scholarly journals State Capitalism in Belarus: Behind Economic Anemia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kiryl Rudy
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Resource Curse ◽  
Public Values ◽  
State Capitalism ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Social Burden ◽  
Economic Slowdown ◽  
The Republic

Belarus’ economic model looked rather successful in the late 1990s and in the 2000s with its economic growth above 7% per year. But during the last decade, Belarusian annual economic growth has fallen at the average level around 1% per year. This chapter reveals the rarely known case of state capitalism in this post-Soviet country with its specific indicators, and instruments behind economic anemia. It also outlines several traps on the way of Belarusian economic growth: “debt trap,” “middle-income trap,” “social burden trap,” “resource curse trap,” “conflict neighbors trap,” and “forceful pressure trap.” These pitfalls lead to the long-term economic slowdown in the Republic of Belarus. The consequences of such economic anemia bring to another discussion about the role of public values in support of state capitalism in Belarus.

State Capitalism in Belarus

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 77-85
Author(s):  
K. Rudy
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Financial Support ◽  
Economic Transition ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
State Capitalism ◽  
Agricultural Enterprises ◽  
Budget Consolidation ◽  
The Republic

The article deals with the sources, specific features and mechanisms of state capitalism in the Republic of Belarus. The analysis is based on the elements of the theories of economic transition, as well as those of public finance and administration. The author explains the factors that pushed independent Belarus to prefer the model of state capitalism. These include: Soviet Union heritage of planned economy and centralized public administration (that helped the Republic to successfully revive from the devastative consequences of fascist Germany’s occupation in 1941–1944), decisive role of big and rather modern industrial and agricultural enterprises in the national economy, public demand for building up a welfare state, well-established traditions of extensive financial support to the enterprises. State capitalism in Belarus identifies through budget consolidation, level of taxation and state-owned enterprises. The key instruments of this economic model are state-owned and private enterprises, commercial banks, Development Bank, Sovereign Wealth Fund. The author’s conclusion is, however, that relative efficiency of the Belarus’ model of state capitalism should not be overestimated. It works only with continuation of extensive public and financial support. Still, the main sources of the state capital are the market instruments. Thus, the existing model can be successful only in the short-term period. It mobilizes economy but limits its flexibility, So far, there is a high probability that Belarus faces a great risk to fall into a long-term institutional trap of conservation of its economic structure and steadily falling international competitiveness.

The Role of Oil Fund and Institutional Quality in Moderating Volatility in Nigeria

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Olusegun Felix Ayadi ◽  
Esther O Adegbite
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Capital Accumulation ◽  
Resource Curse ◽  
Terms Of Trade ◽  
Specific Data ◽  
Equilibrium Relationship ◽  
Governance Quality ◽  
Country Specific

Many oil-endowed countries, including Nigeria, have been unable to use their resources to project long-term economic growth, a condition often referred to as a resource curse. Using the ARDL method and country-specific data, this article explores the long-term equilibrium relationship between economic growth and commodities terms of trade and its volatility in Nigeria between 1984 and 2014. Moreover, the role of oil fund and governance quality in the long-term growth performance is revealed. The results reported in this article show a long-term relationship between commodity terms of trade and economic growth. More importantly, commodity terms of trade, affects economic growth through capital accumulation and total factor productivity. However, the establishment of oil funds in Nigeria has not had any significant impact on economic growth.

The Second Start of Transformation in Ukraine?

2014 ◽  
pp. 30-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Grigoryev ◽  
E. Buryak ◽  
A. Golyashev
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Political Crisis ◽  
Investment Climate ◽  
Institutional Reforms ◽  
Personal Consumption ◽  
Governance Quality ◽  
Political Turmoil

The Ukrainian socio-economic crisis has been developing for years and resulted in the open socio-political turmoil and armed conflict. The Ukrainian population didn’t meet objectives of the post-Soviet transformation, and people were disillusioned for years, losing trust in the state and the Future. The role of workers’ remittances in the Ukrainian economy is underestimated, since the personal consumption and stability depend strongly on them. Social inequality, oligarchic control of key national assets contributed to instability as well as regional disparity, aggravated by identity differences. Economic growth is slow due to a long-term underinvestment, and prospects of improvement are dependent on some difficult institutional reforms, macro stability, open external markets and the elites’ consensus. Recovering after socio-economic and political crisis will need not merely time, but also governance quality improvement, institutions reform, the investment climate revival - that can be attributed as the second transformation in Ukraine.

Developing an economy based on knowledge and innovation in the context of the middle income trap

2015 ◽  
Vol 60 (10) ◽  
pp. 56-74
Author(s):  
Paweł Wieczorek
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Current Model ◽  
Growth Theory ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Average Income ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Endogenous Growth Theory ◽  
Middle Income Trap

The article is a contribution to the discussion on the necessity to change the current model of economic growth of Poland for model of economy based on knowledge and innovation. In this way, our country will be able to overcome the threats that might push the economy into the trap of the average income, expressed in long-term slowdown in GDP growth. The endogenous growth theory, formed after 1989 and characterized by duplication of Western technology, enabled relatively rapid growth by over 20 years. Currently, Poland to ensure an economic growth is facing the need for innovative technologies and innovation. Risks associated with middle income trap are very real because of the disappearance of comparative advantage, which results from relatively low labor costs. The creation in Poland conditions to accelerate economic growth requires action to increase the propensity of entrepreneurs to reach for new technologies and innovation and attractive market offer from the national centers for research and development.

scholarly journals FOREIGN INVESTMENTS AS DEVELOPMENT FACTOR FOR OVERCOMING ECONOMIC STAGNATION IN THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nada Petrusheva ◽  
Aleksandar Nikolovski
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Foreign Capital ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
Foreign Direct Investments ◽  
Western Balkans ◽  
Republic Of Macedonia ◽  
Economic Stagnation ◽  
The Republic

Amongst economists there is a broad consensus that in order to overcome economic stagnation the economic growth model should be more directed towards increasing investments and export and less reliant on consumption. The stable commitment towards improving the business ambient, the implementation of structural reforms in the field of competitiveness, the export sector as well as investments in infrastructure and education are the fundamental prerequisites to be realized for the opening of perspectives in the overall social development of the countries in the Western Balkans, including the Republic of Macedonia. The dominant driving force of economic growth – investments (foreign and domestic) have not been sufficiently implemented so that structural economic problems such as the low GDP growth rate, unsatisfactory export, unfavourable industrial structure have been present during the entire periodsince the independence of the Republic of Macedonia. Unlike other countries in Middle and Eastern Europe such as Poland, the Czech Republic and Slovakia in which foreign capital was steered towards manufacturing higher added value products, in the Republic of Macedonia investment entered mainly the trade and the banking industry, and quite less in manufacturing.Lacking own significant capacities for considerable increase of the gross-investment rate, assets sources for investments must be found in foreign accumulation, particularly via foreign direct investments so as not to increase the degree indebting the country. The global economic and financial crisis which spread over Europe in the last years has motivated the countries in the Western Balkans, including the Republic of Macedonia, to engage into a more active and more aggressive attraction of foreign capital. Foreign direct investments are considered the highest economic priority for long-term development, whereas the benefits to the national economy are multiple and influence the reduction of unemployment, increase of export, inflow of new technology, knowledge and skills, as well as improvement of the population’s living standard. However, despite the commitment, reforms and activities undertaken to attract FDI, the countries of the Western Balkans are facing remarks from investors for having an insufficiently reformed judicial system, bureaucratic issues, inefficient public administration and corruption. Therefore, it is essential to work continually on improving the macroeconomic environment and implement a long-term strategy to attract FDI through active policies.

scholarly journals FEATURES OF DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM IN GEORGIA AS AN INDUSTRY CONTRIBUTING TO ECONOMIC GROWTH OF THE COUNTRY

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-289
Author(s):  
L.V. Detochenko
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Tourist Destinations ◽  
Transport Component ◽  
Tourist Flows ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Republic

The role and place of the tourism industry in the economic complex of Georgia are considered; the conclusion is made about the “tourist miracle” taking place in the country, which is a factor of the economic growth of the republic. The differences between the concepts of “foreign visitors” and “foreign tourists” are presented. The increase in the contribution of the tourism industry and related industries involved in the tourism industry in the creation of the gross domestic product of the country, its impact on the growth of the Georgian budget and GDP per capita, the average monthly wage is shown. The conclusion about the need to increase the share of medium and long-term tourists among foreign visitors and tourists in the country is justified. The problems of the return of tourists, the long-term stay in Georgia, the differences of the countries-generators of tourist flows by these indicators have been studied. The changes in work and the prospects of various types of transport for the delivery of tourists to Georgia are analyzed, the measures to improve the tourist transport component are proposed. The correlation between the number of tourist arrivals and the average cost of tourists visiting Georgia from different countries is shown and the economic profitability of attracting Russian tourists, capable of filling all the tourist destinations of the country, contributing to the “tourist miracle” of Georgia is considered.

scholarly journals The Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities and Internalization: Lessons from the Western Balkans

2021 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-40
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Craig
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Western Balkans ◽  
Divided Societies ◽  
Precise Form ◽  
Community Rights ◽  
National Minorities ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Domestic Law

Abstract The precise form of internalization of the provisions of the Council of Europe’s Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities in domestic law is crucial in ensuring its long-term effectiveness. Experiences in the Western Balkans raise important questions about the role of minority (or community) rights legislation in deeply divided societies. This article uses the case-studies of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo and the Republic of North Macedonia to highlight key themes and limitations that have emerged. Comparative analysis reveals a surprising divergence of approaches to internalization in the region. The article further demonstrates that the ‘nation-cum-state paradigm’ remains prevalent, despite the premise of universality. It argues that such legislation can play an important symbolic and practical role, but that legal internalization needs to be seen as an ongoing process. It concludes that attention needs to be given to ensuring the continued particularization and adaptation of such legislation in light of both the limitations and changing circumstances, providing a key lesson also for other divided societies.

scholarly journals Long-term historical trends in air pollutant emissions in Asia: Regional Emission inventory in ASia (REAS) version 3.1

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junichi Kurokawa ◽  
Toshimasa Ohara
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Emission Inventory ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Gridded Data ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
The Republic

Abstract. A long-term historical emission inventory of air and climate pollutants in East, Southeast, and South Asia from 1950–2015 was developed as the Regional Emission inventory in ASia version 3.1 (REASv3.1). REASv3.1 provides details of emissions from major anthropogenic sources for each country and its sub-regions and also provides monthly gridded data with 0.25° × 0.25° resolution. The average total emissions in Asia during 1950–1955 and from 2010–2015 (growth rates in these 60 years) are as follows: SO2: 3.15 Tg, 42.4 Tg (13.5); NOx: 1.83 Tg, 47.6 Tg (26.0); CO: 62.2 Tg, 319 Tg (5.13); non-methane volatile organic compounds: 9.14 Tg, 61.8 Tg (6.77); NH3: 7.99 Tg, 31.3 Tg (3.92); CO2: 1.12 Pg, 18.3 Pg (16.3); PM10: 5.76 Tg, 28.4 Tg (4.92); PM2.5: 4.52 Tg, 20.3 Tg (4.50); black carbon: 0.751 Tg, 3.38 Tg (4.51); and organic carbon: 2.62 Tg, 6.92 Tg (2.64). Clearly, all the air pollutant emissions in Asia increased significantly during these six decades, but situations were different among countries and regions. Due to China's rapid economic growth in recent years, its relative contribution to emissions in Asia has been the largest. However, most pollutant species reached their peaks by 2015 and the growth rates of other species was found to be reduced or almost zero. On the other hand, air pollutant emissions from India showed an almost continuous increasing trend. As a result, the relative ratio of emissions of India to that of Asia have increased recently. The trend observed in Japan was different from the rest of Asia. In Japan, emissions increased rapidly during 1950s–1970s, which reflected the economic situation of the period; however, most emissions decreased from their peak values, which were approximately 40 years ago, due to the introduction of regulations and laws for air pollution. Similar features were found in the Republic of Korea and Taiwan. In the case of other Asian countries, air pollutant emissions generally showed an increase along with economic growth and motorization. Trends and spatial distribution of air pollutants in Asia are becoming complicated. Datasets of REASv3.1, including table of emissions by countries and sub-regions for major sectors and fuel types, and monthly gridded data with 0.25° × 0.25° resolution for major source categories are available through the following URL: http://www.nies.go.jp/REAS/.

scholarly journals The paediatrician workforce and its role in addressing neonatal, child and adolescent healthcare in Kenya

2020 ◽  
Vol 105 (10) ◽  
pp. 927-931 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mike English ◽  
Brigid Strachan ◽  
Fabian Esamai ◽  
Thomas Ngwiri ◽  
Osman Warfa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Leadership Role ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
The Public ◽  
Local Expert

ObjectiveTo examine the availability of paediatricians in Kenya and plans for their development.DesignReview of policies and data from multiple sources combined with local expert insight.SettingKenya with a focus on the public, non-tertiary care sector as an example of a low-income and middle-income country aiming to improve the survival and long-term health of newborns, children and adolescents.ResultsThere are 305 practising paediatricians, 1.33 per 100 000 individuals of the population aged <19 years which in total numbers approximately 25 million. Only 94 are in public sector, non-tertiary county hospitals. There is either no paediatrician at all or only one paediatrician in 21/47 Kenyan counties that are home to over a quarter of a million under 19 years of age. Government policy is to achieve employment of 1416 paediatricians in the public sector by 2030, however this remains aspirational as there is no comprehensive training or financing plan to reach this target and health workforce recruitment, financing and management is now devolved to 47 counties. The vast majority of paediatric care is therefore provided by non-specialist healthcare workers.DiscussionThe scale of the paediatric workforce challenge seriously undermines the ability of the Kenyan health system to deliver on the emerging survive, thrive and transform agenda that encompasses more complex health needs. Addressing this challenge may require innovative workforce solutions such as task-sharing, these may in turn require the role of paediatricians to be redefined. Professional paediatric communities in countries like Kenya could play a leadership role in developing such solutions.

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