scholarly journals “Active” Weed Seed Bank: Soil Texture and Seed Weight as Key Factors of Burial-Depth Inhibition

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 210
Author(s):  
Stefano Benvenuti ◽  
Marco Mazzoncini
Keyword(s):  
Seed Bank ◽  
Soil Texture ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Burial Depth ◽  
Weed Seed ◽  
Buried Seeds ◽  
Persistent Seed Bank

The ability of weeds to survive over time is highly dependent on an ecological strategy that ensures a high level of viable seed remains in the soil. Seed bank persistence occurs because of the specific characteristics of seed dormancy and longevity and the hypoxic microenvironment, which surrounds the buried seeds. These experiments investigate the role of soil texture, burial depth, and seed weight in seed bank dynamics. Seeds of twelve weed species are sown at increasing depths in various soil textures, and emergence data are used to detect the burial depth at which 50% and 95% inhibition is induced, using appropriate regressions. Clay soil is found to increase the depth-mediated inhibition, while it is reduced by sandy particles. In each soil texture, the highest level of inhibition is found for the smallest seeds. Seed weight is found to be closely related to the maximum hypocotyl elongation measured in vitro, and consequently, the seedlings are unable to reach the soil surface beyond a certain depth threshold. However, the threshold of emergence depth is always lower than the potential hypocotyl elongation. The depth-mediated inhibition of buried seeds is even more pronounced in clay soil, highlighting that the small size of clay particles constitutes a greater obstacle during pre-emergence growth. Finally, the role of soil texture and weed seed size are discussed not only in terms of evaluating the layer of “active” seed bank (soil surface thickness capable of giving rise to germination and emergence), but also in terms of developing a consistent and persistent seed bank. Finally, the role of soil texture and weed seed size are discussed, and the layer of “active” seed bank (the soil surface thickness that enables germination and emergence) is assessed with the aim of developing a consistent and persistent seed bank. Assessing seed bank performance when buried under different soil textures can help increase the reliability of the forecast models of emergence dynamics, thus ensuring more rational and sustainable weed management.

scholarly journals Seedbank persistence of four summer grass weed species in the northeast cropping region of Australia

PLoS ONE ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. e0262288
Author(s):  
Bhagirath Singh Chauhan ◽  
Sudheesh Manalil
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Burial Depth ◽  
Weed Seed ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Seed Persistence ◽  
No Till ◽  
Buried Seeds ◽  
Grass Weed

Summer grass weed species are a particular problem in the northeast cropping region of Australia because they are prolific seeders and favor no-till systems. Information on weed seed persistence levels can be used for the development of effective and sustainable integrated weed management programs. A field study was conducted over 42 months to evaluate the seedbank persistence of Chloris truncata, C. virgata, Dactyloctenium radulans, and Urochloa panicoides as affected by burial depth (0, 2, and 10 cm). Regardless of species, buried seeds persisted longer than surface seeds and there was no difference in seed persistence between 2 and 10 cm depths. Surface seeds of C. truncata depleted completely in 12 months and buried seeds in 24 months. Similarly, C. virgata seeds placed on the soil surface depleted in 12 months. Buried seeds of this species took 18 months to completely deplete, suggesting that C. truncata seeds persist longer than C. virgata seeds. Surface seeds of D. radulans took 36 months to completely deplete, whereas about 7% of buried seeds were still viable at 42 months. U. panicoides took 24 and 42 months to completely exhaust the surface and buried seeds, respectively. These results suggest that leaving seeds on the soil surface will result in a more rapid depletion of the seedbank. Information on seed persistence will help to manage these weeds using strategic tillage operations.

Depth of Seed Burial and Gender Influence Weed Seed Predation by Three Species of Ground Beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae)

Weed Science ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 910-915 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharavari S. Kulkarni ◽  
Lloyd M. Dosdall ◽  
John R. Spence ◽  
Christian J. Willenborg
Keyword(s):  
Seed Predation ◽  
Ground Beetle ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Ground Beetles ◽  
Burial Depth ◽  
Weed Seed ◽  
Seed Burial ◽  
Buried Seeds ◽  
Pterostichus Melanarius ◽  
And Gender

Ground beetles are postdispersal weed seed predators, yet their role in consuming buried seeds is not well studied. We conducted greenhouse experiments to investigate how seed burial affects consumption of weed seeds (volunteer canola) by adult ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Seed burial depth influenced seed consumption rates as demonstrated by a significant interaction between seed burial depth, carabid species, and gender of the carabid tested. We observed higher seed consumption by females of all species, and greater consumption of seeds scattered on the soil surface compared with seeds buried at any depth. However, there was evidence of seed consumption at all depths. Adults ofPterostichus melanarius(Illiger) andHarpalus affinis(Schrank) consumed more buried seeds than did those ofAmara littoralisMannerheim. Agricultural practices, such as tillage, bury seeds at different depths and based on the results of this study, these practices may reduce seed consumption by carabids. Soil conservation practices that reduce tillage (conservation or zero tillage) will favor greater weed seed predation due, in part, to the high availability of seeds at the soil surface or at shallow soil depths.

Effects of Soil Texture and Seed Placement on Emergence of Four Subshrubs

Weed Science ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 380-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. S. Mayeux
Keyword(s):  
Seed Bank ◽  
Soil Texture ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Seed Burial ◽  
Seed Placement ◽  
Buried Seed ◽  
Rate Of Emergence ◽  
Gutierrezia Sarothrae

Seedling emergence of broom snakeweed [Gutierrezia sarothrae(Pursh) Britt. & Rusby], threadleaf snakeweed [G. microcephala(DC.) Gray], common goldenweed [Isocoma coronopifolia(Gray) Greene], and false broomweed (Ericameria austrotexanaM.C. Johnston) was studied in the glasshouse. Germination of these species is known to be light-stimulated. Seed of all four subshrubs germinated readily if placed on the surface or partially pressed into the soil. Emergence was reduced by covering seed with soil to a depth of less than 1 mm. Few seedlings emerged from a depth of 1 cm, and none emerged from a depth of 2 cm. Rate of emergence also decreased with increasing depth of placement. Soil texture had little effect on emergence. Rapid germination on the soil surface is consistent with other aspects of the regenerative strategy of common goldenweed and false broomweed, which do not depend upon a buried seed bank for regeneration. Seed burial probably provides a form of enforced dormancy in the small, long-lived seeds of the two snakeweed species.

YIELD, SEED WEIGHT AND PROTEIN CONTENT OF FIELD PEAS AFTER SOIL AND FOLIAR TREATMENTS OF SIMAZINE AT SUBLETHAL LEVELS

1979 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 253-255
Author(s):  
G. H. GUBBELS
Keyword(s):  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Sandy Clay Loam ◽  
Pisum Sativum L ◽  
Field Peas

Simazine [2-chloro-4,6-bis(ethylamino)-s-triazine] was applied at rates of 0.002–0.800 kg a.i./ha to field peas (Pisum sativum L.) as soil and as foliar applications for 4 yr. Band applications to the soil surface over the seeded rows and incorporated beside the seeded rows in a clay soil had no effect on seed yield or protein content. However, seed yield was increased 25% in the year that seeding was early (3 May) in a fine sandy clay loam, and seed placed into the center of a band into which simazine at 0.4 kg a.i./ha had been rototilled to a depth of 10–12 cm. There were no differences in weight per seed or protein content. Foliar applications were not effective.

Changes with time in the germination of buried scentless chamomile (Matricaria perforata Mérat) seeds

1995 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 277-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. G. Bowes ◽  
A. G. Thomas ◽  
L. P. Lefkovitch
Keyword(s):  
Seed Bank ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
First Year ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Buried Seed ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Persistent Seed Bank

Change with time in the germination of scentless chamomile (Matricaria perforata Mérat) seeds was investigated. Seeds were placed in nylon net bags, buried 7 cm deep in soil, exhumed at monthly intervals for 2 yr and allowed to germinate in temperature regimes of 10/2 °C, 20/5 °C, 25/10 °C and 35/20 °C (16/8 h), simulating temperatures found during early spring or late fall, spring or fall, summer and mid-summer on the soil surface, respectively. Exhumed and refrigerator-stored (2 °C) check seeds exhibited no yearly dormancy/nondormancy germination cycle, but mortality of buried seed increased to 36%, after 10 mo in contrast with that of the check seeds which remained low for two years. Light was required for germination during the first year but was not required for a portion of the seed during the second year. The retention of viability in buried seed explains the persistent seed bank and seedling emergence throughout the growing season when moisture and temperature are nonlimiting. Key words: Seed burial, germination, Matricaria perforata Mérat

Role of temperature and light in the germination ecology of buried seeds of weedy species of disturbed forests. II. Erechtites hieracifolia

1996 ◽  
Vol 74 (12) ◽  
pp. 2002-2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol C. Baskin ◽  
Jerry M. Baskin
Keyword(s):  
Seed Bank ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Soil Disturbance ◽  
Seasonal Temperature ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Test Conditions ◽  
Buried Seeds ◽  
Weedy Species ◽  
Dormancy Cycles

At maturity in September, about half the seeds (achenes) of Erechtites hieracifolia (Asteraceae) collected in Kentucky were dormant (did not germinate at any test condition), whereas the others were conditionally dormant (germinated only at a narrow range of test conditions). Seeds sown on top of soil in an unheated greenhouse in September failed to germinate in autumn because temperatures were below those required for germination; however, they germinated at comparable temperatures the following spring. Seeds buried in soil in September 1987 and exposed to natural seasonal temperature changes were nondormant (germinated over full range of test conditions) by April 1988, but they entered conditional dormancy by October 1988. Each October through 1995, exhumed seeds exhibited conditional dormancy. Since 89% of the seeds were viable after 8 years of burial, it appears that although seeds of this species are wind dispersed, they also have the potential to form a long-lived seed bank. Thus, soil disturbance at any time from May to September could result in establishment of plants from seeds in the seed bank. Keywords: seed dormancy, Asteraceae, dormancy cycles, buried seeds, light.

Seed bank dynamics of blowout penstemon in relation to local patterns of sand movement on the Ferris Dunes, south-central Wyoming

Botany ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 95 (8) ◽  
pp. 819-828 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kassie L. Tilini ◽  
Susan E. Meyer ◽  
Phil S. Allen
Keyword(s):  
Seed Bank ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Sand Dunes ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
South Central ◽  
Secondary Dormancy ◽  
Seed Bank Dynamics ◽  
Buried Seeds ◽  
Sand Movement ◽  
Persistent Seed Bank

Plants restricted to active sand dunes possess traits that enable both survival in a harsh environment and local migration in response to a shifting habitat mosaic. We examined seed bank dynamics of Penstemon haydenii S. Watson (blowout penstemon) in relation to local sand movement. We measured within-year sand movement along a 400 m transect and examined plant density, seed production, and seed density in relation to this movement. Plant densities were highest in areas of moderate sand movement. Annual seed rain averaged 13 seeds·m−2, whereas persistent seed bank density (0–10 cm depth) averaged only 0.1 seeds·m−2. A laboratory burial experiment with nondormant (chilled) seeds showed that most deeply buried seeds (>6 cm) were held in enforced dormancy under spring conditions, while seeds at intermediate depths (4–6 cm) were induced into secondary dormancy that was broken by subsequent drying and re-chilling, thus promoting seed carryover until the following spring. Most near-surface seeds produced seedlings. Enforced and secondary dormancy provide mechanisms for maintaining a persistent seed bank of more deeply buried seeds that could become part of the active seed bank as sand movement re-exposes them near the surface. This could facilitate both population persistence and migration as previously occupied habitat becomes unsuitable.

Embryo and seed coat factors produce seed dormancy in capeweed (Arctotheca calendula)

2000 ◽  
Vol 51 (7) ◽  
pp. 849 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Ellery ◽  
R. Chapman
Keyword(s):  
Seed Dormancy ◽  
Seed Coat ◽  
Oxygen Supply ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Physiological Basis ◽  
Embryo Dormancy ◽  
High Level ◽  
Persistent Seed Bank

Capeweed [Arctotheca calendula (L.) Levyns.] is common in annual pastures of southern Australia. The physiological basis of seed dormancy in capeweed seeds was studied to determine the likely role of dormancy in the success of this species. Two dormancy mechanisms were identified: one embryo-based and the other imposed on the embryo by the seed coat. Embryo dormancy could be overcome by leaching, suggesting that this form of dormancy was caused by a water-soluble germination inhibitor, possibly localised in the cotyledons. Following an initial after-ripening period, embryo dormancy was rapidly relieved under conditions experienced on the soil surface during summer. Ungerminated embryos entered secondary dormancy in winter. Seed coat-imposed dormancy persisted longer than primary embryo dormancy, but was not associated with mechanical constriction of embryo growth, or with limited water or oxygen supply to the embryo. Embryo and seed coat dormancy mechanisms interacted to maintain a high level of dormancy in these seeds at all times. Thus, a large proportion of seeds produced might enter a persistent seed bank, enabling re-establishment following years when seed production is limited by unfavourable seasonal conditions or cropping activities.

Dormancy, germination, and sensitivity to salinity stress in five species of Potentilla (Rosaceae)

Botany ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (8) ◽  
pp. 452-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremi Kołodziejek ◽  
Jacek Patykowski ◽  
Mateusz Wala
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Seed Bank ◽  
Salt Concentration ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Cold Stratification ◽  
Alkaline Soils ◽  
Persistent Seed Bank ◽  
Germination Requirements

Laboratory and greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine the effect of environmental factors on the germination and emergence of five species of Potentilla L. All of the species we studied differed in their germination requirements, and these could be related to their habitat/ecology. For all species, completion of germination was the highest at 25/15 °C with a 14 h photoperiod. Seeds of Potentilla argentea L. and P. inclinata Vill. completed germination immediately after ripening while seeds of P. aurea Borkh., P. incana P.Gaertn., B.Mey. & Scherb., and P. reptans L. needed a 16-week period of cold stratification to break dormancy. GA3 treatment did not substitute for cold stratification. The seeds of all species did not complete germination in darkness and showed maximal emergence on the soil surface, which suggests the formation of a persistent seed bank. Completion of germination was inhibited by decreasing osmotic potential and increasing salt concentration. The seeds of all species we studied can complete germination in both acidic and alkaline soils. These results suggest that under field conditions, if moisture and (or) salinity are not limiting factors and a seed is located on the soil surface, completion of germination of nondormant species (P. argentea and P. inclinata) is possible any month of the growing season.

Weed Seed Pools Concurrent with Corn and Soybean Harvest in Illinois

Weed Science ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 503-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam S. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Seed Bank ◽  
Soil Seed Bank ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Seed Rain ◽  
Weed Seed ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
East Central ◽  
Giant Foxtail ◽  
Central Illinois ◽  
Prickly Sida

At the time of grain harvest, weed seeds can be classed into one of four pools on the basis of dispersal status and location: (1) undispersed, remaining on the mother plant; (2) dispersed in the current year, on the soil surface; (3) dispersed in the current year and collected by harvest machinery; and (4) dispersed in a previous year and persisting within the soil seed bank. Knowledge of the relative sizes of these seed pools for different weed species under different crop environments will be useful for determining the best way to reduce the size of inputs to the soil seed bank. In fall 2004 and fall 2005, four randomly selected commercially managed corn and soybean fields in east-central Illinois were sampled to quantify weed seed pools at time of crop harvest. Thirty randomly located 0.125-m2quadrats were placed within each field, the four seed pools mentioned above were sampled for each quadrat, and the species composition and abundance of each seed pool was determined. The magnitude of the weed seed rain varied among species and between years and crops. Twenty-six weed species were found to contribute to at least one of the four seed pools. However, the weed seed pools were consistently dominated by six species: velvetleaf,Amaranthuscomplex (redroot pigweed and waterhemp), ivyleaf morningglory, giant foxtail, prickly sida, and common cocklebur. For each of these species, the ratio of undispersed seeds to seeds in the soil seed bank at harvest time was ≥ 1 in at least one crop during one of the two experimental years, indicating a potential for the soil seed bank to be completely replenished or augmented by that year's seed rain. This analysis demonstrates the urgent need for techniques to limit weed seed inputs to the soil seed bank at the end of the growing season.

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