scholarly journals Recent Perceived Stress, Amygdala Reactivity to Acute Psychosocial Stress, and Alcohol and Cannabis Use in Adolescents and Young Adults With Bipolar Disorder

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa Le ◽  
Dylan E. Kirsch ◽  
Valeria Tretyak ◽  
Wade Weber ◽  
Stephen M. Strakowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Perceived Stress ◽  
Psychosocial Stress ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Cannabis Use ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Amygdala Activation ◽  
Amygdala Reactivity

Background: Psychosocial stress negatively affects the clinical course of bipolar disorder. Studies primarily focused on adults with bipolar disorder suggest the impact of stress is progressive, i.e., stress response sensitizes with age. Neural mechanisms underlying stress sensitization are unknown. As stress-related mechanisms contribute to alcohol/substance use disorders, variation in stress response in youth with bipolar disorder may contribute to development of co-occurring alcohol/substance use disorders. This study investigated relations between psychosocial stress, amygdala reactivity, and alcohol and cannabis use in youth with bipolar disorder, compared to typically developing youth.Methods: Forty-two adolescents/young adults [19 with bipolar disorder, 23 typically developing, 71% female, agemean ± SD = 21 ± 2 years] completed the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), Daily Drinking Questionnaire modified for heaviest drinking week, and a modified Montreal Imaging Stress functional MRI Task. Amygdala activation was measured for both the control and stress conditions. Main effects of group, condition, total PSS, and their interactions on amygdala activation were modeled. Relationships between amygdala response to acute stress with recent alcohol/cannabis use were investigated.Results: Greater perceived stress related to increased right amygdala activation in response to the stress, compared to control, condition in bipolar disorder, but not in typically developing youth (group × condition × PSS interaction, p = 0.02). Greater amygdala reactivity to acute stress correlated with greater quantity and frequency of alcohol use and frequency of cannabis use in bipolar disorder.Conclusion: Recent perceived stress is associated with changes in amygdala activation during acute stress with amygdala reactivity related to alcohol/cannabis use in youth with bipolar disorder.

scholarly journals Childhood maltreatment, prefrontal-paralimbic gray matter volume, and substance use in young adults and interactions with risk for bipolar disorder

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dylan E. Kirsch ◽  
Valeria Tretyak ◽  
Sepeadeh Radpour ◽  
Wade A. Weber ◽  
Charles B. Nemeroff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Family History ◽  
Childhood Maltreatment ◽  
Gray Matter Volume ◽  
Familial Risk ◽  
Cannabis Use ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
History Of

AbstractChildhood maltreatment is associated with adverse effects on the brain, and an increased risk for psychopathology, including mood and substance use disorders. Individuals vary on the degree to which they exhibit neurobiological and clinical differences following maltreatment. Individuals with bipolar disorder exhibit greater magnitude of maltreatment-related prefrontal-paralimbic gray matter volume (GMV) deficits compared to typically developing individuals. It is unclear if greater structural differences stem from greater neural vulnerability to maltreatment in bipolar disorder, or if they relate to presence of other clinical features associated with childhood maltreatment, e.g., elevated prevalence of comorbid substance use disorders. To investigate this, we compared young adults with a family history of bipolar disorder (n = 21), but who did not fulfill diagnostic criteria for bipolar disorder, with typically developing young adults without a family history of bipolar disorder (n = 26). Participants completed structural neuroimaging, clinical and family history interviews, and assessment of childhood maltreatment and recent alcohol and cannabis use patterns. We examined relations between childhood maltreatment and prefrontal-paralimbic GMV by modeling main effects of maltreatment and family history group by maltreatment interactions on prefrontal-paralimbic GMV. We also examined relations between maltreatment and associated GMV changes with recent alcohol and cannabis use. Childhood maltreatment correlated with lower ventral, rostral and dorsolateral prefrontal and insular cortical GMV across all participants regardless of the presence or absence of familial history of bipolar disorder. However, exploratory analyses did reveal greater maltreatment-related GMV differences in individuals with prodromal symptoms of depression. Lower insula GMV was associated with greater frequency of cannabis use across all participants and greater quantity of alcohol use only in those with familial risk for bipolar disorder. Results suggest familial risk for bipolar disorder, and presumably genetic risk, may relate to outcomes following childhood maltreatment and should be considered in prevention/early intervention strategies.

Perceived Stress and Salience Network Functioning During Emotional Processing in Young Adults With Bipolar Disorder

2020 ◽  
Vol 87 (9) ◽  
pp. S209-S210
Author(s):  
Dylan Kirsch ◽  
Valeria Tretyak ◽  
Vanessa Le ◽  
Stephen Strakowski ◽  
Elizabeth Lippard
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Perceived Stress ◽  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Salience Network

890. Bipolar Disorder and Cannabis Use: A Survey of Substance Use Patterns

2017 ◽  
Vol 81 (10) ◽  
pp. S359
Author(s):  
Jared Young ◽  
Karen Kloezeman ◽  
Meghan McIlwain ◽  
Dustin Kreitner ◽  
Arpi Minassian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Cannabis Use ◽  
Use Patterns

scholarly journals Preferences for Simultaneous Polydrug Use

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 350-368
Author(s):  
Jeanette Østergaard ◽  
Stine V. Østergaard ◽  
Adam Fletcher
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Cannabis Use ◽  
Multinomial Regression ◽  
Drug Experience ◽  
Polydrug Use ◽  
Alcohol And Drug Use ◽  
Use Patterns ◽  
The Difference

Cross-national surveys of young adults’ simultaneous polydrug use (SPU) are rare, as measuring polydrug use requires multiple questions capturing the timing, sequence, and dosage of mixing drugs. This study proposes a new way of measuring SPU by examining how preferences for simultaneous polydrug use (PSPU) vary among club/bar-goers in two European countries, Denmark and England, typically cited as exemplars of the normalization of illegal drug use. The study considers the utility of the normalization thesis for understanding preferences for polydrug use in the European nighttime economy. An in situ survey of 1,298 young adults (18–35 years) conducted in 50 bars, pubs, and nightclubs in England and Denmark assessed sociodemographics, substance use patterns, and personal preference(s) for mixing alcohol and drug use. Multinomial regression analyses examined the relative risk of PSPU categories among those reporting drug use, according to sociodemographics, alcohol intake, frequency of intoxication, and smoking. Illicit drug use was more prevalent among young adults in England than Denmark. The difference was smallest for cannabis use: Lifetime cannabis use is 66% in England and 58% in Denmark. Lifetime cocaine use was 38% in England and 17% in Denmark. In England, young adults with drug experience preferred to mix alcohol with cocaine (65%). In Denmark, young adults with drug experience preferred to mix alcohol with cannabis (78%). In multinominal regression, Danish young adults’ educational level was associated with PSPU, whereas in England legal substance use was associated with PSPU. This study calls for a more differentiated understanding of normalization. Preferences for mixing alcohol and drug use varied significantly cross nationally (alcohol/cocaine, England; alcohol/cannabis, Denmark). Different factors are associated with PSPU in each country. In England, not Denmark, drinking behaviors appear to shape preferences for mixing alcohol with cocaine, suggesting caution should be taken when replicating harm reduction interventions.

scholarly journals Psychosocial Stress and Attitudes Toward Substance Use Among College Students: An Exploratory Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 338-348
Author(s):  
Dominique Kornely ◽  
Kameko Halfmann
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Adverse Childhood Experiences ◽  
Psychosocial Stress ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Childhood Experiences ◽  
Acute And Chronic Stress ◽  
Adverse Childhood ◽  
The Impact

Substance use occurs on college campuses nationwide and is among the top threats to college-student health. The present study aimed to explore the impact of stress on substance use attitudes. The independent variable was acute psychosocial stress, induced using the Trier Social Stress Test. We measured chronic stress using the Adverse Childhood Experiences questionnaire. The Alcohol Purchase Task (i.e., alcohol demand, alcohol breakpoint, alcohol expenditure) and the Cognitive Appraisal of Risky Events-Revised questionnaire (i.e., expected involvement with substances and expected benefits and consequences of using substances) were the dependent variables. We predicted that participants who completed the acute stress task would report greater attitudes toward substance use behaviors and this would be more pronounced for those with higher levels of chronic stress. Acute stress did not affect willingness to pay for alcohol, F(3, 85) = 0.55, p = .65, ηp2 = 0.02, or expected positive or negative consequences from engaging in substance use, F(3, 85) = 0.44, p = .73, ηp2 = 0.02. There was a small positive association between chronic stress, as measured by adverse childhood experiences, and expected use, ρ(89) = .22, p = .04. In exploratory analyses, we found expected positive benefits of substance use to be significantly associated with expected future involvement, whereas expected negative consequences of substance use was associated with expected future involvement. Our results imply that acute and chronic stress were not significant in predicting substance use behaviors. Rather, those who expect benefits are more likely to use substances.

The Many Faces of Stress: Three Factors that Predict Physical Illness in Young Adults

2020 ◽  
pp. 003329412093619
Author(s):  
Rebecca Barron ◽  
Jonathan S. Gore
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Negative Affect ◽  
Perceived Stress ◽  
Physical Illness ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Online Surveys ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Additional Interaction ◽  
The Many

Three studies examined how various forms of stress uniquely contribute to physical illness. We compared negative affect and perceived stress in Study 1, neuroticism and perceived stress in Study 2, and negative affect, neuroticism, and perceived stress in Study 3. We also controlled for health-related covariates (i.e., exercise, nutrition, substance use, and BMI). In all three studies ( ns = 271, 577, and 300), participants completed online surveys for course credit. The results of Study 1 demonstrated that both negative affect and perceived stress predicted physical illness. In Study 2, neuroticism and perceived stress each predicted illness symptoms, and an additional interaction between neuroticism and perceived stress, were found. In Study 3, where all three stress factors were included, only negative affect predicted illness symptoms. Taken together, these results suggest that negative affect uniquely explains most of the variance in physical illness symptoms while controlling for other forms of stress.

scholarly journals Differences in substance use by sexual orientation and gender among Jewish young adults in Israel

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hagit Bonny-Noach ◽  
Mally Shechory-Bitton
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Sexual Orientation ◽  
Young Adult ◽  
Gay Men ◽  
Cannabis Use ◽  
The Past ◽  
Community Norms ◽  
And Gender

Abstract Background This study focuses on sexual orientation and gender-based differences among Israeli young adult substance use behaviors. In addition, it evaluates young adult perception of substance use and acceptance of substances use by close friends. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study. A self-reported anonymous questionnaire was distributed to a convenience sample of 496 young-adults (age: M = 23.14, SD = 2.48), which included 126 heterosexual males, 128 heterosexual females, 131 gay men, and 111 lesbians. Results This study revealed significant sexual orientation and gender differences in all outcomes examined. Significant substance usage differences were found for same-sex orientation as 52% reported cannabis use and 24% reported using other illegal substances during the past 12 months compared to 34 and 6% (respectively) among heterosexuals. Significant gender differences were found, as male participants reported 50% cannabis use and 19% reported other illegal substance use in the past 12 months compared to 35 and 11% (respectively) among females. Additionally, compared with heterosexuals, gay men and lesbians perceived/assessed significantly higher substance usage rates among their close friends and higher levels of substance use acceptance by close friends. Regression models indicated the important role of respondent perceived and acceptance of substance use among close friends. Binge drinking, cannabis use, and other illegal substance use were positively associated with participants’ perceived substance use and substance use acceptance level by close friends, after controlling for gender, sexual orientation, age, and level of education. Conclusions Close friends and community norms can play an important role in shaping substance usage among young adults, especially among gay men and lesbians. The results of the current study highlight the need for developing prevention and harm reduction drug policies for Israeli young adults, especially for gay men and lesbians. Interventions should also focus on young adult peers and community norms related to substance use by professionals in educational, policy-making, and therapeutic contexts.

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