism did not influence ERP differences. Low agreeableness increased EPN differences during perceptual distraction. Thus, we observed that low agreeableness leads to early increased processing of potentially hostile faces, although participants were required to attend to a face-unrelated feature.

scholarly journals Assessment of Cognitive-motor Performance Costs, Task Prioritization, and Adaptation to Dishwashing under Increased Demand in Older Women with Arthritis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shannon T Mejía ◽  
Karen E Nielsen ◽  
Vineet Raichur ◽  
Alicia G Carmichael ◽  
Eugene Tavare ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Response Time ◽  
Older Women ◽  
Dual Task ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Motor Performance ◽  
Motor Task ◽  
Physical Ability ◽  
Cognitive Components ◽  
Improved Performance

Abstract Background and Objectives Hand arthritis can limit upper-limb instrumental activities of daily living (iADLs) and require the recruitment of additional cognitive and motor resources to support performance. We devised a dual-task protocol for dishwashing to examine cognitive-motor performance costs and prioritizations under increased demands, processes of adaptation, and individual differences in performance costs. Research Design and Methods Sixty women with hand arthritis (age: 60-91) completed a standardized dishwashing protocol. Motor demand was increased via properties of the soap dispenser. Cognitive demand was increased using audial attention and response inhibition tasks. The protocol was completed twice per lab visit on three occasions. Response time and dishwashing time provided measures of cognitive and motor task performance. Prioritization was determined by comparing the magnitude of dual-task cost (DTC) across tasks. Adaptation to the dishwashing protocol and novel dispenser was assessed by change in DTC across lab visits. Individual differences in cognitive and physical ability were assessed with the trail-making B test and gait speed. Results Estimates from linear mixed effects models revealed that response time increased, whereas dishwashing time decreased, during the dual-task study stages. Cognitive-motor prioritization effects were most pronounced among women with lower cognitive and physical ability. Evidence of prioritization and individual differences in DTC diminished across lab visits. Discussion and Implications The pattern of results suggests that older women with arthritis prioritize the motor over cognitive components of dishwashing, a common iADL. Adaptation across lab visits resulted in improved performance, reduced evidence of prioritization, and attenuated differences in DTC across physical and cognitive abilities.

scholarly journals Superior Performance in Skilled Golfers Characterized by Dynamic Neuromotor Processes Related to Attentional Focus

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kuo-Pin Wang ◽  
Cornelia Frank ◽  
Yen-yu Tsai ◽  
Kao-Hung Lin ◽  
Tai-Ting Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Control Theory ◽  
Success Rate ◽  
Attentional Focus ◽  
Focus Of Attention ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Depth Information ◽  
Automatic Processes ◽  
Attention Condition ◽  
Four Blocks

The meshed control theory assumes that cognitive control and automatic processes work together in the natural attention of experts for superior performance. However, the methods adopted by previous studies limit their capacity to provide in-depth information on the neuromotor processes. This experiment tested the theory with an alternative approach. Twelve skilled golfers were recruited to perform a putting task under three conditions: (1) normal condition, with no focus instruction (NC), (2) external focus of attention condition (EC), and (3) internal focus of attention condition (IC). Four blocks of 10 putts each were performed under each condition. The putting success rate and accuracy were measured and electroencephalographies (EEGs) were recorded. The behavioral results showed that the NC produced a higher putting success rate and accuracy than the EC and IC. The EEG data showed that the skilled golfers’ attentional processes in the NC initially resembled those in the EC and then moved toward those in the IC just before putting. This indicates a switch from more automatic processes to cognitive control processes while preparing to putt. The findings offer support for the meshed control theory and indicate the dynamic nature of neuromotor processes for the superior performance of athletes in challenging situations.

scholarly journals Motor Imagery EEG neurofeedback skill acquisition in the context of declarative interference and sleep

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mareike Daeglau ◽  
Catharina Zich ◽  
Julius Welzel ◽  
Samira Kristina Saak ◽  
Jannik Florian Scheffels ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Motor Imagery ◽  
Skill Acquisition ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
Declarative Memory ◽  
Motor Task ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Motor Abilities ◽  
Wide Range

AbstractMotor imagery (MI) practice in combination with neurofeedback (NF) is a promising supplement to facilitate the acquisition of motor abilities and the recovery of impaired motor abilities following brain injuries. However, the ability to control MI NF is subject to a wide range of inter-individual variability. A substantial number of users experience difficulties in achieving good results, which compromises their chances to benefit from MI NF in a learning or rehabilitation context. It has been suggested that context factors, that is, factors outside the actual motor task, can explain individual differences in motor skill acquisition. Retrospective declarative interference and sleep have already been identified as critical factors for motor execution (ME) and MI based practice. Here, we investigate whether these findings generalize to MI NF practice.Three groups underwent three blocks of MI NF practice each on two subsequent days. In two of the groups, MI NF blocks were followed by either immediate or delayed declarative memory tasks. The control group performed only MI NF and no specific interference tasks. Two of the MI NF blocks were run on the first day of the experiment, the third in the morning of the second day. Significant within-block NF gains in mu and beta frequency event-related desynchronization (ERD) where evident for all groups. However, effects of sleep on MI NF ERD were not found. Data did also not indicate an impact of immediate or delayed declarative interference on MI NF ERD.Our results indicate that effects of sleep and declarative interference context on ME or MI practice cannot unconditionally be generalized to MI NF skill acquisition. The findings are discussed in the context of variable experimental task designs, inter-individual differences, and performance measures.

Distribution of Practice in Individual Differences and Intra-Variability

1968 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 727-730 ◽  
Author(s):  
George E. Stelmach
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Motor Task ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Distributed Practice ◽  
True Score ◽  
Large Muscle

2 groups of Ss ( n = 50) were tested on one of two practice conditions on a large muscle motor task to determine the effects of distribution of practice on true score variance (individual differences) and intra-individual variability. Under distributed practice conditions (30 sec. work-30 sec. rest) the true score variance decreased 49% while under massed conditions the decrease amounted to 13%. The corresponding decreases in intra-individual variance were 37% and 11%, respectively. Only the decrease in true score variance under the distributed condition was significant.

scholarly journals The Effects of Viewing Cute Pictures on Performance During a Basketball Free-Throw Task

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naoki Yoshikawa ◽  
Hiroaki Masaki
Keyword(s):  
Adult Animal ◽  
Motor Task ◽  
Attentional Focus ◽  
Fine Motor ◽  
Approach Motivation ◽  
Improve Performance ◽  
Basketball Players ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Pressure Test ◽  
Improved Performance

Previous studies have shown that viewing cute pictures leads to performance improvement in a subsequent fine motor task. We examined the beneficial effects of viewing cute pictures in a more complex sporting skill (i.e., basketball free throws) by comparing three conditions (viewing baby animal pictures, adult animal pictures, and no pictures) and two tests (no-pressure and pressure). The participants, all of whom were college basketball players, performed 16 free throws in each condition. In the no-pressure test, male participants improved performance after viewing pictures of baby animals but not after adult animals and no pictures. In the pressure test, no significant improvement was observed. For female participants, the cuteness-viewing effect was not observed in both tests. The results suggest that viewing cute pictures may improve performance during basketball free throws in a low-pressure situation by narrowing the breadth of attentional focus and inducing approach motivation and caregiving behaviors.

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