scholarly journals Screening of Organic Substrates for Solid-State Fermentation, Viability and Bioefficacy of Trichoderma harzianum AS12-2, a Biocontrol Strain Against Rice Sheath Blight Disease

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahram Naeimi ◽  
Vahid Khosravi ◽  
András Varga ◽  
Csaba Vágvölgyi ◽  
László Kredics
Keyword(s):  
Rice Straw ◽  
Rice Husk ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Organic Substrates ◽  
Sheath Blight Disease ◽  
Beet Pulp ◽  
Broom Sorghum ◽  
Blight Disease ◽  
One Year ◽  
Sorghum Grain

The present study was undertaken to find the most suitable organic substrates for the biomass production, viability and efficacy of the biocontrol strain Trichoderma harzianum AS12-2 in the solid-state fermentation system. In total, 13 inexpensive, locally available substrates (agricultural wastes or by-products) were inoculated with the antagonist, and following one month of incubation at room temperature, all colonized substrates were air dried and ground to powder. The shelf life and viability of the Trichoderma strain were assessed as colony-forming units per gram (CFUs g−1) of each substrate on a monthly basis for up to one year at room temperature (25 ± 2 °C) and in the refrigerator (4 °C). In order to find out the effect of the substrate on the bioefficacy of T. harzianum AS12-2, the biocontrol potential of the formulations was evaluated against rice sheath blight disease caused by Rhizoctonia solani. The results showed that the fungus colonized more or less all substrates after one month, although the degree of colonization and conidiation was different among the substrates, being especially high in broom sorghum grain, rice husk, rice straw, rice bran and sugar beet pulp. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the population in the substrates in “Month 0” showed that the effect of treatment was significant, and the means were significantly different. The maximum population was recorded for broom sorghum grain and rice straw (6.4 × 1010 and 5.3 × 1010 CFUs g−1, respectively). The population declined in all substrates after one year of incubation at room temperature. This decline was relatively smaller in broom sorghum grain, rice straw and rice husk. On the other hand, the population in the same substrate incubated in the refrigerator was decreased in a mild slope, and the final population was high. In addition, the results of greenhouse assay showed that all bioformulations were effective in controlling the disease, and there were no significant differences among the substrates. According to the results of this study, broom sorghum grain, rice husk, rice straw, sugar beet pulp and cow dung could be recommended as suitable fermentation media for the industrial-scale production of T. harzianum strains.

scholarly journals Biological control of rice sheath blight disease with formulation of indigenous Trichoderma strains under paddy field conditions

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahram Naeimi ◽  
Vahid Khosravi ◽  
Mohammad-Zaman Nouri ◽  
Hassan Hoda ◽  
Csaba Vágvölgyi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Paddy Field ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Sheath Blight ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Sheath Blight Disease ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Broom Sorghum ◽  
Blight Disease ◽  
Better Than

The effectiveness of indigenous Trichoderma strains in preventing sheath blight disease was evaluated during two growing seasons under paddy field conditions. Broom sorghum seeds were used for mass production of Trichoderma strains. Colonized seeds were ground to powder and mixed with talc and carboxymethyl cellulose. Suspensions were made from the bioformulations and sprayed onto rice plants. Effects of Trichoderma strains on disease incidence and severity as well as yield and other growth parameters were determined and compared with a chemical fungicide and a commercial biofungicide. A combined analysis of variance across two years was performed and a statistically significant effect of year, treatment and their interaction was reported. Results indicate that environmental factors and different biological fungicides had a strong effect on disease development under natural conditions. According to the results, propiconazole and T. harzianum AS12-2 resulted in the least disease severity and incidence. Overall, the efficacy of T. harzianum AS12-2 in reducing sheath blight development was significantly better than other Trichoderma treatments and was comparable to the conventional fungicide.

scholarly journals Role of Residual Organic Materials on Productivity of Zea mays L. for Sustainable Soil Fertility Restoration in the Guinea Savannah Zone, Ghana

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-142
Author(s):  
I. K Dzomeku ◽  
O Illiasu ◽  
P. T. Birteeb ◽  
S. Obanyi
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Rice Straw ◽  
Rice Husk ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Organic Materials ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Groundnut Shell ◽  
One Year ◽  
100 Seed Weight

A field experiment was conducted at Nyankpala, near Tamale, Ghana, during the 2014 cropping season and continued during 2015, to investigate one year residual effects of indigenous organic materials (biochar, groundnut shell, rice husk and rice straw) on the growth and yield of maize. It was a 4×3×3 factorial experiment consisting of 4 organic materials at 3 levels (2.5, 5 and 7.5 t ha-1 on dry matter basis) and 3 nitrogen (N) levels (0, 45 and 90 kg/ha N) laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design with four replications. The study revealed that integrated management of one year residuals of the organic materials with inorganic N supported increased plant height and grain yield, and moderated time of flowering to promote production of maize variety “Wang Dataa”. Application of 7.5 t/ha biochar + 45 kg/ha N, similarly 5 t/ha biochar + 90 kg/ha N supported tallest crop of 200 cm, whilst early flowering ranged 47 to 50 days with 2.5 t/ha biochar + 90 kg N/ha, 5 t/ha biochar + 45 kg N/ha, 7.5 t/ha biochar+ 90 kg N/ha, 2.5 t/ha groundnut shell + 90 kg N/ha and 7.5 t/ha rice straw + 45 kg N/ha. Grain yield was maximised with 7.5 t/ha biochar + 90 kg N/ha, 5 t/ha groundnut shell + 45 kg N/ha, 7.5 t/ha groundnut shell + 90 kg N/ha and 7.5 t/ha rice husk + 90 kg N/ha in the range of 3000 - 3600 kg/ha. The results also showed strongly that either residual nutrients and other plant growth conditions obtained from the organic materials or application N determined LAI, height of cob attachment, cob length, cob weight, 100 seed weight and stover biomass. Residual conditions provided by 7.5 t/ha of biochar gave the highest LAI. The more increased height of cob attachment ranged from 90 to 100 cm, provided by as low as 2.5 t/ha of biochar. Best cob length of 15 to 17 cm was obtained from 2.5 t/ha biochar and 5 t/ha groundnut shell. Cob weight under residual organic materials was in the range of 125 to 165 g/cob with 5 t/ha biochar or groundnut shell and 7.5 t/ha rice straw adequate to maximize the trait. Residual organic materials impacted on 100 seed weight with 5 t/ha of biochar and 7.5 t/ha groundnut shell impacted largest grain size of 25.5g. Stover weight was both highly significantly determined by residual effects of organic materials and N. Application of 5 t/ha biochar or 5 t/ha groundnut shell or 7.5 t/ha rice husk was adequate for highest stover weight. In this study, application of 45 kg N/ha was overwhelmingly sufficient to optimize leaf area index, height of cob attachment, cob length, cob weight, 100 seed weight and stover weight. Pearson correlation coefficients of grain yield with other traits exhibited robust relationships signifying strong impact of integrated soil fertility management of one year residual organic materials and N on maize production in the Guinea savannah. Grain yield prediction indicated treatments were best fitted in polynomials with 7.5 t/ha biochar + 90 kg N/ha for optimum grain yield.

scholarly journals Effect of pyrolysis temperature on Si release of alkali-enhanced Si-rich biochar and plant response

Biochar ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meng Wang ◽  
Negar D. Tafti ◽  
Jim J. Wang ◽  
Xudong Wang
Keyword(s):  
Rice Straw ◽  
Rice Husk ◽  
Pyrolysis Temperature ◽  
Weak Acid ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Neutral Salt ◽  
Salt Solutions ◽  
Plant Disease Control ◽  
Si Content ◽  
Lower Temperature

AbstractRecent studies have shown that silicon (Si) dissolution from biochar may be influenced by the pyrolysis temperature. In addition, the enhancement of biochar by treatment with alkali has been proposed to produce a Si source that can be used for environmentally friendly plant disease control. In this study, biochars from rice straw and rice husk pretreated with KOH, CaO and K2CO3 and then pyrolyzed at 350, 450 and 550 °C were prepared to evaluate the effects of pyrolysis temperature on Si release and plant uptake from alkali-enhanced Si-rich biochar. Extractable Si and dissolution Si from the prepared biochars were assessed by different short-term chemical methods and long-term (30-day) release in dilute acid and neutral salt solutions, respectively, along with a rice potting experiment in greenhouse. For both rice straw- and husk-derived alkali-enhanced biochars (RS-10KB and HS-10K2B, respectively), increasing the pyrolysis temperature from 350 to 550 °C generally had the highest extractable Si and increased Si content extracted by 5-day sodium carbonate and ammonium nitrate (5dSCAN) designated for fertilizer Si by 61–142%, whereas non-enhanced biochars had more extractable Si at 350 °C. The alkali-enhanced biochars produced at 550 °C pyrolysis temperature also released 82–172% and 27–79% more Si than that of 350 °C produced biochar in unbuffered weak acid and neutral salt solutions, respectively, over 30 days. In addition, alkali-enhanced biochars, especially that derived from rice husk at 550 °C facilitated 6–21% greater Si uptake by rice and 44–101% higher rice grain yields than lower temperature biochars, non-enhanced biochars, or conventional Si fertilizers (wollastonite and silicate calcium slag). Overall, this study demonstrated that 550 °C is more efficient than lower pyrolysis temperature for preparing alkali-enhanced biochar to improve Si release for plant growth.

scholarly journals RAVL1 Activates IDD3 to Negatively Regulate Rice Resistance to Sheath Blight Disease

Rice Science ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 146-155
Author(s):  
Sun Qian ◽  
Yang Shuo ◽  
Guo Xiaofan ◽  
Wang Siting ◽  
Jia Xintong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sheath Blight ◽  
Sheath Blight Disease ◽  
Blight Disease

Room Temperature Aerobic Peroxidation of Organic Substrates Catalyzed by Cobalt(III) Alkylperoxo Complexes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yunzhou Chen ◽  
Huatian Shi ◽  
Chi-Sing Lee ◽  
Shek-Man Yiu ◽  
Wai-Lun Man ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Organic Substrates

scholarly journals Evaluation of pyrite and pyrrhotite in concretes

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 484-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. Marcelino ◽  
J. M. Calixto ◽  
A. G. Gumieri ◽  
M. C. Ferreira ◽  
C. L. Caldeira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Iron Sulfide ◽  
Hydroelectric Power Plant ◽  
Hydroelectric Power ◽  
Rock Samples ◽  
Limit Value ◽  
Plant Area ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Pyrite Content ◽  
One Year

ABSTRACT It is well known that aggregate characteristics can intensively interfere in concrete behavior especially when sulfides are presented in the aggregates. The lack of consensus to content limit value of these deleterious sulfur compounds in concrete structures for dams has motivated several investigations worldwide. Within this scenario, this work presents a methodology to evaluate the presence of pyrite and pyrrhotite in concretes produced with aggregates containing sulfides. For the study, rock samples from the Irapé hydroelectric power plant area in Minas Gerais (Brazil) were used. This plant was built in a geological site where the rock presented sulfide levels of at least 3%. These rock samples were first ground and then used as aggregates in mortars, which were, during almost one year, subjected to three different exposed conditions: temperature of 23° ± 2°C and relative humidity of 95 to 100%; calcium hydroxide solution diluted in water kept at two different temperatures: room temperature and 50° C. The presence and amount of pyrrhotite were obtained from a leaching process of the material (aggregate or mortar) in a solution of hydrochloric acid. This procedure allowed also the evaluation of the pyrite content. The results showed that the amount of pyrite has remained virtually constant over time in the three exposure situations. This finding indicates that sulfur limits in aggregates should be set according to the type of iron sulfide presented and not solely by the total amount of sulfur.

scholarly journals Uji Efektivitas Rizobakteria Dalam Menghambat Perkembangan Penyakit Hawar Pelepah Daun (Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn.) Pada Padi Secara In Vitro

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 44
Author(s):  
Hanisa Desy Ariani ◽  
Noor Aidawati ◽  
Dewi Arika Adriani
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Sheath Blight ◽  
In Vitro Test ◽  
Sheath Blight Disease ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Blight Disease

One of the causes of the declining productivity of rice is sheath blight disease caused by the mold Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn. Control of sheath blight disease that is often done by the farmers is by using chemical pesticides (fungicides), which caused environmental problems. One way to reduce the use of pesticides is to biological control by using antagonist bacteria. This study aimed at in vitro test of rhizobacteria in preventing the development of sheath blight disease in rice plants. This research was conducted in the Phytopathology laboratory of Plant Protection Department of Faculty Agriculture, University of Lambung Mangkurat Banjarbaru from March to May 2018. The experiment used a randomized block design with three groups consisting of eight types of rhizobacteria isolates: (r1) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Barito Kuala), (r2) Bacillus megaterium (Hulu Sungai Tengah), (r3) Azotobacter sp. (Barito Kuala), (r4) Pseudomonas sp. (Hulu Sungai Selatan), (r5) Flavobacterium sp. (Tanah Laut), (r6) Bacillus bodius (Barito Kuala), (r7) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Hulu Sungai Selatan), (r8) Necercia sp. (Tanah Laut). The results showed that all rhizobacteria have the ability to inhibit the development of R. solani with different percentages of inhibitions. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Barito Kuala) was the most effective rhizobacteria in inhibiting the development of R. solani.

scholarly journals STUDY OF THE POTENTIAL ANAEROBIC CO-DIGESTION FOR BIOGAS PRODUCTION FROM SALVINIA MOLESTA AND RICE STRAW

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-67
Author(s):  
Iqbal Syaichurrozi
Keyword(s):  
Rice Straw ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Fermentation Process ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Salvinia Molesta ◽  
Initial Ph

The purpose of this research was to analyze the biogas production from co-digestion of Salvinia molesta and rice straw. Ratio of Salvinia molesta and rice straw was 5:0, 4:1, 3:2. Lab-scale-batch digesters (600 mL) were operated at room temperature (30 oC) and pressure of 1 atm. Total basis of Salvinia molesta and rice straw was 10 gr, water was added with ratio of organic matter:water = 1:7 (w/w), rumen fluid was added as inoculum, initial pH was adjusted to be 7. Fermentation process was conducted for 30 days. The results showed that total biogas volume for ratio of 5:0, 4:1, 3:2 was 6.300.00; 32.7618.32; 107.5418.51 mL/g VS respectively. The pH of substrate was changing from 7.00 to 6.770.19; 6.600.14; 6.730.09 for all variables respectively.

scholarly journals BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF BANDED LEAF AND SHEATH BLIGHT DISEASE (Rhizoctonia solani KUHN) IN CORN WITH FORMULATED Bacillus subtilis BR23

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amran Muis ◽  
Arcadio J. Quimio
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Seed Germination ◽  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Seed Treatment ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Sheath Blight ◽  
Resistant Variety ◽  
Sodium Hypochlorite Solution ◽  
Sheath Blight Disease ◽  
Blight Disease

Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn. causing banded leaf and sheath blight diseases is one of the important fungi of corn world wide. The fungus is commonly controlled by using fungicide because no resistant variety available. The objective of the study was to develop a seed treatment formulation of the selected Bacillus subtilis to control R. solani in corn. The study was conducted in the Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Bañòs, College, Laguna from May 2004 to August 2005, using sweet corn var. IPB Supersweet as test plant. Corn seeds were surface sterilized for 10 minutes in 1% sodium hypochlorite solution and 5% ethanol, washed thrice with sterile distilled water and air-dried. The seeds were coated with formulated B. subtilis BR23 and used for several experiments, such as evaluation for their germination and growth in the laboratory, effectively on R. solani in the baked and nonbaked field soil under greenhouse condition, and in the microplots artificially infested with R. solani. The treatment was compared with other standard seed treatment of synthetic fungicides such as captan (10 g per kg seeds) and metalaxyl (10 g per kg seeds). The experiments were designed in a completely random design with three replications. Parameters observed were seed germination, plant height, disease scores, and plant yield. Laboratory formulated B. subtilis BR23 used as seed treatment had no detrimental effects on seed germination and seedling vigor. In microplots artificially infested with a selected highly virulent R. solani, seed treatment with the same formulation increased grain yield by 27% compared to that of the control captan seed treatment with 14.4%. The studies showed the potential of B. subtilis BR23 for commercialization as a seed treatment for the control of banded leaf and sheath blight disease (R. solani) in corn.

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