Factors Associated With Uptake of Iron Supplement During Pregnancy Among Women of Reproductive Age in Tanzania: an Analysis of Data From the 2015 to 2016 Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey and Malaria Indicators Survey

Background: Pregnant women are vulnerable to iron deficiency due to the fact that more iron is needed primarily to supply the growing fetus and placenta and to increase the maternal red cell mass. Little is known on the factors associated with uptake of iron supplement during pregnancy.Methods: The study used data from the 2015 to 2016 Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey and Malaria Indicators Survey. A total of 6,924 women of active reproductive age from 15 to 49 were included in the analysis. Both univariate and multiple regression analyses were used to determine factors associated with uptake of iron supplement during pregnancy.Results: Majority of the interviewed women 5,648 (81.6%) always took iron supplement during pregnancy, while a total of 1,276 (18.4%) women never took iron supplement during pregnancy. After controlling for confounders, the predictors for uptake of iron supplement during pregnancy were early antenatal booking (adjusted odds ratio, AOR = 1.603 at 95% CI = 1.362–1.887, p < 0.001); rural residence (AOR = 0.711 at 95% CI = 0.159–0.526, p = 0.007); wealth index [rich (AOR = 1.188 at 95% CI = 0.986–1.432, p = 0.07)]—poor was the reference population; level of education [primary education (AOR = 1.187 at 95% CI = 1.013–1.391, p = 0.034)]—no formal education was the reference population; parity [para 2 to 4 (AOR = 0.807 at 95% CI = 0.668–0.974, p = 0.026), para 5 and above (AOR = 0.75 at 95% CI = 0.592–0.95, p = 0.017)], para 1 was the reference population; zones [mainland rural (AOR = 0.593 at 95% CI = 0.389–0.905, p = 0.015) and Unguja Island AOR = 0.63 at 95% CI = 0.431–0.92, p = 0.017]—mainland urban was the reference population; and current working status [working (AOR = 0.807 at 95% CI = 0.687–0.949, p = 0.009)].Conclusion: The study revealed that, despite free access to iron supplement during pregnancy, there are women who fail to access the supplement at least once throughout the pregnancy. The likelihood to fail to access iron supplement during pregnancy was common among pregnant women who initiated antenatal visits late, were from poor families, had no formal education, reside in rural settings, had high parity, were from mainland rural, and were in working status. Interventional studies are recommended in order to come up with effective strategies to increase the uptake of iron supplement during pregnancy.

Download Full-text

Factors associated with blood pressure check-up during pregnancy among women of reproductive age in Tanzania: an analysis of data from 2015—16 Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey and Malaria Indicators Survey

BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth ◽

10.1186/s12884-021-03963-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Fabiola V. Moshi ◽

Maximilian Tungaraza

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Health Survey ◽

Wealth Index ◽

Reference Population ◽

Education Level ◽

Demographic And Health Survey ◽

Reproductive Age ◽

Women Of Reproductive Age ◽

Factors Associated

Abstract Background Hypertensive Disorder of Pregnancy (HDP) is one of the leading causes of maternal mortality and morbidity amongst pregnant women in the world. Blood pressure check-ups during pregnancy are one of the strategies used to identify hypertensive disorders, hence timely management. Little is known about the factors associated with blood pressure check-ups in Tanzania. Method The study used data from 2015—16 Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey and Malaria Indicators Survey (2015—16 TDHS—MIS). A total of 6924 women of active reproductive age from 15 to 49 were included in the analysis. Both univariate and multiple regression analyses were used to determine the association between early antenatal booking and maternal services utilization. Results The prevalence of blood pressure checkups during pregnancy was 72.17% at 95% confidence interval of 71.1–73.2%. Factors associated with uptake of blood pressure check-ups were; timely antenatal booking, AOR = 1.496, CI = 1.297–1.726, p < 0.001, late booking was a reference population, age group [> 34 years, (AOR = 1.518, CI = 1.149–2.006, p = 0.003)] with < 20 years used as a reference population, wealth index [middle income, (AOR = 1.215, CI = 1.053–1.468, p = 0.008) and rich, (AOR = 2.270, CI = 1.907–2.702, p < 0.001)] reference population being poor; education level [primary education, (AOR = 1.275, CI = 1.107–1.468, p = 0.001); secondary education, (AOR = 2.163, CI = 1.688–2.774, p < 0.001) and higher education, (AOR = 9.929, CI = 1.355–72.76, p = 0.024)] reference population being no formal education; parity [para 2–4, (AOR = 1.190, CI = 1.003–1.412, p = 0.046) with para one used as a reference population and zones [Unguja Island, (AOR = 3.934, CI = 1.568–9.871, p = 0.004), Pemba Island, (AOR = 5.308, CI = 1.808–15.58, p = 0.002)] and Mainland Urban being the reference population. Conclusion The study revealed that rural dwelling pregnant women had higher chance of not getting their BP checked. It was also revealed that maternal age, education level, place of residence, wealth index and timing of ANC services were significantly associated with blood pressure check-ups. The study recommends the need to explore significant factors associated with utilization of available free reproductive health services across all public health facilities. It also recommends the need to address prioritized intensive awareness programs and behavioral change interventions on the significance of BP check-ups among pregnant women of reproductive age.

Download Full-text

Factors Associated with Blood Pressure Checkup During Pregnancy Among Women of Reproductive Age in Tanzania; An Analysis of Data from the 2015-16 Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey and Malaria Indicators Survey

10.21203/rs.3.rs-44299/v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Fabiola Vincent Moshi ◽

Maximilian Tungaraza

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Health Survey ◽

Wealth Index ◽

Reference Population ◽

Education Level ◽

Demographic And Health Survey ◽

Reproductive Age ◽

Women Of Reproductive Age ◽

Factors Associated

Abstract Background: Hypertensive Disorder of Pregnancy (HDP) is one of the leading causes of maternal mortality and morbidity amongst pregnant women in the world. Blood pressure check-ups during pregnancy constitute one of the strategies used to identify hypertensive disorders, hence timely management. Little is known about the factors associated with blood pressure check-ups in Tanzania.Method: The study used data from 2015 - 16 Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey and Malaria Indicators Survey (2015 - 16 TDHS - MIS). A total of 6924 women of active reproductive age from 15 to 49 were included in the analysis. Both univariate and multiple regression analyses were used to determine the association between early antenatal booking and maternal services utilization.Results: A total of 4997(72.17%) interviewed women were checked for blood pressure at least once. Having been adjusted for the confounders, the factors which influenced an uptake of blood pressure check-ups during pregnancy were timed for antenatal booking within first 12 weeks, AOR=1.496 at 95% CI= 1.297-1.726, p<0.001, age group [more than 34 years, (AOR=1.518 at 95% CI=1.149-2.006, p=0.003)], wealth index [middle income, (AOR=1.215 at 95% CI=1.053-1.468, p=0.008) and rich, (AOR=2.270 at 95% CI=1.907-2.702, p<0.001)] reference population being poor; education level [primary education, (AOR=1.275 at 95% CI=1.107-1.468, p=0.001); secondary education, (AOR=2.163 at 95% CI=1.688-2.774, p<0.001) and higher education, (AOR=9.929 at 95%CI=1.355-72.76, p=0.024)] reference population being no formal education; parity [para 2-4, (AOR=1.190 at 95% CI=1.003-1.412, p=0.046) and zones [Unguja Island, (AOR=3.934 at 95% CI=1.568-9.871, p=0.004), Pemba Island, (AOR=5.308 at 95%CI=1.808-15.58, p=0.002)] and Mainland Urban being the reference population.Conclusion: Blood pressure check-ups during pregnancy offer the opportunity for early detection, hence timely management of HDP. The study revealed that rural dwelling pregnant women had higher chance of not getting their BP checked. It was also revealed that maternal age, education level, place of residence, wealth index and timing of ANC services were significantly associated with blood pressure check-ups. The study recommends the need to explore significant factors associated with utilization of available free reproductive health services across all public health facilities. It also recommends the need to address prioritized intensive awareness programs and behavioral change interventions on the significance of BP check-ups among pregnant women of reproductive age.

Download Full-text

Factors Associated with Blood Pressure Checkup During Pregnancy Among Women of Reproductive Age in Tanzania; An Analysis of Data from the 2015-16 Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey and Malaria Indicators Survey

10.21203/rs.3.rs-44299/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Fabiola Vincent Moshi ◽

Maximilian Tungaraza

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Health Survey ◽

Wealth Index ◽

Reference Population ◽

Education Level ◽

Demographic And Health Survey ◽

Reproductive Age ◽

Women Of Reproductive Age ◽

Factors Associated

Abstract Background: Hypertensive Disorder of Pregnancy (HDP) is one of the leading causes of maternal mortality and morbidity amongst pregnant women in the world. Blood pressure checkups during pregnancy are on of strategies to identify hypertensive disorders and hence timely management. Little is known on factors associated with blood pressure checkups in Tanzania.Method: The study used data from the 2015-16 Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey and Malaria Indicators Survey (2015-16 TDHS-MIS). A total of 6924women of active reproductive age from 15 to 49 were included in the analysis. Both univariate and multiple regression analyses were used to determine the association between early antenatal booking and maternal services utilization.Results: A total of 4997(72.17%) of interviewed women were checked for blood pressure at least once. After adjusted for the confounders, factors which influenced uptake of blood pressure checkups during pregnancy were timing for antenatal booking within first 12 weeks, AOR=1.496 at 95% CI= 1.297-1.726, p<0.001, age group [ more than 34 years, (AOR=1.518 at 95% CI=1.149-2.006,p=0.003)], wealth index [ middle income, (AOR=1.215 at 95% CI=1.053-1.468, p=0.008) and rich, (AOR=2.270 at 95% CI=1.907-2.702, p<0.001)] reference population being poor; education level [ primary education, (AOR=1.275 at 95%CI=1.107-1.468, p=0.001); secondary, (AOR=2.163 at 95% CI=1.688-2.774, p<0.001) and higher, (AOR= 9.929 at 95%CI=1.355-72.76, p=0.024)] reference population being no formal education; parity[para 2-4, (AOR=1.190 at 95% CI=1.003-1.412, p=0.046) and zones [Unguja Island, (AOR=3.934 at 95% CI=1.568-9.871, p=0.004) and Pemba Island, (AOR=5.308 at 95%CI=1.808-15.58, p=0.002)] Mainland urban being the reference populationConclusion: Blood pressure checkups during pregnancy offer the opportunity for early detection timely management of HDP. The study revealed that rural dwelling pregnant women had higher chance not to get their BP checked. It was also revealed that maternal age, education level, place of residence, wealth index and timing of ANC services significantly associated with blood pressure check-ups. The study identifies the need to explore significant factors associated with utilization of the available free reproductive health services across all public health facilities and to address prioritized intensive awareness programs and behavioral change interventions on the significance of BP checkups among pregnant women of reproductive age.

Download Full-text

A multilevel analysis of overweight and obesity among non-pregnant women of reproductive age in Malawi: evidence from the 2015–16 Malawi Demographic and Health Survey

International Health ◽

10.1093/inthealth/ihy093 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 496-506 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Peter Austin Morton Ntenda ◽

Jane Flora Kazambwe

Keyword(s):

Pregnant Women ◽

Health Survey ◽

Media Coverage ◽

White Collar ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

Demographic And Health Survey ◽

Community Level ◽

Reproductive Age ◽

The Individual ◽

Maternal Overweight

Abstract Background Overweight and obesity are well-known risk factors for non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, some cancers and musculoskeletal disorders. In Malawi, the proportion of women who are overweight/obese has doubled, from 10% in 1992 to 21% in 2015–16. Therefore we aimed to explore the individual- and community-level factors associated with overweight and obesity among non-pregnant women of child-bearing age. Methods Secondary analysis of the 2015–16 Malawi Demographic and Health Survey was conducted. Overweight was defined as a body mass index (BMI) of 25 to <30 kg/m2, while obesity was defined as a BMI ≥30 kg/m2. Two-level multilevel multivariable logistic regression models were constructed using a logit-link function with a binomial distribution on 7326 women living in 850 different communities. Results At the individual level, the adjusted multilevel regression results showed that women 15–19 y of age as well as women from the poorest households had reduced odds of being overweight/obese. However, women with white collar jobs and women who were affiliated with the Church of Central Africa Presbyterian and the Roman Catholic church had increased odds of being overweight/obese. At the community level, women from urban areas and women who resided in communities with a low percentage of media exposure had increased odds of being overweight or obese. While women from poor communities had reduced odds of being overweight and obese, the proportion change in variance showed that 56, 77 and 78% of total variations in the odds of overweight, obese and overweight/obese across the communities were explained by both individual- and community-level factors. The median odds ratio showed that the likelihood of maternal overweight, obese and overweight/obese increased by 63, 39 and 84% when the women moved from low- to high-risk neighbourhoods. Conclusions Older women, Christian women, women with white collar jobs and women from the richest households should be targeted during policy formulation. At the community level, media coverage should be spread evenly so that health awareness messages, consequences and means of overweight and obesity prevention are getting to the targeted women. Our study revealed evidence of clustering effects of overweight and obesity at the community level, hence neighbourhood variations with respect to maternal overweight and obesity should be taken into account when designing nutritional policies.

Download Full-text

Spatial distribution and associated factors’ of Early Marriage among Reproductive age women in Ethiopia: A Secondary Data Analysis of Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey 2016.

10.21203/rs.2.23055/v3 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Zemenu Tessema Tadesse

Keyword(s):

Spatial Distribution ◽

Health Survey ◽

Associated Factors ◽

Demographic And Health Survey ◽

Reproductive Age ◽

Scan Statistics ◽

Early Marriage ◽

P Value ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Reproductive Age Women

Abstract Background Besides, the presence of national law, the country has to set up its own mid-term and long term goals to bring about a significant reduction in child marriages in Ethiopia. To achieve this, determining the spatial pattern of early marriage and factors associated is important for government, other concerned bodies, program implementers and policy developers to end up early childhood marriage. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the spatial patterns and associated factors of Early marriage among reproductive-age women in Ethiopia. Methods This study analyzed retrospectively a cross-sectional data on a weighted sample of 11,646 women aged 15-49 years after requesting from Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey 2016 via the link www.measuredhs.com . ArcGIS version 10.7 software was used to visualize spatial distribution for Early marriage. The Bernoulli model was applied using Kilduff SaTScan version 9.6 software to identify significant purely spatial clusters for Early marriage in Ethiopia multiple logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with early marriage. Finally, variables with a p-value<0.05 were considered as statistically significant. Results In this analysis, about 62.8% (95%CI: 61.9, 63.74%) of the study participants were married before they reached 18 years. The overall median age at first marriage was 17.1 with IQR 5 years. The high clustering of early marriage was located in Amhara, Afar, and Gambella Regions. In spatial Scan statistics 87 clusters (RR = 1.28, P-value < 0.001) significant primary clusters were identified. The associated factors of early marriage were lesser among women’s attending primary (AOR=0.60; 95%CI: 0.51, 0.71), secondary (AOR=0.19; 95%CI: 0.13, 0.26) and tertiary education (AOR=0.11; 95%CI: 0.07, 0.18). Similarly, women found in Addis Ababa were at a lesser risk of early marriage compared to other regions of the country. Conclusion Marriage below age 18 was high in Ethiopia. High-risk area of early marriage was located in Amhara, Afar, and Gambella and special attention should be given for identified risk areas. Therefore, providing educational opportunities to young girls was important in addition to inhibiting the marriage of girls under 18 years.

Download Full-text

Factors associated with antenatal care services utilisation patterns amongst reproductive age women in Benin Republic: An analysis of 2011/2012 benin republic's demographic and health survey data

Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal ◽

10.4103/npmj.npmj_16_17 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 24 (2) ◽

pp. 67 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Justin Dansou ◽

AdeyemiO Adekunle ◽

AyodeleO Arowojolu

Keyword(s):

Antenatal Care ◽

Survey Data ◽

Health Survey ◽

Demographic And Health Survey ◽

Reproductive Age ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Care Services ◽

Reproductive Age Women ◽

Health Survey Data ◽

Benin Republic

Download Full-text

Spatial Distribution and Analysis of Risk Factors Associated with Anemia Among Women of Reproductive Age: Case of 2014 Rwanda Demographic and Health Survey Data

The Open Public Health Journal ◽

10.2174/1874944501811010425 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 425-437

Author(s):

Faustin Habyarimana ◽

Temesgen Zewotir ◽

Shaun Ramroop

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Survey Data ◽

Health Survey ◽

Demographic And Health Survey ◽

Reproductive Age ◽

Bed Net ◽

Women Of Reproductive Age ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Health Survey Data

Background:Anemia is an important public health problem affecting all age groups of the population. The objective of this study was to identify the risk factors associated with anemia among women of childbearing age in Rwanda and map their spatial variation.Methods:The 2014/15 Rwanda Demographic and Health survey data was used and the structured logistic regression model was fitted to the data, where fixed effects were modeled parametrically, non-linear effects were modeled non-parametrically using second order random walk priors and spatial effects were modeled using Markov Random field priors.Results:The prevalence of anemia among non-pregnant women of reproductive age was 18.9%. Women from the households which use water from the unprotected well had a higher risk of having anemia than a woman from the household where they use water piped into dwelling or yard. The risk of anemia was higher among underweight women and women living in households without toilet facilities. The anemia was less pronounced among the women using contraception, literate women, women from the households which use a bed net and living in rich households.Conclusion:The findings from this study highlighted the districts with the highest number of anemic women and this can help the policymakers and other public health institutions to design a specific programme targeting these districts in order to improve the health status and living conditions of these women. The findings also suggest an improvement of toilet facilities, bed net use and source of drinking water in affected households.

Download Full-text