scholarly journals A Review of the Evolution of Dairy Policies and Regulations in Rwanda and Its Implications on Inputs and Services Delivery

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naphtal Habiyaremye ◽  
Emily Awuor Ouma ◽  
Nadhem Mtimet ◽  
Gideon Aiko Obare
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Development Project ◽  
Milk Quality ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Services Delivery ◽  
Health Inputs ◽  
Public And Private Sector ◽  
Veterinary Products

The dairy sector in Rwanda plays a key role in improving nutrition and generating income mostly for rural households. Despite the Rwandan 1994 genocide that left around 80% of dairy cows decimated, the dairy sector has experienced significant growth in the past two decades through government, development organisations, and donor programs, and through the nascent vibrant public–private partnership. In this paper, we reviewed and documented the evolution of the dairy policies, programs, and regulations in Rwanda and how they have contributed to the development of the dairy sector. The policy change has impacted the provision and use of inputs and services that have shaped the sector's milk production and productivity, milk quality, and demand. The results suggest that various policy- and program-level interventions have positively contributed to the growth of the dairy sector and improved the livelihoods of low-income households. This has been achieved through increased access to inputs and services, enhanced capacities of the public and private sector to deliver services, strengthened dairy cooperatives' governance, and increased value proposition to members of various farmer groups and promotion of milk consumption. We find that some of the implemented policies and programs, such as the “Girinka” (one cow per poor family) program, Rwanda Dairy Competitiveness Program II, and Rwanda Dairy Development Project, have resulted in improved farmer access to improved cow breeds and improved milk quality and cow productivity through enhanced health inputs and other services. While the dairy policies, programs, and regulations in Rwanda have paved the way for the development of the dairy sector and contributed to the provision and use of inputs and services, there are still challenges that need to be addressed. Accessibility and use of veterinary and artificial insemination services are limited by the quality of veterinary products, while the inadequate quality of feeds leads to low productivity of improved cow breeds. Consequently, farmers' uptake and use of inputs and services can be enhanced through a strengthened capacity of milk collection centres and health and animal feed policies that guide and control the quality of veterinary products and feeds sold in the markets.

scholarly journals Tuberculosis practices among private medical practitioners in Kaski district, Nepal

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 68-75
Author(s):  
AK Nepal ◽  
A Shrestha ◽  
SC Baral ◽  
R Bhattarai ◽  
Y Aryal
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Care ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Medical Practitioners ◽  
Sputum Microscopy ◽  
Public And Private Sector

INTRODUCTION: Although the evidences suggest that more than one third tuberculosis (TB) cases are being managed in private sector, the quality of care in private sector is major concern. However, the information regarding the private practices were lacking. Therefore the study was conducted to gain insights on current practices of TB management at private sectors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A descriptive cross sectional study, applying quantitative method, was conducted at two cities of Kaski among all private practitioners, private pharmacies and private laboratories through self administered questionnaire and structured interview schedule. RESULTS: Nearly one fourth of the TB suspects in the district were found to have consulted private providers with about 20.0% of the total smear positive cases diagnosed in private laboratories. Beside sputum microscopy, Private Medical Practitioners (PMPs) were also found to prefer other tests like X-ray, culture for TB diagnosis. Similarly, PMPs’ varying prescription of anti TB drugs beyond National TB Programme (NTP) recommendation along with their weak recording and case holding were noteworthy, and the cost of TB treatment seemed higher in private sector. Only one third of private institution had their staff trained in TB. Except some informal linkage, no collaboration between public and private sector was noted. CONCLUSIONS: Private sector was managing many TB cases in the district. However, their practice of TB management was not much satisfactory. Therefore NTP should take effective measures for Public Private Mix and to make them aware of the standards through training and orientation in order to improve the quality of care. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijim.v1i2.7085 Int J Infect Microbiol 2012;1(1):68-75

scholarly journals Staff‐Prisoner Relationships, Staff Professionalism, and the Use of Authority in Public‐ and Private‐Sector Prisons

2015 ◽  
Vol 40 (02) ◽  
pp. 309-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben Crewe ◽  
Alison Liebling ◽  
Susie Hulley
Keyword(s):  
Private Sector ◽  
Public Service ◽  
Service Provision ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Frontline Staff ◽  
The Public ◽  
Private Prison ◽  
Public And Private Sector ◽  
Specific Impact

Prison privatization has generally been associated with developments in neoliberal punishment. However, relatively little is known about the specific impact of privatization on the daily life of prisoners, including areas that are particularly salient not just to debates about neoliberal penality, but the wider reconfiguration of public service provision and frontline work. Drawing on a study of values, practices, and quality of life in five private‐sector and two public‐sector prisons in England and Wales, this article seeks to compare and explain three key domains of prison culture and quality: relationships between frontline staff and prisoners, levels of staff professionalism (or jailcraft), and prisoners' experience of state authority. The study identifies some of the characteristic strengths and weaknesses of the public and private prison sectors, particularly in relation to staff professionalism and its impact on the prisoner experience. These findings have relevance beyond the sphere of prisons and punishment.

scholarly journals SERVICE QUALITY OF PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS IN TIRUNELVELI DISTRICT

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (5(SE)) ◽  
pp. 42-52
Author(s):  
C. Eugine Franco ◽  
G. Bright Jowerts
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Service Quality ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Time Duration ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Public Sector Banks ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Public And Private Sector ◽  
Immediate Response

Service Quality of the banks referred as an obligation of all banks to fulfill the objectives and needs of the customers. Service quality in private sector banks is good compare to public sector banks. The various issues the banks are not able to provide immediate response to customers, service time duration is more, long queue deposit the money, waiting for long time, staff behavior is not good, especially public sector banks are not providing multitude services like payment of bills, payment of tax, Banc assurance etc. and problem relating to banking service such as bank statements, error in the statements are not provided immediate response to customers. The scope of this research is to identify the service quality of public and private sector banks in Tirunelveli district. This study only focuses on the dimensions of service quality i.e. reliability, assurance, tangibility, empathy and responsiveness. The study was done taking two types of banks such as public and private sector banks in Tirunelveli district into consideration. The survey was restricted to the bank customers in Tirunelveli district only. As the population size is infinite, 672 respondents are selected as sample among the population using stratified random sampling. The sample has been stratified as 528 from public sector bank customers and 144 from private sector bank customers in Tirunelveli district.

A Unified Information Framework for Building A Common Vision in Sustainable City Development

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 45-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jialiang Yao ◽  
Terrence Fernando ◽  
Ian Everall
Keyword(s):  
City Development ◽  
Sustainable City ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Current State ◽  
Education And Employment ◽  
To Come ◽  
Public And Private Sector ◽  
Sustainable Futures ◽  
Information Framework

Creating sustainable cities requires a stronger collaboration between a range of public and private sector organisations to ensure cities are safer, healthier, intelligent and prosperous places for citizens to experience an enhanced quality of life. Within this context, urban planning and regeneration projects play a major role where stakeholders need to come together to assess the current challenges or the opportunities within a city and implement projects that transform the physical, social and environmental dimensions to create prosperous and sustainable futures. Within these projects, stakeholders need to assess “social data intelligence” collected by individual agencies and also understand how proposed complex agendas such as transport, health, education and employment could lead to a better environment that can bring social, economical and environmental prosperity. This research proposes a novel Urban Information Framework that allows the stakeholders to integrate their datasets (both spatial and non-spatial) together to create a unified 3D virtual prototype of a city that can be used to represent both the current state of a city as well as intended futures. The proposed Urban Information Framework allows the stakeholders to combine different datasets together, whether they be social or physical transformation agendas, to understand the dependencies or to build up narratives that could be communicated visually to others. The overall framework has been developed and validated by working closely with two major regeneration projects in UK.

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