Diagnosing Plant Disorders

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert F. Keefer
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Damage ◽  
Nutrient Deficiency ◽  
Leaf Damage ◽  
Healthy Plant ◽  
Outward Appearance ◽  
Animal Damage ◽  
Chemical Injuries ◽  
Total Plant ◽  
Large Animals ◽  
Trees And Shrubs

Tools to use for diagnosing plant disorders include overall plant appearance, plant tissue testing, total plant analysis, soil testing and analysis, and soil and root abnormalities. Plant appearance will show animal damage, weather-induced problems, chemical injuries, mechanical damage, biotic-associated problems, and plant nutrient deficiency and toxicity symptoms. Many plant growth problems can be correctly diagnosed by skillfully examining the outward appearance of a plant. By knowing the appearance of a healthy plant, one can know what would be different to cause a plant disorder. Animals can damage plants in a variety of ways. Large animals, such as deer, squirrels, gophers, moles, mice, often graze on plant tops, may break off stems, or pull the plants out of the ground. These animals can be discouraged by electric or regular fencing or by placing some repellents close to the plants. Deer can be repelled by hanging small bars of odiferous deodorant soap on the plants; or by spraying the plants with a mixture of an egg in a bucket of water. They also do not like baler twine soaked in spent soil from automobiles. Rodents often live in mulch near trees and shrubs and feed on the roots or tender shoots sometimes killing the plants. Prevention of this kind of damage can be accomplished by placing a ring of gravel or hardware cloth around the shrubs or trees to discourage this feeding. Birds also can be a problem. Woodpeckers and sapsuckers may dig holes in trees looking for insects. By keeping your trees healthy, these birds are discouraged. Other birds are often attracted to new seedings. If shrubs or small trees are damaged by birds, netting can be used to cover the plants as a final resort. Dogs also can damage plantings, usually by urinating on them. There are repellants that can be used to discourage this. Man can cause damage to plants through accidents, neglect, or ignorance as to proper care. There are a number of ways that plants can be damaged mechanically, such as root damage, trunk damage, or leaf damage, usually resulting from accidents.

scholarly journals Physiological and sanitary quality of soybean seeds harvested at different periods and submitted to storage1

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 312-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Mario Zuffo ◽  
Joacir Mario Zuffo Júnior ◽  
Everton Vinicius Zambiazzi ◽  
Fábio Steiner
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Damage ◽  
Accelerated Aging ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Seed Vigor ◽  
Soybean Seeds ◽  
Adverse Conditions ◽  
Physiological Quality ◽  
Total Plant ◽  
Plant Dry Mass

ABSTRACT Delayed harvesting may affect the physiological quality of soybean seeds, due to adverse conditions in the field. This study aimed to evaluate the physiological and sanitary quality of soybean seeds (BRS 820 RR® cultivar) harvested at eight periods (0; 5; 10; 15; 20; 25; 30; and 35 days after the R8 phenological stage - full maturity) and stored for two periods (0 and 8 months). The following evaluations were carried out: moisture content, germination and emergence rate, emergence speed index, total plant dry mass, accelerated aging, electrical conductivity, mechanical damage, vigor and viability (tetrazolium) and sanitary quality of the seeds. The delayed harvesting of soybean seeds from 10 days after R8 impairs seed vigor and germination, in addition to increase the incidence of pathogens. Regardless of the harvesting period, the soybean seeds stored for eight months showed a reduction in their physiological quality, with an increase in the incidence of Phomopsis spp.

scholarly journals Effects of Light Orientation and Mechanical Damage to Leaves on Isoflavone Accumulation in Soybean Seeds

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 589
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Barion ◽  
Mohamed Hewidy ◽  
Anna Panozzo ◽  
Andrea Aloia ◽  
Teofilo Vamerali
Keyword(s):  
Light Availability ◽  
Mechanical Damage ◽  
Agroforestry Systems ◽  
Leaf Damage ◽  
Protein Accumulation ◽  
Ne Italy ◽  
Large Scope ◽  
Isoflavone Concentration ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Isoflavone Metabolism

Soybean is largely cultivated worldwide providing high amounts of proteins and oil for food and feed, and isoflavones for nutraceutical uses. The increasing interest in agroforestry practices for improving carbon sequestration and mitigating climate changes suggests the need to assess soybean response to variations of light availability and direction. A two-year pot trial was carried out at Legnaro (NE Italy) in order to mimic the response of the soybean var. Sponsor to contrasting light orientation (east or west) by artificial shading, associated or not with mechanical leaf damage, in terms of protein accumulation, total cotyledon isoflavone concentration (TCIC) and isoflavone profile. Here, we demonstrate that a different intensity of the isoflavone metabolism exists in response to lighting conditions, with higher TCIC and slightly increased seed crude proteins in plants lighted from the east (morning time) and after mechanical leaf damage. The isoflavone profile was not changed, but low temperatures and high rainfall during seed filling (1st year) were associated with increased accumulation of medium-high molecular weight (MW) forms (i.e., glycosyls and malonyls), while high temperatures and low rainfall (2nd year) with increased accumulation of medium-low MW forms (i.e., glycosyls and aglycones). It is concluded that within agroforestry systems, there is possibly a large scope for maximizing isoflavone accumulation by selecting the harvesting area in the neighboring of the east side of the tree alleys, with further improvements if a mild shoot stripping is applied before flowering.

scholarly journals Taxonomic Enumeration of Angiosperm Flora of Sreenagar Upazila, Munshigang, Dhaka, Bangladesh

2017 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-172
Author(s):  
Zakia Mahmudah ◽  
Md Muzahidul Islam ◽  
Tahmina Haque ◽  
Mohammad Zashim Uddin
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Rare Species ◽  
Life Forms ◽  
Calotropis Procera ◽  
Poisonous Plant ◽  
The Status ◽  
Total Plant ◽  
Passiflora Foetida ◽  
Trees And Shrubs

The present article focuses the status of angiosperm flora of Sreenagar upazila under Munshiganj district. The study was done from July 2015 to June 2016. A total of 219 plant species of angiosperms was identified belonging to 165 genera and 70 families. Among them 38 species were monocotyledons and 181 plant species were dicotyledons. Herbs were the largest life forms among the angiosperms and contained about 58% of total plant species occurring in this area. Trees and shrubs occupied 23% and 12% respectively. Climbers were 6% but epiphytes (1%) were very negligible in number in the study area. About 51 medicinal plants were recorded from this study. The following species viz. Lasia spinosa, Calamus tenuis, Tinospora crispa, Passiflora foetida and Calotropis procera were recorded only once and hence considered as rare species in Sreenagar upazila. An invasive poisonous plant Parthenium hysterophorus was also found in Sreenagar. Asiat. Soc. Bangladesh, Sci. 43(2): 161-172, December 2017

scholarly journals Effect of Elevated CO2 Levels and Leaf Area Removal on Sorbitol, Sucrose, and Phloridzin Content in `Gala'/Malling 9 Apple Leaves

2005 ◽  
Vol 130 (3) ◽  
pp. 326-330
Author(s):  
Mark A. Kelm ◽  
James A. Flore ◽  
Clifford W. Beninger
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Malus Domestica ◽  
Nutrient Balance ◽  
Mechanical Damage ◽  
Secondary Compounds ◽  
Leaf Damage ◽  
Apple Leaves ◽  
Co2 Levels ◽  
Balance Hypothesis

Apple seedlings (Malus domestica Borkh.) were grown under ambient (370), 700, and 1400 μmol·mol-1 CO2 regimes and artificially damaged by removal of leaf area (0%, 15%, and 30%). Increased CO2 concentration had a highly significant effect on the concentrations of sucrose, sorbitol and phloridzin, however there were no significant interactions between CO2 concentration and leaf damage. As CO2 concentration increased there was an increase in levels of sucrose and phloridzin, whereas sorbitol concentration decreased. These findings are discussed in relation to the carbon nutrient balance hypothesis as well as other hypotheses regarding the production of plant primary and secondary compounds in response to elevated levels of CO2 and mechanical damage and/or herbivory.

Mechanical leaf damage causes localized, but not systemic, changes in leaf movement behavior of the Sensitive Plant, Mimosa pudica (Fabaceae) L.

Botany ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
James F. Cahill ◽  
Tan Bao ◽  
Megan Maloney ◽  
Carina Kolenosky
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Damage ◽  
Leaf Damage ◽  
Movement Behavior ◽  
Leaf Movement ◽  
Mimosa Pudica ◽  
Defensive Strategy ◽  
Plant Body ◽  
Adaptive Value ◽  
Fitness Consequences ◽  
Assay Time

A small number of species, including Mimosa pudica, use rapid leaf movement as a presumptive defensive strategy. How movement-based defenses change in response to mechanical damage and whether changes are localized or systemic is unknown. This is in contrast to a substantial literature describing how mechanical leaf damage can cause morphological and chemical responses within a diversity of plant species. Depending on the species and the stimuli, these chemical and morphological responses can be localized to the tissues damaged or systemic throughout the plant body. Here we report the results of a small experiment designed to test the following: (i) whether mechanical leaf damage influences subsequent leaf closure behavior, and (ii) whether changes were systemic or localized. To do this, we scored leaves using a behavioral assay (time-to-reopen leaves following a subsequent touch stimuli) for several days before and following mechanical damage. Leaves above and below the damaged leaf were observed, on damaged and undamaged plants, allowing us to assess whether any change was systemic. We found leaf damage caused strong localized effects, greatly increasing the time-to-reopen of the damaged, but not adjacent, leaves. Neither the physiological cause nor fitness consequences of this behavioral shift are known. Interestingly, this altered behavior resulted in damaged leaves remaining “hidden” longer than undamaged leaves. If leaf closure reduces risk of herbivory, there could be adaptive value, analogous to inducible chemical and morphological defenses.

scholarly journals Nutrient Deficiency Symptoms of Woody Ornamental Plants in South Florida

EDIS ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 2008 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy K. Broschat
Keyword(s):  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Nutrient Deficiency ◽  
South Florida ◽  
Nutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Fact Sheet ◽  
Deficiency Symptoms ◽  
Woody Ornamental ◽  
Trees And Shrubs

ENH-1098, a 5-page illustrated fact sheet by Timothy K. Broschat, describes and illustrates typical symptoms for common nutrient deficiencies in trees and shrubs grown in south Florida landscapes. Published by the UF Department of Environmental Horticulture, March 2008. ENH1098/EP362: Nutrient Deficiency Symptoms of Woody Ornamental Plants in South Florida (ufl.edu)

scholarly journals Spatial distribution of palynomorphs in the surface sediments of the Lagoa do Campelo lake, North region of Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 741-752 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia Fernandes Pinto da Luz ◽  
Ortrud Monika Barth ◽  
Cleverson Guisan Silva
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Surface Sediments ◽  
Mechanical Damage ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Pollen Grain ◽  
New Information ◽  
Lake Bottom ◽  
Wind Driven Currents ◽  
Trees And Shrubs ◽  
Janeiro State

Four samples of the surface sediments of the Lagoa do Campelo lake bottom were collected in a transect of 500 m by 500 m from edge to edge, in a northeast/southwest direction, the dominant wind direction in the region. The analysis of pollen grains, fern spores and algae were used to evaluate their spatial deposition and level of deterioration. In total, 58 types of pollen grains were identified, mainly from herbs as Cyperaceae, Poaceae and Typhaceae. Pollen grains occurred in all the analyzed sediments. The area of highest concentration was the northeast side of the lake. The southwest side showed the highest pollen grain and fern spore degradation and mechanical damage, probably as they were carried across the lake by wind-driven currents, confirming the depositional tendency of damaged palynomorphs in the same direction as the dominant wind. Among the pollen of trees and shrubs, Alchornea, Arecaceae, Cecropia, Celtis, Clethra and Myrtaceae were dominant at more than 1,000 pollen grains per gram of sediment. The quantity of fern spores was practically constant in all samples (± 10% of the total of palynomorphs). The algae Pediastrum tetras (Ehrenberg) Ralfs and Mougeotia occurred in all samples, but Spirogyra only in three of them. The results obtained gave new information about the richness, concentration and distribution of palynomorphs in the lake, representing the local and regional vegetation.

Plant Pathology Diagnosed by X-Ray Microanalysis

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 974-975
Author(s):  
J. H. Resau ◽  
N. Howell ◽  
S. H. Chang
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Plant Pathology ◽  
Biochemical Characterization ◽  
Nutrient Deficiency ◽  
Green Leaf ◽  
Parasitic Infestation ◽  
X Ray

Spinach grown in Texas developed “yellow spotting” on the peripheral portions of the leaves. The exact cause of the discoloration could not be determined as there was no evidence of viral or parasitic infestation of the plants and biochemical characterization of the plants did not indicate any significant differences between the yellow and green leaf portions of the spinach. The present study was undertaken using electron microscopy (EM) to determine if a micro-nutrient deficiency was the cause for the discoloration.Green leaf spinach was collected from the field and sent by express mail to the EM laboratory. The yellow and equivalent green portions of the leaves were isolated and dried in a Denton evaporator at 10-5 Torr for 24 hrs. The leaf specimens were then examined using a JEOL 100 CX analytical microscope. TEM specimens were prepared according to the methods of Trump et al.

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