scholarly journals Assessing Inequalities in Wellbeing at a Neighbourhood Scale in Low-Middle-Income-Country Secondary Cities and Their Implications for Long-Term Livability

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve Cinderby ◽  
Diane Archer ◽  
Vishal K. Mehta ◽  
Chris Neale ◽  
Romanus Opiyo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Subjective Wellbeing ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Spatial Justice ◽  
Sustainability Challenges ◽  
Basic Infrastructure

To ensure future sustainability, cities need to consider concepts of livability and resident wellbeing alongside environmental, economic and infrastructure development equity. The current rapid urbanization experienced in many regions is leading to sustainability challenges, but also offers the opportunity to deliver infrastructure supporting the social aspects of cities and the services that underpin them alongside economic growth. Unfortunately, evidence of what is needed to deliver urban wellbeing is largely absent from the global south. This paper contributes to filling this knowledge gap through a novel interdisciplinary mixed methods study undertaken in two rapidly changing cities (one Thai and one Kenyan) using qualitative surveys, subjective wellbeing and stress measurements, and spatial analysis of urban infrastructure distribution. We find the absence of basic infrastructure (including waste removal, water availability and quality) unsurprisingly causes significant stress for city residents. However, once these services are in place, smaller variations (inequalities) in social (crime, tenure) and environmental (noise, air quality) conditions begin to play a greater role in determining differences in subjective wellbeing across a city. Our results indicate that spending time in urban greenspaces can mitigate the stressful impacts of city living even for residents of informal neighborhoods. Our data also highlights the importance of places that enable social interactions supporting wellbeing–whether green or built. These results demonstrate the need for diversity and equity in the provision of public realm spaces to ensure social and spatial justice. These findings strengthen the need to promote long term livability in LMIC urban planning alongside economic growth, environmental sustainability, and resilience.

Developing an economy based on knowledge and innovation in the context of the middle income trap

2015 ◽  
Vol 60 (10) ◽  
pp. 56-74
Author(s):  
Paweł Wieczorek
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Current Model ◽  
Growth Theory ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Average Income ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Endogenous Growth Theory ◽  
Middle Income Trap

The article is a contribution to the discussion on the necessity to change the current model of economic growth of Poland for model of economy based on knowledge and innovation. In this way, our country will be able to overcome the threats that might push the economy into the trap of the average income, expressed in long-term slowdown in GDP growth. The endogenous growth theory, formed after 1989 and characterized by duplication of Western technology, enabled relatively rapid growth by over 20 years. Currently, Poland to ensure an economic growth is facing the need for innovative technologies and innovation. Risks associated with middle income trap are very real because of the disappearance of comparative advantage, which results from relatively low labor costs. The creation in Poland conditions to accelerate economic growth requires action to increase the propensity of entrepreneurs to reach for new technologies and innovation and attractive market offer from the national centers for research and development.

SOME DETERMINANTS AND MECHANICS OF ECONOMIC GROWTH IN MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES: THE ROLE OF ICT INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT, TAXATION AND OTHER MACROECONOMIC VARIABLES

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-37
Author(s):  
RUDRA P. PRADHAN ◽  
MAK B. ARVIN ◽  
MAHENDHIRAN NAIR ◽  
SARA E. BENNETT ◽  
SAHAR BAHMANI
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Government Expenditure ◽  
Policy Framework ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Macroeconomic Variables ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Ict Infrastructure

This study examines key factors in the economic growth of middle-income countries over the period 1970–2017. The variables considered are ICT infrastructure development, taxation revenue, government expenditure, gross capital formation, foreign direct investment, and inflation. This study considers interlinkages between the macroeconomic variables noted above. The purpose of this study is to determine: (1) if there is causality between the variables and (2) the direction of any causality. Using a panel vector error-correction model, we find both short-run and long-run relationships between the variables. In each specification, we find that ICT infrastructure development, taxation revenue and the four macroeconomic variables all stimulate economic growth in the long run. This suggests that policymakers should curate an integrated and holistic policy framework pertaining to taxation, ICT infrastructure development and other macroeconomic policies to create a vibrant national economic ecosystem that would ensure the sustained economic growth of middle-income countries.

Global cities could power economic growth

2015 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Basic Services ◽  
Global Economic Growth ◽  
Basic Infrastructure ◽  
Funding Gap

Subject The role of cities in global economic growth. Significance Cities, defined as metropolitan areas with over 500,000 inhabitants, are powering global economic growth. However, by 2014 the results were uneven, as the cities with the highest growth lie in developing countries, mainly in China, while many North American and European cities remain trapped in recession. Current urbanisation models are unsustainable in the long term, posing threats to future economic prosperity. Impacts Most large cities' economies are growing faster than their respective countries and will continue doing so. The less wealthy developing urban areas will converge economically with their more developed peers. The existing patterns of urban sprawl in many cities will lead to an increasing funding gap in basic infrastructure. This funding gap could cause the failure of many cities to deliver basic services such as transport.

An Overview of Current Capital Investments in Latin American Port Infrastructure

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luiz Eduardo Teixeira Brandão
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Capital Investments ◽  
Risk And Uncertainty ◽  
Managerial Flexibility ◽  
Host Government ◽  
Sustainable Economic Growth ◽  
Port Infrastructure

Port infrastructure development is an important requirement for sustainable economic growth as it allows for the increment of trade, which benefits the countries involved. As occurs with most infrastructure projects, however, this investment requires significant amounts of capital with long term returns under conditions or risk and uncertainty, which frequently cannot be afforded by the host government. To address these challenges, Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) agreements have been widely used to meet the port infrastructure needs in many countries. In this article, we analyze the case of port infrastructure development in Latin America and show that the incorporation of managerial flexibility may help increase the value and reduce the risk in this class of projects. We discuss several port projects in the region and discuss in detail the case of the Terminal Portuario Multipropósito de Salaverry to show how uncertainty can be mitigated by incorporating managerial flexibility into the bid documents and contracts.

scholarly journals 40 years after Alma-Ata, is building new hospitals in low-income and lower-middle-income countries beneficial?

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Suppl 3) ◽  
pp. e001293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fanny Chabrol ◽  
Lucien Albert ◽  
Valéry Ridde
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Public Hospitals ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Geographical Inequalities ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Hospital Construction

Public hospitals in low-income and lower-middle-income countries face acute material and financial constraints, and there is a trend towards building new hospitals to contend with growing population health needs. Three cases of new hospital construction are used to explore issues in relation to their funding, maintenance and sustainability. While hospitals are recognised as a key component of healthcare systems, their role, organisation, funding and other aspects have been largely neglected in health policies and debates since the Alma Ata Declaration. Building new hospitals is politically more attractive for both national decision-makers and donors because they symbolise progress, better services and nation-building. To avoid the ‘white elephant’ syndrome, the deepening of within-country socioeconomic and geographical inequalities (especially urban–rural), and the exacerbation of hospital-centrism, there is an urgent need to investigate in greater depth how these hospitals are integrated into health systems and to discuss their long-term economic, social and environmental sustainability.

scholarly journals State Capitalism in Belarus: Behind Economic Anemia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kiryl Rudy
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Resource Curse ◽  
Public Values ◽  
State Capitalism ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Social Burden ◽  
Economic Slowdown ◽  
The Republic

Belarus’ economic model looked rather successful in the late 1990s and in the 2000s with its economic growth above 7% per year. But during the last decade, Belarusian annual economic growth has fallen at the average level around 1% per year. This chapter reveals the rarely known case of state capitalism in this post-Soviet country with its specific indicators, and instruments behind economic anemia. It also outlines several traps on the way of Belarusian economic growth: “debt trap,” “middle-income trap,” “social burden trap,” “resource curse trap,” “conflict neighbors trap,” and “forceful pressure trap.” These pitfalls lead to the long-term economic slowdown in the Republic of Belarus. The consequences of such economic anemia bring to another discussion about the role of public values in support of state capitalism in Belarus.

scholarly journals Energy Consumption, Economic Growth And Environmental Sustainability Challenges For Belt And Road Countries: A Fresh Insight From “Chinese Going Global Strategy”

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul Jalil ◽  
Abdul Rauf ◽  
Waqas Sikander ◽  
Zhang Yonghong ◽  
Wang Tiebang
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Global Strategy ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Renewable Energy Consumption ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Sustainability Challenges

Abstract The present study investigated impact of energy and economy related variables on CO2 emissions in 49 countries of belt and road initiative from 1995–2018. The robust type of cross-section dependence and heterogeneity methods were adopted to analyze data set of countries. Energy consumption, foreign direct investment, medium and high-tech industry, and GDP has been found highly unfavorable for the ecological health (CO2 emissions) in 49 nations on BRI panel. However, renewable energy consumption has been found in positive correlation with environmental quality (CO2). Financial development indicator has no significant impact on CO2 emissions in present study. The present outcomes clearly claim strong relationship of economic growth and energy with increased CO2 emissions in 49 nations. Therefore, it is important for policy makers, experts and governments to incentivize and appreciate portfolio investors for sustainable green investments to transform the economic growth into a sustainable and energy efficient development.

scholarly journals The Impact of Public-Private Partnership Investment in Energy and Technological Innovation on Ecological Footprint: The Case of Pakistan

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (18) ◽  
pp. 10085
Author(s):  
Li Chunling ◽  
Javed Ahmed Memon ◽  
Tiep Le Thanh ◽  
Minhaj Ali ◽  
Dervis Kirikkaleli
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Least Squares ◽  
Technological Innovation ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Ecological Footprint ◽  
Trade Openness ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Public Private Partnership ◽  
Private Partnership

This novel research looked into the role of public-private partnership investment in energy in affecting Pakistan’s long-term environmental sustainability. Employing time series data from 1992 to 2018 and utilizing the autoregressive distributive lag model (ARDL) model, we found a long-term equilibrium association of ecological footprint with public-private partnership investment in energy, technological innovation, economic growth, and trade openness. Our outcomes showed a significant positive association between public-private partnership investment in energy and ecological footprint in the long-run and the short-run, specifying that the increase in public-private partnership investment in energy affects the environmental sustainability of Pakistan. Similarly, our study confirmed that technological innovation, economic growth, and trade openness increase the ecological footprint in Pakistan. It demonstrates that these factors are unfavorable to the sustainable environment in Pakistan. Furthermore, robustness check findings are analogous to the results of ARDL estimates, utilizing dynamic ordinary least squares and fully modified ordinary least squares. On the basis of the research conclusions, a multi-pronged sustainable development goal (SDG) model was proposed that addresses SDG 8 and SDG 13 while incorporating SDG 17 as a medium.

Percepatan Pembangunan Infrastruktur dan Penambahan Utang Luar Negeri Pemerintah: Potensi Manfaat vs Potensi Risiko

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Hangger Prihandoko
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Panel Data ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Random Effect Model ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Significant Negative Effect ◽  
Effect Model ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
The Government ◽  
Basic Infrastructure

This study analyzes the effect of basic infrastructure development in the form of roads, electricity, education and health by the government on economic growth at the provincial level based on HDI groups namely provincial groups with high HDI and provincial groups with medium HDI. This study uses panel data composed of data across 32 provinces within the period of 2007-2014. Estimation is done by random effect model panel data regression analysis technique. The findings of this study are in high HDI provinces all forms of infrastructure are insignificant except educational infrastructure which has a significant negative effect, whereas in medium HDI provinces only health infrastructure that is not significant and only education infrastructure has a significant negative effect, other types of infrastructure such as roads, electricity and water have a significant positive effect. Based on these findings the prioritization of infrastructure development in relatively lagging regions is not only supporting the equitable distribution of economic growth but also the most efficient form of budget allocation for infrastructure development.   Abstrak Penelitian ini menganalisis pengaruh pembangunan infrastruktur dasar berupa jalan, listrik air, pendidikan dan kesehatan oleh pemerintah terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi di tingkat propinsi berdasar kelompok IPM Tinggi dan IPM Sedang. Jenis data yang digunakan adalah data panel yang tersusun dari data lintas ruang 32 propinsi dalam periode tahun 2007-2014. Estimasi dilakukan dengan teknik analisis regresi data panel random effect model. Temuan hasil penelitian ini adalah di provinsi IPM tinggi seluruh infrastruktur tidak berpengaruh signifikan kecuali infrastruktur pendidikan yang signifikan dengan arah negatif, sementara di provinsi IPM sedang hanya infrastruktur kesehatan yang tidak signifikan dan hanya infrastruktur pendidikan yang signifikan negatif, jenis infrastruktur lain berupa jalan, listrik dan air memiliki pengaruh signifikan positif. Berdasar temuan tersebut maka pemberian prioritas pembangunan infrastruktur pada daerah yang relatif tertinggal selain mendukung pemerataan pertumbuhan ekonomi juga merupakan bentuk alokasi anggaran pembangunan infrastruktur yang paling efisien.

Urbanization and Industrial Development in Ethiopia

2019 ◽  
pp. 784-803 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tegegne Gebre-Egziabher ◽  
Edlam Abera Yemeru
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Development ◽  
Job Creation ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Industrial Parks ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Regional Service ◽  
High Population Growth ◽  
The Government

Ethiopia is one of the least urbanized countries in Africa; only 20 per cent of the population reside in cities. Over the next twenty years, urbanization will double. The government plans to transform Ethiopia into a middle-income country by 2025 and industrialization has been prioritized to promote economic growth and job creation. Twin pressures of rapid urbanization and high population growth warrant decisive government measures to manage urbanization. To this end, the government is establishing industrial parks (IPs) in selected cities, signifying the close relationship between urbanization and industrialization through urban plans, infrastructure development, and regional service centres, to strengthen rural–urban linkages. Yet several barriers constrain Ethiopian cities from playing an enabling role in industrialization. Ethiopia must therefore strengthen the efficiency, competitiveness, and productivity of its urban centres to become centres of innovation, economic accumulation, and exchange.

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