scholarly journals Short- and Long-Term Effects of Lime and Gypsum Applications on Acid Soils in a Water-Limited Environment: 3. Soil Solution Chemistry

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 826
Author(s):  
Geoffrey C. Anderson ◽  
Shahab Pathan ◽  
David J. M. Hall ◽  
Rajesh Sharma ◽  
James Easton
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Strength ◽  
Soil Solution ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Solution Chemistry ◽  
Soil Solution Chemistry ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Solution Ionic Strength ◽  
Gypsum Application

Aluminum (Al) toxicity imposes a significant limitation to crop production in South Western Australia. This paper examines the impact of surface-applied lime and gypsum on soil solution chemistry in the short term (1 year) and the long-term (10 years) in water limited environments. In the experiments, we measured soil solution chemistry using a paste extract on soil profile samples collected to a depth of 50 cm. We then used the chemical equilibrium model MINTEQ to predict the presence and relative concentrations of Al species that are toxic to root growth (Al associated with Al3+ and AlOH2 or Toxic-Al) and less non-toxic forms of Al bound with sulfate, other hydroxide species and organic matter. A feature of the soils used in the experiment is that they have a low capacity to adsorb sulfate. In the short term, despite the low amount of rainfall (279 mm), sulfate derived from the surface gypsum application is rapidly leached into the soil profile. There was no self-liming effect, as evidenced by there being no change in soil solution pH. The application of gypsum, in the short term, increased soil solution ionic strength by 524–681% in the 0–10 cm soil layer declining to 75–109% in the 30–40 cm soil layer due to an increase in soil solution sulfate and calcium concentrations. Calcium from the gypsum application displaces Al from the exchange sites to increase soil solution Al activity in the gypsum treatments by 155–233% in the short term and by 70–196% in the long term to a depth of 40 cm. However, there was no effect on Toxic-Al due to Al sulfate precipitation. In the long term, sulfate leaching from the soil profile results in a decline in soil solution ionic strength. Application of lime results in leaching of alkalinity into the soil profile leading to a decreased Toxic-Al to a depth of 30 cm in the long term, but it did not affect Toxic-Al in the short term. Combining an application of lime with gypsum had the same impact on soil solution properties as gypsum alone in the short term and as lime alone in the long term.

Effects of forest residue harvesting on short-term changes in soil solution chemistry

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 299-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Clarke ◽  
Silje Skår ◽  
O. Janne Kjønaas ◽  
Kjersti Holt Hanssen ◽  
Tonje Økland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Solution ◽  
Solution Chemistry ◽  
Soil Solution Chemistry ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Forest Residue ◽  
Forest Residue Harvesting

EFFECT OF CHLORIDE AND SULFATE ANIONS ON THE CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME ACID SOILS

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 549-557 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. SHAH SINGH
Keyword(s):  
Soil Solution ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Solution Chemistry ◽  
Chemical Characteristics ◽  
Soil Solution Chemistry ◽  
Sulfate Ions ◽  
Ion Species ◽  
Basic Cations

Experiments were done to compare the cation exchange and soil solution chemistry characteristics of seven acid soils in the presence of chloride and sulfate ions. The pH of the soil suspensions and degree of base saturation of equilibrated soil samples in CaSO4 solutions were higher than those of CaCl2-equilibrated samples. A comparison of the soil solution chemistry of Al in the presence of Cl and SO4 ions showed significant differences in the distribution of aluminum ion species. Even though the total aluminum (AlT) was greater in CaSO4 suspensions than in corresponding CaCl2 suspensions, trivalent Al (Al3+) was much smaller in CaSO4 suspensions, e.g. 93.4% of aluminum was present as Al3+ in CaCl2 suspensions compared to 36.0% in CaSO4 suspensions. In CaSO4 suspensions, 60.0% of aluminum was present as monovalent AlSO+4, which was probably not as effective as trivalent Al in competing with basic cations in occupying exchange sites. This reveals that in SO4 systems, a substantial amount of Al (60%) was present in a form which could easily move in the soil profile or could leach out of the soil profile and thus to the aquatic environment.

An evaluation of forest decline based on field observations focussed on Norway spruce, Picea abies

1990 ◽  
Vol 97 ◽  
pp. 155-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.-D. Schulze ◽  
P. H. Freer-Smith
Keyword(s):  
Soil Solution ◽  
Forest Decline ◽  
Forest Health ◽  
Solution Chemistry ◽  
Soil Solution Chemistry ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Secondary Importance ◽  
Canopy Uptake ◽  
Preferential Uptake ◽  
Modified Soil

SynopsisForest decline in Europe is centred around areas where air pollution is heaviest. Although statistical relations are still debatable at the stand level, they are a basis for the discussion of mechanisms by which air pollutants affect forest health. The aetiologies of different syndromes of decline are discussed. Exposure to large concentrations of gaseous pollutants appears to have short-term rather than long-lasting effects, whereas pathogens seem to be of only secondary importance. The deposition of sulphur and nitrogen (nitrate and ammonium) pollutants has significantly modified soil chemistry and plant nutrition. In acidic low-pH soils spruce roots, instead of utilising nitrate, preferentially take up ammonium which interferes with the uptake of other cations, notably magnesium. The nitrate remaining in soil solution, as a result of the preferential uptake of ammonium, is leached together with sulphate to groundwater, accelerating soil acidification and further decreasing the calcium and/or magnesium to aluminium ratios in soil solution. Soil solution chemistry affects root development, and thus water and nutrient uptake. Canopy uptake of nitrogen, especially of ammonium, which is additional to root uptake, may occur and appears to stimulate growth inciting a nitrogen to cation imbalance with the consequential production of decline symptoms.

Soil-solution chemistry in a coniferous stand after adding wood ash and nitrogen

2006 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Ring ◽  
Staffan Jacobson ◽  
Hans-Örjan Nohrstedt
Keyword(s):  
Soil Solution ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Wood Ash ◽  
Solution Chemistry ◽  
Aluminum Concentration ◽  
Soil Solution Chemistry ◽  
N Application ◽  
Nickel Copper ◽  
Copper Zinc

Wood-ash applications have been proposed to promote the long-term sustainability of forest production at increased harvest intensities. Effects of wood-ash and nitrogen (N) application on soil-solution chemistry were studied for 9 years following application in a coniferous stand in Sweden. Crushed, self-hardened wood ash was applied at 3, 6, and 9 Mg·ha–1 alone, the lowest dosage both with and without 150 kg N·ha–1. Pelleted wood ash (3 Mg·ha–1) and N were also applied alone. The soil solution was sampled by suction cups at 50 cm depth. The crushed, self-hardened ash readily dissolved in water, as reflected in increased soil-solution concentrations of sodium and sulphate. Significant (p < 0.05) elevations were also found for potassium, calcium, aluminum, and total organic carbon. Vanadium, chromium, manganese, nickel, copper, zinc, arsenic, and lead were not significantly affected by the ash treatments, but cadmium tended to increase in the treatments with ash alone. From the fourth year onwards, the pH of the soil solution was lowered and the aluminum concentration raised in the plots given 9 Mg crushed ash·ha–1. Fertilization with N alone temporarily increased concentrations of inorganic N, cadmium, aluminum, and zinc and decreased the pH. The crushed ash generally had longer lasting effects than N fertilization.

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