scholarly journals Salinity Effect on Plant Physiological and Nutritional Parameters of New Huanglongbing Disease-Tolerant Citrus Rootstocks

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 653
Author(s):  
Lidia Aparicio-Durán ◽  
Aurea Hervalejo-García ◽  
Rocío Calero-Velázquez ◽  
Juan M. Arjona-López ◽  
Francisco J. Arenas-Arenas
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Basin ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Mineral Content ◽  
Emerging Diseases ◽  
Carrizo Citrange ◽  
Salinity Response ◽  
Chlorophyll Index ◽  
Damage Symptoms ◽  
Mediterranean Conditions ◽  
The Mediterranean Basin

Salinity is a major agriculture problem for citrus in the Mediterranean basin, which is a major global producer region. Citrus crops are also threatened by emerging diseases such as Huanglongbing (HLB). The use of different rootstocks increases the variability of citrus plant material in orchards, thus preventing extensive damage caused by abiotic and/or biotic diseases. In this work, we have evaluated the salinity response of five citrus rootstocks (US942, US897, X639, Forner Alcaide No. 5 and Carrizo citrange) some of which have known tolerance to HLB, under Mediterranean conditions. Four treatments with different salt concentrations (0, 25, 50 and 75 mM of NaCl) were applied by watering the plants three times per week for eleven weeks. Chlorophyll index (SPAD), growth and plant symptom parameters were recorded on a biweekly basis. At the end of the trial, roots, stem and leaves biomass and plant mineral content were obtained. The increasing concentration of NaCl resulted in visible leave damage symptoms for all citrus rootstocks assayed, hindering plant growth in all citrus rootstocks assayed, except for X639. The highest concentration of toxic ions in leaves was detected in Carrizo citrange and US897 for Cl−, while the lowest concentration of Na+ was obtained in X639. These results provide growers with information about the sensitivity to salinity of different citrus rootstocks.

scholarly journals Water-Stress Influences on Three New Promising HLB-Tolerant Citrus Rootstocks

Horticulturae ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. 336
Author(s):  
Lidia Aparicio-Durán ◽  
Frederick G. Gmitter ◽  
Juan M. Arjona-López ◽  
Rocío Calero-Velázquez ◽  
Áurea Hervalejo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Emerging Diseases ◽  
Carrizo Citrange ◽  
Citrus Rootstock ◽  
Chlorophyll Index ◽  
Stress Influences ◽  
Water Treatments

Drought and flooding conditions are increasingly common abiotic factors that affect citrus crops in both the Mediterranean Basin and Florida. Furthermore, emerging diseases, such as Huanglongbing (HLB), are a potential risk for these crops in those producing areas. This study aimed to evaluate the behavior under water-stress treatments of three new citrus rootstocks (UFR-6, B11R5T60, and 2247 x 6070-02-2) with reported tolerance of HLB, comparing them with a common commercial citrus rootstock (Carrizo citrange). Four water conditions were established: Control, Medium Water Stress (MWS), Drought, and Flooding. Chlorophyll index (SPAD), growth in height, relative growth rate, biomass (fresh and dry weight) and plant water status were evaluated. Citru rootstock response were different for each genotype; Carrizo citrange was negatively affected by all water treatments in the chlorophyll index (SPAD) and biomass production. By contrast, UFR-6 showed a positive response in SPAD and growth under MWS and Drought, B11R5T60 displayed similar behavior to Control under all water stresses, and the response of 2247 x 6070-02-2 under MWS treatment was adequate but was not under Drought or Flooding conditions. Our study describes the behavior of these promising new citrus rootstocks against water stress; B11R5T60 exhibiting the best performance. These results can be useful for the citrus industry to address water-stress problems in these crops.

scholarly journals Economic Consequences of Invasive Species in ornamental sector in Mediterranean Basin: An Application to Citrus Canker

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-149
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Timpanaro ◽  
Arturo Urso ◽  
Vera Teresa Foti ◽  
Alessandro Scuderi
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Species ◽  
Production System ◽  
Mediterranean Basin ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Citrus Canker ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Economic Level ◽  
Risk Areas ◽  
The Mediterranean Basin

Citrus Bacterial Cancer (CBC) is a severe phytopathy capable of compromising the economy, environment, and society in specific areas. To date, it is not present in the Mediterranean Basin. In essence, it could be a signal that European Phytosanitary Services have been able to control its spread, blocking import and marketing of fruits from risk areas or lacking the necessary phytosanitary requirements. However, in 2014 the EFSA launched the alarm on possible new forms of transmission of Xcc or Xanthomonas citri, the causative agent of the CBC, represented by the marketing of ornamental Rutaceae and the flow of tourism, to and from risk areas. In this context, the research carries aim to assess direct and indirect damages that an invasion of the CBC could cause to the sector: its impacts at the micro-economic level fall on the production system and the consumer, while at the macro level on the entire community. The traceability of plant material during commercial operations is proposed as a possible solution, even if it becomes an accessory burden for businesses and consumers. In this sense, this research intends to offer some useful information to public and private, interested parties and to plan intervention policies.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Three New Citrus Rootstocks under Boron Toxicity Conditions

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 2490
Author(s):  
Lidia Aparicio-Durán ◽  
Frederick G. Gmitter ◽  
Juan M. Arjona-López ◽  
Jude W. Grosser ◽  
Rocío Calero-Velázquez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Mediterranean Basin ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Boron Toxicity ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Carrizo Citrange ◽  
Visual Damage ◽  
Citrus Rootstock ◽  
Relative Water ◽  
Chlorophyll Index

Boron (B) toxicity is a common limiting factor both in arid and semiarid regions, such as the Mediterranean Basin. Citrus trees are sensitive to B-toxicity, which generates a negative impact in citrus orchards. In this work, two promising citrus rootstocks (UFR-6 and 2247 x 6070-02-2) have been assessed against B-toxicity and compared with Carrizo citrange, a common commercial citrus rootstock in Mediterranean Basin. Three B concentration treatments (Control, 1 and 2.5 mM H3BO3) were established, irrigating the plants three times per week for 21 days under greenhouse conditions. During the assay, above-ground symptoms, and chlorophyll index (SPAD) were recorded. At the end of the experiment, stomatal conductance, relative water content, and B concentration in leaves and roots were determined. The increasing B concentration in plants generates visual damage in leaves for all citrus rootstocks assayed. Carrizo citrange displayed the greatest visual symptoms, decreased its chlorophyll index (SPAD), and stomatal conductance throughout the B-treatment. However, UFR-6 and 2247 x 6070-02-2 displayed less symptoms than Carrizo citrange and only reduced its parameters under the 2.5 mM H3BO3 treatment. These results can aid citrus grower rootstock planting decisions with under B-toxicity conditions.

Piracy and Law in the Ottoman Mediterranean

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua M. White
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Mediterranean Basin ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Comprehensive Examination ◽  
Legal Space ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
First Time ◽  
Eastern Half ◽  
The Mediterranean Basin

This book offers a comprehensive examination of the shape and impact of piracy in the eastern half of the Mediterranean and the Ottoman Empire’s administrative, legal, and diplomatic response. In the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, piracy had a tremendous effect on the formation of international law, the conduct of diplomacy, the articulation of Ottoman imperial and Islamic law, and their application in Ottoman courts. Piracy and Law draws on research in archives and libraries in Istanbul, Venice, Crete, London, and Paris to bring the Ottoman state and Ottoman victims into the story for the first time. It explains why piracy exploded after the 1570s and why the Ottoman state was largely unable to marshal an effective military solution even as it responded dynamically in the spheres of law and diplomacy. By focusing on the Ottoman victims, jurists, and officials who had to contend most with the consequences of piracy, Piracy and Law reveals a broader range of piratical practitioners than the Muslim and Catholic corsairs who have typically been the focus of study and considers their consequences for the Ottoman state and those who traveled through Ottoman waters. This book argues that what made the eastern half of the Mediterranean basin the Ottoman Mediterranean, more than sovereignty or naval supremacy—which was ephemeral—was that it was a legal space. The challenge of piracy helped to define its contours.

Unfinished and Less Authored Texts

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew D. C. Larsen
Keyword(s):  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Mediterranean Basin ◽  
Written Texts ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
The Mediterranean Basin ◽  
Jewish Writers

The concept of textual unfinishedness played a role in a wide variety of cultures and contexts across the Mediterranean basin in antiquity and late antiquity. Chapter 2 documents examples of Greek, Roman, and Jewish writers reflecting explicitly in their own words about unfinished texts. Many writers claimed to have written unfinished texts on purpose for specific cultural reasons, while others claimed to have written texts that slipped out of their hands somehow with their permission.

The Alphabet and its Legacy

2019 ◽  
pp. 240-255
Author(s):  
Madadh Richey
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Basin ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Greek Language ◽  
Writing Systems ◽  
Present Contribution ◽  
Generative Power ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Alphabetic Writing ◽  
The Mediterranean Basin

The alphabet employed by the Phoenicians was the inheritor of a long tradition of alphabetic writing and was itself adapted for use throughout the Mediterranean basin by numerous populations speaking many languages. The present contribution traces the origins of the alphabet in Sinai and the Levant before discussing different alphabetic standardizations in Ugarit and Phoenician Tyre. The complex adaptation of the latter for representation of the Greek language is described in detail, then some brief attention is given to likely—Etruscan and other Italic alphabets—and possible (Iberian and Berber) descendants of the Phoenician alphabet. Finally, it is stressed that current research does not view the Phoenician and other alphabets as inherently simpler, more easily learned, or more democratic than other writing systems. The Phoenician alphabet remains, nevertheless, an impressive technological development worthy, especially by virtue of its generative power, of detailed study ranging from paleographic and orthographic specifications to social and political contextualization.

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