scholarly journals Diminished Health Returns of Educational Attainment Among Immigrant Adults in the United States

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shervin Assari ◽  
Sharon Cobb ◽  
Adolfo G. Cuevas ◽  
Mohsen Bazargan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Health Disparities ◽  
Psychological Distress ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
The United States ◽  
College Graduation ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Positive Health ◽  
The Us ◽  
Race Ethnicity

Objectives: Marginalization-related diminished returns (MDRs) refer to weaker health effects of educational attainment for socially marginalized groups compared to the socially privileged groups. Most of the existing literature on MDRs, however, has focused on marginalization due to race, ethnicity, and sexual orientation. Thus, very limited information exists on MDRs of educational attainment among immigrant populations in the United States.Aims: Building on the MDRs framework and using a nationally representative sample of US adults, we compared immigrant and native-born adults for the effects of educational attainment on psychological distress, self-rated health (SRH), and chronic diseases (CDs).Methods: The 2015 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) has enrolled 33,672 individuals who were either immigrant (n = 6,225; 18.5%) or native born (n = 27,429; 81.5%). The independent variable (IV) was educational attainment, which was treated as a categorical variable. The dependent variables included psychological distress, SRH, and CDs, all of which were dichotomous variables. Age, gender, race, ethnicity, and region were confounders. Immigration (nativity status) was the moderator.Results: Higher educational attainment was associated with lower odds of psychological distress, poor SRH, and CDs. However, immigration showed a significant statistical interaction with college graduation on all outcomes, which were suggestive of smaller protective effects of college graduation on psychological distress, poor SRH, and CDs for immigrant than native-born adults.Conclusions: In the US, the associations between educational attainment and psychological distress, SRH, and CDs are all weaker for immigrant than native-born adults. To prevent health disparities, it is essential to decompose health inequalities that are due to low educational attainment from those that are due to diminished returns of educational attainment (i.e., MDRs). There is a need to help highly educated immigrant adults secure positive health outcomes, similar to their native-born counterparts. Such changes may require bold and innovative economic, public, and social policies that help immigrant adults to more effectively mobilize their educational attainment to secure tangible outcomes. Elimination of health disparities in the US requires efforts that go beyond equalizing access to education.

Remember the Ladies: Competition and Mobilization in the United States

2018 ◽  
pp. 83-132
Author(s):  
Dawn Langan Teele
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Political Geography ◽  
Gilded Age ◽  
Political Competition ◽  
State Legislatures ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Political ◽  
The Us ◽  
Race Ethnicity

This chapter presents a case study of women's enfranchisement in the United States. It argues that the formation of a broad coalition of women, symbolized by growing membership in a large non-partisan suffrage organization, in combination with competitive conditions in state legislatures, was crucial to securing politicians' support for women's suffrage in the states. The chapter first gives a broad overview of the phases of the US suffrage movement, arguing that the salience of political cleavages related to race, ethnicity, nativity, and class influenced the type of movement suffragists sought to build. It then describes the political geography of the Gilded Age, showing how the diversity of political competition and party organization that characterized the several regions mirrors the pattern of women's enfranchisement across the states.

scholarly journals Cortisol and Racial Health Disparities Affecting Black Men in Later Life: Evidence From MIDUS II

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 155798831987096 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Ober Allen ◽  
Daphne C. Watkins ◽  
Linda Chatters ◽  
Arline T. Geronimus ◽  
Vicki Johnson-Lawrence
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Health Disparities ◽  
Psychological Distress ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Black Men ◽  
White Men ◽  
Later Life ◽  
The United States ◽  
Racial Health Disparities ◽  
Medical Morbidity

In the United States, Black men have poorer overall health and shorter life spans than most other racial/ethnic groups of men, largely attributable to chronic health conditions. Dysregulated patterns of daily cortisol, an indicator of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis stress–response functioning, are linked to poor health outcomes. Questions remain regarding whether and how cortisol contributes to Black–White differences in men’s health. This exploratory study compared early day changes in cortisol levels (diurnal cortisol slopes from peak to pre-lunch levels) and their associations with medical morbidity (number of chronic medical conditions) and psychological distress (Negative Affect Scale) among 695 Black and White male participants in the National Survey of Midlife in the United States (MIDUS II, 2004–2009). Black men exhibited blunted cortisol slopes relative to White men (−.15 vs. −.21, t = −2.97, p = .004). Cortisol slopes were associated with medical morbidity among Black men ( b = .050, t = 3.85, p < .001), but not White men, and were unrelated to psychological distress in both groups. Findings indicate cortisol may contribute to racial health disparities among men through two pathways, including the novel finding that Black men may be more vulnerable to some negative health outcomes linked to cortisol. Further, results suggest that while cortisol may be a mechanism of physical health outcomes and disparities among older men, it may be less important for their emotional health. This study increases understanding of how race and male sex intersect to affect not only men’s lived experiences but also their biological processes to contribute to racial health disparities among men in later life.

Incidence of testicular cancer in the United States from 1992 to 2009.

2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (6_suppl) ◽  
pp. 339-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manas Nigam ◽  
Brisa Aschebrook-Kilfoy ◽  
Sergey Shikanov ◽  
Scott E. Eggener
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Testicular Cancer ◽  
White Men ◽  
The United States ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
The Us ◽  
Hispanic Men ◽  
Tumor Characteristic ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Hispanic White

339 Background: The incidence of testicular cancer (TC) increased in the US through 2003. However, little is known about these trends after 2003. We sought to determine trends in TC incidence based on race, ethnicity and tumor characteristics. Methods: TC incidence and tumor characteristic data from 1992-2009 were extracted from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-13 (SEER) registry. Trends were determined using JoinPoint. Results: TC incidence in the US increased from 1992 (5.7/100,000) to 2009 (6.8/100,000) with annual percentage change (APC) of 1.1% (p < 0.001). TC rates were highest in non-Hispanic white men (1992: 7.5/100,000; 2009: 8.6/1000) followed by Hispanic men (1992: 4.0/100,000; 2009: 6.3/100,000) and lowest among non-Hispanic black men (1992: 0.7/100,000; 2009: 1.7/100,000). Significantly increasing incidence rates were observed in non-Hispanic white men (1.2%, p < 0.001) but most prominently among Hispanics, especially from 2002-2009 (5.6%, p < 0.01). A significant increase was observed for localized TC (1.21%, p < 0.001) and metastatic TC (1.43%, p < 0.01). Increased incidence occurred in localized tumors for non-Hispanic white men (1.56%, p <0.001), while Hispanic men experienced an increase in localized (2.6%, p < 0.001), regionalized (16.5% from 2002-09, p < 0.01), and distant (2.6%, p < 0.01) disease. Conclusions: Through 2009, testicular cancer incidence continues to increase in the United States, most notably among Hispanic men. [Table: see text]

scholarly journals Role of Disease-Specific Incidence and Survival in Disparities in Life Expectancy in the United States

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 149-149
Author(s):  
Julia Kravchenko ◽  
Bin Yu ◽  
Igor Akushevich
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Racial Disparities ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
The United States ◽  
The State ◽  
The Us ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Disease Specific

Abstract There are persisting geographic and racial disparities in life expectancy (LE) across the United States (US). We used 5% Medicare Claims data (2000-2017) to investigate how disease incidence and survival contribute to such disparities. Disease-specific hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated for Medicare beneficiaries living in the US states with the lowest LE (the states with the highest LE were used as a reference group), in gender- and race-/ethnicity-specific populations. Analysis of incidence showed that the greatest contribution to between-the-state disparities in LE was due to higher incidence (HRs≥1.30) of atherosclerosis, heart failure, influenza/pneumonia, Alzheimer’s disease, and lung cancer among older adults living in the states with the lowest LE. The list of diseases that contributed most to LE through the differences in their survival substantially differed from the above listed diseases: namely, diabetes, chronic ischemic heart disease, and cerebrovascular disease had HRs≥1.28 for their respective survival rates, with the highest HRs for lung cancer (HR=1.37, in females) and prostate cancer (HR=1.30). Respective race-/ethnicity-specific patterns of incidence and survival HRs were investigated and diseases contributed most to racial disparities in LE were identified. Study showed that when planning the strategies targeting between-the-state differences in LE in the US, it is important to address both 1) primary and secondary prevention for diseases demonstrating substantial differences in contributions of incidence, and 2) treatment choice, adherence to treatment, and comorbidities for diseases contributing to LE disparities predominantly through the differences in survival. Such strategies can be disease-, race-/ethnicity-, and geographic area-specific.

Social Determinants in the United States

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendy E. Parmet
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Health Disparities ◽  
Population Health ◽  
Social Determinants ◽  
The United States ◽  
Social Determinant ◽  
Public Health Agencies ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Us ◽  
Health Laws

This chapter studies the social determinants of health in the United States, focusing on one important but often overlooked social determinant: law. It explains how law influences social determinants and why law should itself be viewed as an important social determinant, one that can both magnify or diminish health disparities. Law can affect population health in numerous ways. Most obviously, laws create, empower, and restrain state, local, and federal public health agencies; regulate the delivery of healthcare; and seek to promote population health by regulating unsafe practices and activities, such as smoking. Health laws, however, are not the only laws that affect health. Laws that affect employment, income inequality, housing, the built environment, and education may also impact health. The chapter then considers some defining features of US law that may play a role in creating or perpetuating health disparities both within the US and between the US and other nations of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. It also reviews some recent initiatives in the US, many but not all undertaken via law, to address social determinants, and it looks at the barriers that remain to ameliorating social determinants through law, as well as some reasons for optimism.

Impact of Race/Ethnicity, Veteran Status, and Place of Birth on Attitudes Towards Welfare Recipients: An Experimental Approach

2020 ◽  
pp. 003329412095355
Author(s):  
Amanda ElBassiouny ◽  
Sabith Khan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Nonprofit Sector ◽  
General Pattern ◽  
The United States ◽  
Welfare Recipient ◽  
Welfare Recipients ◽  
News Story ◽  
The Us ◽  
Veteran Status ◽  
Race Ethnicity

The current study explored the differences in the public’s attitudes and emotions towards welfare recipients based on their race/ethnicity, birthplace, and veteran status. Participants read a mock news story created for the current study about a woman labeled as a “welfare queen” who was receiving assistance, but persuaded the reader to be sympathetic to her case. The mock news story varied based on the race/ethnicity, veteran status, and birthplace of the welfare recipient. Participants assessed the welfare recipient on various evaluative measures. A 4 (race/ethnicity: White/Black/Hispanic/Asian) × 2 (veteran status: veteran/not veteran) × 2 (country of origin: born in the US/not born in the US) between-subjects ANOVA was performed on the attitude and personality evaluations of the welfare recipient. The general pattern of results showed that welfare recipients were evaluated more positively when they were veterans, born in the United States, or were White or Asian. Conversely, the public evaluated the welfare recipient more negatively or held more aversive emotions towards them when they were Hispanic, Black, not born in the United States, or not a veteran. This research adds to the psychological literature and nonprofit sector by testing the persistence of stereotypes on the perception of individual welfare recipients.

Social Implications of COVID-19 Deaths: Analyzing Race, Ethnicity, Socio-Economic Conditions, Gender, and Age for the US

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-180
Author(s):  
Saagar S Kulkarni ◽  
Kathryn E Lorenz
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
The United States ◽  
Social Implications ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Data Set ◽  
The Us ◽  
Multivariable Regression ◽  
Race Ethnicity

This paper examines two CDC data sets in order to provide a comprehensive overview and social implications of COVID-19 related deaths within the United States over the first eight months of 2020. By analyzing the first data set during this eight-month period with the variables of age, race, and individual states in the United States, we found correlations between COVID-19 deaths and these three variables. Overall, our multivariable regression model was found to be statistically significant.  When analyzing the second CDC data set, we used the same variables with one exception; gender was used in place of race. From this analysis, it was found that trends in age and individual states were significant. However, since gender was not found to be significant in predicting deaths, we concluded that, gender does not play a significant role in the prognosis of COVID-19 induced deaths. However, the age of an individual and his/her state of residence potentially play a significant role in determining life or death. Socio-economic analysis of the US population confirms Qualitative socio-economic Logic based Cascade Hypotheses (QLCH) of education, occupation, and income affecting race/ethnicity differently. For a given race/ethnicity, education drives occupation then income, where a person lives, and in turn his/her access to healthcare coverage. Considering socio-economic data based QLCH framework, we conclude that different races are poised for differing effects of COVID-19 and that Asians and Whites are in a stronger position to combat COVID-19 than Hispanics and Blacks.

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