scholarly journals Training Systems and Sustainable Orchard Management for European Pear (Pyrus communis L.) in the Mediterranean Area: A Review

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1765
Author(s):  
Stefano Musacchi ◽  
Ignasi Iglesias ◽  
Davide Neri
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Mediterranean Area ◽  
Training System ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Subsequent Increase ◽  
Training Systems ◽  
Pyrus Communis L ◽  
The World ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Planting Distance

In 2018, 23.2 Mt of pears were produced in the world across 1.3 million hectares (ha) of cultivated land. This review analyzes different training systems and management styles that have been adopted worldwide, emphasizing the European pear’s economic and environmental sustainability for the Mediterranean area of cultivation. Despite a reduced number of cultivars utilized around the world, pear presents a plethora of innovative training systems. In Europe, dwarfing rootstocks have led to reduced planting distances and a subsequent increase in planting density. Still, the economic sustainability of these systems is now questionable. Many of the quince rootstocks have made it possible to considerably reduce the size of the tree and introduce the concept of continuous row planting, with the management of orchards from the ground (i.e., pedestrian orchard). The planting distance must be chosen according to the soil fertility, the vigor of the grafting combination, and the training system. The planting distance dramatically affects the pruning and the management of soil, fertilization, and irrigation. The reduction of tree size also lowers the volume of spray necessary when applying pesticides. The variability in yield worldwide results from the interaction amongst cultivar/rootstock/training system/climate/management.

“Our Dreams Are Not Different from Yours”

2019 ◽  
Vol 118 (3) ◽  
pp. 654-660
Author(s):  
Marta Bellingreri
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Mediterranean Area ◽  
Migration Policies ◽  
Freedom Of Movement ◽  
The World ◽  
International Audience ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
And Migration ◽  
European Youth

Migration and revolution in the Mediterranean area are inextricably connected. In this paper, I bring the stories of young Tunisian and Syrian revolutionaries of the 2008 and 2011 uprisings who were later forced into displacement and migration and who—both in their countries of origin and at European borders—demand freedom from their regimes’ oppression and freedom of movement. As European youth can mostly move freely in the world, Arab youth share the dream of doing the same. Both local tyrannies and their international allies, as well as unjust socioeconomic and migration policies, prevent these young people from living in dignity, from choosing where they live, and from being actors of change. The letters they share and the movement they found address an international audience and it to listen to their demands.

scholarly journals Comparison of SHD and Open-Center Training Systems in Almond Tree Orchards cv. ‘Soleta’

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 874
Author(s):  
José Casanova-Gascón ◽  
Marcos Figueras-Panillo ◽  
Ignasi Iglesias-Castellarnau ◽  
Pablo Martín-Ramos
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Training System ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Almond Tree ◽  
Training Systems ◽  
Use Of Resources ◽  
Canopy Volume ◽  
Olive Trees ◽  
Almond Cultivar

The increase in the demand for almonds, the development of novel self-fertile and late-flowering varieties, and the establishment of plantations in new irrigated areas have led to significant progress in the productive techniques of almond tree cultivation. One of the most important has been the increase in planting density, due to the development of dwarfing rootstocks. This paper presents a comparison between two training systems with ‘Soleta’ almond cultivar: a super high density (SHD) system using Rootpac-20 dwarfing rootstock versus an open-center training system using GF-677 rootstock. To this end, several parameters related to chlorophyll content (fluorescence and SPAD) and light interception (from photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) measurements) were monitored throughout two vegetative cycles, and other productive conditions (flowering, fruit set and production) were tracked at specific times of the cycle. The open-center system resulted in higher PAR interception than the SHD system, but also in the presence of poorly illuminated fractions of the canopy. Differences were observed between both systems in terms of average fruit weight and yield per canopy volume. Lower yields were obtained in SHD system than in open-center, which may be significantly increased by adapting the inter-row spacing. However, the degree of efficiency in the use of resources or productive inputs, such as irrigation, was favorable to the new SHD training system, so its potential to become a reference system in modern plantations (using over-the-row harvesters similar to those used for vine and olive trees) seems promising.

scholarly journals Long-term Effects of Training Systems and Rootstocks on ‘McIntosh’ and ‘Honeycrisp’ Performance, a 20-year Study in a Northern Cold Climate—Part 2: Economic Analysis

HortScience ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (7) ◽  
pp. 978-992 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaume Lordan ◽  
Anna Wallis ◽  
Poliana Francescatto ◽  
Terence L. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
New York State ◽  
Training System ◽  
Cold Climate ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
York State ◽  
Training Systems ◽  
Wide Range

Orchard profitability relies on multiple factors such as cultivar, planting density, training system, rootstock, and fruit quality but is also strongly affected by growing climate and soil resources. To evaluate orchard profitability in a northern cold climate, a field trial was planted in Peru, Clinton County, NY, in 2002, with two apple cultivars (Honeycrisp and McIntosh), where we compared the Central Leader (CL) training system on ‘M.M.111’ rootstock; Slender Pyramid (SP) on ‘M.26’ and ‘Geneva® 30’ (‘G.30’); Vertical Axis (VA) on ‘M.9 (Nic® 29)’ (‘M.9’), ‘Budagovsky 9’ (‘B.9’), and ‘G.16’; SolAxe (SA) on ‘M.9’, ‘B.9’, and ‘G.16’; and Tall Spindle (TS) on ‘M.9’, ‘B.9’, and ‘G.16’. CL was planted at 539 trees/ha, SP at 1097 trees/ha, VA and SA at 1794 trees/ha, and TS at 3230 trees/ha. The aim of this study was to evaluate the economic profitability of ‘Honeycrisp’ and ‘McIntosh’ at a wide range of planting densities, training systems, and rootstocks for cold areas such as northern New York state. A secondary goal was to assess the effect of various economic factors on the net present value (NPV) of each combination of training system, rootstock, and density. High NPV was achieved with ‘Honeycrisp’ (≈$450,000/ha), whereas NPV was significantly lower with ‘McIntosh’ (≈$80,000/ha). Within ≈5 years, ‘Honeycrisp’ planted in a TS (3230 trees/ha) reached a positive NPV, whereas 9 years were needed when ‘Honeycrisp’ was planted in a CL system at 539 trees/ha. With ‘McIntosh’, break-even year to positive NPV (BYPNPV) was reached at 9 years for TS on ‘M.9’. Most of the other training system and rootstock combinations needed up to 11–13 years to show a positive NPV. The most important variables affecting orchard NPV in our trial were fruit price and yield. The best option for ‘Honeycrisp’ in northern New York State appears to be TS on either ‘B.9’ or ‘M.9’, whereas with ‘McIntosh’, the best option appears to be TS on ‘M.9’.

Lectotypification of the Linnaean name Linum campanulatum (Linaceae)

Phytotaxa ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 236 (3) ◽  
pp. 296
Author(s):  
Fabrizio Bartolucci ◽  
DUILIO IAMONICO ◽  
ROBERT P. WAGENSOMMER
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Area ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
The World ◽  
The Mediterranean

The genus Linum Linnaeus (1753: 277) consists of about 200 species distributed in temperate and tropical regions of the world. The Mediterranean area can be considered one of the centers of diversity of this genus (Greuter et al. 1989, Yilmaz et al. 2003, Yilmaz & Kaynak 2008, 2010, Tugay et al. 2010, Peruzzi 2011, Ruiz-Martin et al. 2015).

scholarly journals EFFECT OF TRAINING SYSTEM AND PLANTING DENSITY ON GROWTH, YIELD, AND FRUIT QUALITY OF YOUNG GRAPEVINES

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 637b-637
Author(s):  
Dong-Yong Choi ◽  
Seon-Kyu Kim
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Training System ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Cabernet Sauvignon ◽  
Varietal Differences ◽  
Training Systems ◽  
Chenin Blanc

Two training systems(open lyre and Kniffin) with two planting densities(3.3 m × 1.5-1.1 m and 1.8 m × 1.5-1.1 m, R × V, respectively) were evaluated for their effects on growth, yield, and fruit quality of fourteen grapes grafted to SO4. Cane pruning weights of vines grafted to SO4 rootstocks averaged 268.1 kg/10a. Chenin Blanc, Cabernet Sauvignon, and Clairette grapes had greater cane pruning weights. Pruning weights of vines trained to the Kniffin system with 1.8 m × 1.1 m spacing were greater. Fruit yields of young vines averaged 438.6 kg/10a, and SV 5276, Carignane, and Ugni Blanc grapes were more productive while Riesling, Grenache, Chenin Blanc, Muscat de Frontignan grapes were less productive. Yields of grapevines trained to the Kniffin system with 1.8 m × 1.1 m spacing were more productive. Fruit quality was less affected by training system and planting density, but significant varietal differences were recognized.

Forest management and the Pine Processionary Moth

1983 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Buxton
Keyword(s):  
Forest Management ◽  
Mediterranean Area ◽  
Acceptable Level ◽  
Pine Forests ◽  
Traditional Methods ◽  
Pine Processionary Moth ◽  
Processionary Moth ◽  
The World ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Suitable Habitats

Pine forests of the Mediterranean area are subject to very serious depredations by the caterpillar of the Pine Processionary Moth. Although there are suitable habitats in other parts of the world, the moth has so far remained within this region because of its poor power of dispersal. Traditional methods of containing it are unsatisfactory and better results are to be expected from measures designed to stabilise the population at an acceptable level rather than to eradicate it entirely.

Silene ohwii (Caryophyllaceae), a replaced name for Melandrium nubigenum

Phytotaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 432 (3) ◽  
pp. 296-300
Author(s):  
TIAN-CHUAN HSU ◽  
CHUN-KUEI LIAO ◽  
SHIH-WEN CHUNG ◽  
WEI-JIE HUANG
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Area ◽  
Flowering Plants ◽  
The World ◽  
The Mediterranean

Silene Linnaeus (1753: 416) (Caryophyllaceae Juss.) is one of the largest genera of flowering plants in the world, consisting of about 700 species (Melzheimer 1988, Morton 2005) the majority of which are distributed in the Mediterranean area (Greuter 1995). The genus is critical from both taxonomic and nomenclatural points of views (see e.g., Petri et al. 2011, Rautenberg et al. 2011, Naciri et al. 2017, Đurović et al. 2018, Iamonico 2018).

scholarly journals 677 PB 183 IDENTIFICATION OF OLIVE (Olea europaea L.) CULTIVARS WITH RAPD MARKERS

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 529g-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Fabbri ◽  
J.I. Hormaza ◽  
V.S. Polito
Keyword(s):  
Rapd Markers ◽  
Random Amplified Polymorphic Dna ◽  
Mediterranean Area ◽  
Early Results ◽  
The World ◽  
Olive Cultivars ◽  
Olea Europea ◽  
Table Olive ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
High Degree

We have been screening olive (Olea europea L.) cultivars using the Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique. We examined 23 olive cultivars selected to represent the important olive-growing regions of the world. These include oil and table olive cultivars originating from throughout the Mediterranean area. A high degree of polymorphisms is evident in the olive germplasm we examined. Early results indicate that polymorphisms that exist within the species are sufficient to enable efficient development of RAPD markers for distinguishing olive cultivars.

Lythrum netofa (Lythraceae) a new species from a temporary flooded plain of Israel

Phytotaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 437 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-50
Author(s):  
ANTOINE GAZAIX ◽  
SHMUEL MAZAR ◽  
SHIR VERED
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
North America ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Mediterranean Area ◽  
Lythrum Salicaria ◽  
Temporary Pools ◽  
The World ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
A New Species

Species of the genus Lythrum Linnaeus (1753: 446) (Lythraceae) occur in temporary pools and wetlands (Morris, 2007) with about 35 species around the world (Graham, 2007). In the Mediterranean area, there are more than 10 species that mostly occur in temporary pools (Castroviejo Bolibar et al., 1997; Tison et al. 2014). Most of the species are also present in East and Central Asia (Webb, 1968). However, some species are limited to Europe, mostly Western Europe, e.g. L. flexuosum Lagasca (1816: 16) and L. baeticum González-Albo (1936: 141) (Castroviejo Bolibar et al., 1997), some are limited to West Asia, e.g. L. silenoides Boissier & Noë (in Boissier 1856: 55) (Ghazanfar, 2016), while Lythrum salicaria Linnaeus (1753: 446), the loosestrife, is widely distributed in Asia, Europe, Africa, Oceania and introduced in North America.

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