scholarly journals Effects of Light Orientation and Mechanical Damage to Leaves on Isoflavone Accumulation in Soybean Seeds

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 589
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Barion ◽  
Mohamed Hewidy ◽  
Anna Panozzo ◽  
Andrea Aloia ◽  
Teofilo Vamerali
Keyword(s):  
Light Availability ◽  
Mechanical Damage ◽  
Agroforestry Systems ◽  
Leaf Damage ◽  
Protein Accumulation ◽  
Ne Italy ◽  
Large Scope ◽  
Isoflavone Concentration ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Isoflavone Metabolism

Soybean is largely cultivated worldwide providing high amounts of proteins and oil for food and feed, and isoflavones for nutraceutical uses. The increasing interest in agroforestry practices for improving carbon sequestration and mitigating climate changes suggests the need to assess soybean response to variations of light availability and direction. A two-year pot trial was carried out at Legnaro (NE Italy) in order to mimic the response of the soybean var. Sponsor to contrasting light orientation (east or west) by artificial shading, associated or not with mechanical leaf damage, in terms of protein accumulation, total cotyledon isoflavone concentration (TCIC) and isoflavone profile. Here, we demonstrate that a different intensity of the isoflavone metabolism exists in response to lighting conditions, with higher TCIC and slightly increased seed crude proteins in plants lighted from the east (morning time) and after mechanical leaf damage. The isoflavone profile was not changed, but low temperatures and high rainfall during seed filling (1st year) were associated with increased accumulation of medium-high molecular weight (MW) forms (i.e., glycosyls and malonyls), while high temperatures and low rainfall (2nd year) with increased accumulation of medium-low MW forms (i.e., glycosyls and aglycones). It is concluded that within agroforestry systems, there is possibly a large scope for maximizing isoflavone accumulation by selecting the harvesting area in the neighboring of the east side of the tree alleys, with further improvements if a mild shoot stripping is applied before flowering.

scholarly journals Competition for Light Affects Alfalfa Biomass Production More Than Its Nutritive Value in an Olive-Based Alley-Cropping System

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 233
Author(s):  
Alberto Mantino ◽  
Cristiano Tozzini ◽  
Enrico Bonari ◽  
Marcello Mele ◽  
Giorgio Ragaglini
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Production ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Alley Cropping ◽  
Light Availability ◽  
Agroforestry Systems ◽  
Tree Canopy ◽  
Soil Protection ◽  
Olive Orchard ◽  
Competition For Light ◽  
Perennial Legumes

Cropping among trees with perennial legumes is one option for increasing agro-ecosystem services, such as improving the nitrogen supply and increasing soil protection by herbaceous vegetation. Moreover, cropping under the canopy of olive trees should diversify the farm production, compared to the traditional fallow management. Among perennial legumes, alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) produces abundant biomass under Mediterranean rainfed condition. Based on this, a two-year field experiment was implemented in southern Tuscany in a rainfed olive orchard to test the competition for light effects on alfalfa biomass production and nutritive value. Light availability under the tree canopy was measured by hemispherical photos. In both years, the alfalfa yield of under-canopy varied according to the tree presence. A significant relationship between biomass production and light availability was recorded. The nutritive value of under-canopy alfalfa was similar to that of the open-grown alfalfa. However, same significant differences did however occur, between shaded and sole crop. When differences were found, under-canopy herbage was characterised by a higher content of crude protein and a lower content of fibre with respect to open-grown. In a hilly silvoarable olive orchard, alfalfa biomass accumulation was reduced mainly due to scarce light availability, therefore tree management such as pruning and plantation layout can enhance the herbage productivity. Studying shade tolerant forage legumes in order to enhance the yield and nutritive value of herbage production in rainfed agroforestry systems is essential.

Diagnosing Plant Disorders

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert F. Keefer
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Damage ◽  
Nutrient Deficiency ◽  
Leaf Damage ◽  
Healthy Plant ◽  
Outward Appearance ◽  
Animal Damage ◽  
Chemical Injuries ◽  
Total Plant ◽  
Large Animals ◽  
Trees And Shrubs

Tools to use for diagnosing plant disorders include overall plant appearance, plant tissue testing, total plant analysis, soil testing and analysis, and soil and root abnormalities. Plant appearance will show animal damage, weather-induced problems, chemical injuries, mechanical damage, biotic-associated problems, and plant nutrient deficiency and toxicity symptoms. Many plant growth problems can be correctly diagnosed by skillfully examining the outward appearance of a plant. By knowing the appearance of a healthy plant, one can know what would be different to cause a plant disorder. Animals can damage plants in a variety of ways. Large animals, such as deer, squirrels, gophers, moles, mice, often graze on plant tops, may break off stems, or pull the plants out of the ground. These animals can be discouraged by electric or regular fencing or by placing some repellents close to the plants. Deer can be repelled by hanging small bars of odiferous deodorant soap on the plants; or by spraying the plants with a mixture of an egg in a bucket of water. They also do not like baler twine soaked in spent soil from automobiles. Rodents often live in mulch near trees and shrubs and feed on the roots or tender shoots sometimes killing the plants. Prevention of this kind of damage can be accomplished by placing a ring of gravel or hardware cloth around the shrubs or trees to discourage this feeding. Birds also can be a problem. Woodpeckers and sapsuckers may dig holes in trees looking for insects. By keeping your trees healthy, these birds are discouraged. Other birds are often attracted to new seedings. If shrubs or small trees are damaged by birds, netting can be used to cover the plants as a final resort. Dogs also can damage plantings, usually by urinating on them. There are repellants that can be used to discourage this. Man can cause damage to plants through accidents, neglect, or ignorance as to proper care. There are a number of ways that plants can be damaged mechanically, such as root damage, trunk damage, or leaf damage, usually resulting from accidents.

scholarly journals Do Habitats Show a Different Invasibility Pattern by Alien Plant Species? A Test on a Wetland Protected Area

Diversity ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Liccari ◽  
Miris Castello ◽  
Livio Poldini ◽  
Alfredo Altobelli ◽  
Enrico Tordoni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Native Species ◽  
Light Availability ◽  
Null Model ◽  
Biodiversity Loss ◽  
Habitat Destruction ◽  
Environmental Characteristic ◽  
Alien Plant ◽  
Probabilistic Sampling ◽  
Ne Italy ◽  
Alien Flora

Biological invasions are deemed to be the second most important global driver of biodiversity loss, right behind habitat destruction and fragmentation. In this study, we aimed at testing if community invasibility, defined as the vulnerability to invasion of a community, could be associated with the characteristics of a given habitat, as described by the composition and structure of its native species. Based on a probabilistic sampling of the alien flora occurring in the temperate wetland Lake Doberdò (Friuli Venezia Giulia region, NE Italy) and using a null-model-based approach, the observed occurrence of Invasive Alien Species (IAS) within sampling units was randomized within habitats. While testing the degree of invasibility for each habitat within the wetland, our null hypothesis postulated that habitats are equally invaded by IAS, as IAS can spread homogeneously in the environment thanks to their plasticity in functional traits that makes them able to cope with different ecological conditions. The obtained results comparing observed IAS frequencies, abundance and richness to those obtained by the null model randomizations show that, for all habitats, invasion was selective. Specifically, a marked preference for habitats with an intermediate disturbance level, a high nutrients level and a medium-high light availability was observed, while an avoidance was detected for habitats characterized by lower levels of nutrients and light availability or extreme conditions caused by prolonged submersion. This method allows us to provide useful information using a simple-to-run simulation for the management of the IAS threat within protected areas. Moreover, the method allows us to infer important ecological characteristics leading to habitat invasion without sampling the environmental characteristic of the habitats, which is an expensive operation in terms of time and money.

Effect of plant density and light availability on leaf damage in Manilkara bidentata (Sapotaceae)

2000 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 447-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pilar Angulo-sandoval ◽  
T. Mitchell Aide
Keyword(s):  
Plant Density ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Light Availability ◽  
Leaf Damage ◽  
Leaf Phenology ◽  
Leaf Miner ◽  
Detectable Effect ◽  
Leaf Production ◽  
Leaf Quality ◽  
Plant Herbivore

Variation in herbivory is often associated with plant density and light environment. The effect of these variables was studied on leaf production and herbivory of Manilkara bidentata in Puerto Rico. The major herbivore of M. bidentata is the leaf miner Acrocercops sp. To determine the effect of plant density, twenty-four 20-m × 20-m plots were established and the densities of saplings, juveniles and adults were determined. Leaf production, herbivory and growth were measured on saplings. Plant density was determined in eight 20-m × 20-m plots surrounding the focal plots. The effect of light was determined by comparing leaf phenology, leaf quality and herbivory in vertical and horizontal profiles. Sapling density in 60-m × 60-m plots was associated with herbivory. In the vertical profile, leaf production was continuous only for the canopy: herbivory increased from the canopy (1.3%) towards the understorey (35.6%). In the horizontal profile leaf production was related to light. Saplings in low light environments had narrow peaks in leaf production compared with saplings in high light environments. Differences in leaf phenology did not result in differences in herbivory possibly because of variation in herbivory among leaves. Although many saplings lost more than 80% of new leaf area, there was no detectable effect on growth. High levels of intra-specific variation in herbivory suggest that to better understand plant/herbivore interactions it is necessary to consider all size classes in a population. It is also important to document these pattern across different spatial scales.

scholarly journals Screening of tomato varieties for fruit tree based Agroforestry system

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-69
Author(s):  
J Hossain ◽  
T Ahmed ◽  
MZ Hasnat ◽  
D Karim
Keyword(s):  
Economic Performance ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Light Availability ◽  
Agroforestry System ◽  
Agroforestry Systems ◽  
Fruit Tree ◽  
Control Plot ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
Tomato Production ◽  
Spad Value

An experiment was conducted with four tomato varieties under a six year old orchard was accomplished at the Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU) research farm during October 2011 to April 2012. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. Four tomato varieties (BARI Tomato 2, BARI Tomato 8, BARI Tomato 14 and BARI Tomato 15) were grown under guava, mango, olive and control. Results showed that light availability in control plot (999.75 ? mol m-2s-1) was remarkably higher over fruit tree based agroforestry systems and it was 58.8, 43.9 and 31.5% of the control for guava, mango and olive based systems, respectively. The shortest tomato plant was observed in olive based system (54.91 cm), while the tallest plant was observed in mango based system (60.09 cm). The highest SPAD value and number of primary branches per plant was recorded in control plot. Fruit length, fruit girth was found lowest in olive based system. The highest yield (34.06 t ha-1) was recorded in control plot while the lowest yield (10.26 t ha-1) was recorded in olive based system. The economic performance of fruit tree based tomato production system showed that both the net return and BCR of mango and guava based system was higher over control and olive based system. The contents of organic carbon, nitrogen, available phosphorus, potassium and sulfur of before experimentation soil were slightly higher in fruit tree based agroforestry systems than the control. After experimentation, nutrient elements in soil were found increased slightly than initial soils. Fruit tree based agroforestry systems could be ranked based on the economic performance as mango> guava> control> olive based system with BARI Tomato 15, BARI Tomato 2, BARI Tomato 14 and BARI Tomato 8, respectively. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijarit.v4i2.22652 Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. & Tech. 4 (2): 61-69, December, 2014

Using 3D architectural models to assess light availability and root bulkiness in coconut agroforestry systems

2007 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathalie Lamanda ◽  
Jean Dauzat ◽  
Christophe Jourdan ◽  
Philippe Martin ◽  
Eric Malézieux
Keyword(s):  
Light Availability ◽  
Agroforestry Systems ◽  
Architectural Models

scholarly journals Effect of Elevated CO2 Levels and Leaf Area Removal on Sorbitol, Sucrose, and Phloridzin Content in `Gala'/Malling 9 Apple Leaves

2005 ◽  
Vol 130 (3) ◽  
pp. 326-330
Author(s):  
Mark A. Kelm ◽  
James A. Flore ◽  
Clifford W. Beninger
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Malus Domestica ◽  
Nutrient Balance ◽  
Mechanical Damage ◽  
Secondary Compounds ◽  
Leaf Damage ◽  
Apple Leaves ◽  
Co2 Levels ◽  
Balance Hypothesis

Apple seedlings (Malus domestica Borkh.) were grown under ambient (370), 700, and 1400 μmol·mol-1 CO2 regimes and artificially damaged by removal of leaf area (0%, 15%, and 30%). Increased CO2 concentration had a highly significant effect on the concentrations of sucrose, sorbitol and phloridzin, however there were no significant interactions between CO2 concentration and leaf damage. As CO2 concentration increased there was an increase in levels of sucrose and phloridzin, whereas sorbitol concentration decreased. These findings are discussed in relation to the carbon nutrient balance hypothesis as well as other hypotheses regarding the production of plant primary and secondary compounds in response to elevated levels of CO2 and mechanical damage and/or herbivory.

scholarly journals Effect of Tree Presence and Soil Characteristics on Soybean Yield and Quality in an Innovative Alley-Cropping System

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Mantino ◽  
Iride Volpi ◽  
Martina Micci ◽  
Giovanni Pecchioni ◽  
Simona Bosco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alley Cropping ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Light Availability ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Soil Characteristics ◽  
Agroforestry Systems ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
Soybean Yield ◽  
Short Rotation ◽  
Yield And Quality

Agroforestry is indicated as a farming practice suited to enhance ecosystem services generated by cropping systems. However, farmers are often reluctant to implement agroforestry systems due to the potential yield loss of crops. In a field trial, soybean was intercropped with poplar short-rotation-coppice rows in an alley-cropping system with 13.5 m wide alleys, in order to assess the effect of tree presence on soybean yield and quality. The light availability (LA) was significantly affected by the tree presence, with an increasing effect along the season due to tree growth, being at its lowest in the tree–crop interface positions (West and East). Significant effects of the tree-distance and LA were registered on soybean yield, with the highest reduction of soybean yield in the West (−78%) and East (−35%) positions. Crude fat content in soybean grain did not vary among positions in the alley, while crude protein content was the lowest in the most shaded position (West −8% than the highest value). The assessment of spatial variability among plots of measured soil characteristics highlighted no significant effect of pedological conditions upon soybean yield. Thus, in our study, the LA effect was more important than soil characteristics in determining a detrimental effect of competition for resources between soybean and poplar. Conversely, soybean quality was affected by soil characteristics, since crude fat significantly correlated with soil nutrients, pH, soil organic matter and soil texture.

Mechanical leaf damage causes localized, but not systemic, changes in leaf movement behavior of the Sensitive Plant, Mimosa pudica (Fabaceae) L.

Botany ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
James F. Cahill ◽  
Tan Bao ◽  
Megan Maloney ◽  
Carina Kolenosky
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Damage ◽  
Leaf Damage ◽  
Movement Behavior ◽  
Leaf Movement ◽  
Mimosa Pudica ◽  
Defensive Strategy ◽  
Plant Body ◽  
Adaptive Value ◽  
Fitness Consequences ◽  
Assay Time

A small number of species, including Mimosa pudica, use rapid leaf movement as a presumptive defensive strategy. How movement-based defenses change in response to mechanical damage and whether changes are localized or systemic is unknown. This is in contrast to a substantial literature describing how mechanical leaf damage can cause morphological and chemical responses within a diversity of plant species. Depending on the species and the stimuli, these chemical and morphological responses can be localized to the tissues damaged or systemic throughout the plant body. Here we report the results of a small experiment designed to test the following: (i) whether mechanical leaf damage influences subsequent leaf closure behavior, and (ii) whether changes were systemic or localized. To do this, we scored leaves using a behavioral assay (time-to-reopen leaves following a subsequent touch stimuli) for several days before and following mechanical damage. Leaves above and below the damaged leaf were observed, on damaged and undamaged plants, allowing us to assess whether any change was systemic. We found leaf damage caused strong localized effects, greatly increasing the time-to-reopen of the damaged, but not adjacent, leaves. Neither the physiological cause nor fitness consequences of this behavioral shift are known. Interestingly, this altered behavior resulted in damaged leaves remaining “hidden” longer than undamaged leaves. If leaf closure reduces risk of herbivory, there could be adaptive value, analogous to inducible chemical and morphological defenses.

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