scholarly journals Mycobacterium Avium Paratuberculosis: A Disease Burden on the Dairy Industry

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1773
Author(s):  
Mary Garvey
Keyword(s):  
Economic Impact ◽  
Mycobacterium Avium ◽  
Dairy Industry ◽  
Latency Period ◽  
Johne's Disease ◽  
Johne’S Disease ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Infectious Dose ◽  
Mycobacterium Avium Paratuberculosis

Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis is responsible for paratuberculosis or Johne’s disease in cows, having economic impacts on the dairy industry and a prevalence rate exceeding 50% in dairy herds. The economic burden of Johne’s disease relates to decreased milk production and costs of disease prevention, treatment, and management, while having an economic impact on dairy producers, processors, consumers, and stakeholders of the dairy industry. Determining the true economic impact of the disease is difficult at regional and farm level as symptoms are not evident in subclinically infected animals. At present, the virulence, pathogenicity, persistence, and infectious dose of M. avium paratuberculosis are poorly understood, consequently effective paratuberculosis control measures remain obscure. M. avium paratuberculosis is potentially zoonotic with foodborne transmission a public health risk due to a possible causative link with inflammatory bowel disease in humans. A preventive approach is necessary to reduce the presence of this drug-resistant pathogen in dairy herds and subsequently dairy food. The use of inefficient diagnostic tests coupled with the long latency period of infection results in delayed animal culling and trade of asymptomatic animals, leading to regional transmission and increased disease prevalence. To date, there has been limited success at controlling and treating this terminal endemic disease, leading to significant prevalence rates. This study aims to outline the key factors associated with Johne’s’ disease while outlining its significant impact on the dairy sector.

scholarly journals Assessing the Inactivation of Mycobacterium avium subsp.paratuberculosisduring Composting of Livestock Carcasses

2013 ◽  
Vol 79 (10) ◽  
pp. 3215-3224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria L. Tkachuk ◽  
Denis O. Krause ◽  
Tim A. McAllister ◽  
Katherine E. Buckley ◽  
Tim Reuter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Avium ◽  
Latency Period ◽  
Johne's Disease ◽  
Johne’S Disease ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Cattle Industry ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Plastic Bags ◽  
Long Latency

ABSTRACTMycobacterium aviumsubsp.paratuberculosiscauses Johne's disease (JD) in ruminants, with substantial economic impacts on the cattle industry. Johne's disease is known for its long latency period, and difficulties in diagnosis are due to insensitivities of current detection methods. Eradication is challenging asM. aviumsubsp.paratuberculosiscan survive for extended periods within the environment, resulting in new infections in naïve animals (W. Xu et al., J. Environ. Qual. 38:437-450, 2009). This study explored the use of a biosecure, static composting structure to inactivateM. aviumsubsp.paratuberculosis. Mycobacterium smegmatiswas also assessed as a surrogate forM. aviumsubsp.paratuberculosis. Two structures were constructed to hold three cattle carcasses each. Naturally infected tissues and ground beef inoculated with laboratory-culturedM. aviumsubsp.paratuberculosisandM. smegmatiswere placed in nylon and plastic bags to determine effects of temperature and compost environment on viability over 250 days. After removal, samples were cultured and growth of both organisms was assessed after 12 weeks. After 250 days,M. aviumsubsp.paratuberculosiswas still detectable by PCR, whileM. smegmatiswas not detected after 67 days of composting. Furthermore,M. aviumsubsp.paratuberculosisremained viable in both implanted nylon and plastic bags over the composting period. As the compost never reached a homogenous thermophilic (55 to 65°C) state throughout each structure, anin vitroexperiment was conducted to examine viability ofM. aviumsubsp.paratuberculosisafter exposure to 80°C for 90 days. Naturally infected lymph tissues were mixed with and without compost. After 90 days,M. aviumsubsp.paratuberculosisremained viable despite exposure to temperatures typically higher than that achieved in compost. In conclusion, it is unlikely composting can be used as a means of inactivatingM. aviumsubsp.paratuberculosisassociated with cattle mortalities.

scholarly journals Within-herd prevalence thresholds for the detection of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis-positive dairy herds using boot swabs and liquid manure samples

2015 ◽  
Vol 144 (2) ◽  
pp. 413-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. DONAT ◽  
N. HAHN ◽  
T. EISENBERG ◽  
K. SCHLEZ ◽  
H. KÖHLER ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Avium ◽  
Mycobacterium Avium Subspecies Paratuberculosis ◽  
Threshold Level ◽  
Johne's Disease ◽  
Probability Of Detection ◽  
Johne’S Disease ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Liquid Manure ◽  
Herd Prevalence ◽  
Faecal Culture

SUMMARYThe control of Johne's disease requires the identification of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP)-positive herds. Boot swabs and liquid manure samples have been suggested as an easy-to-use alternative to sampling individual animals in order to diagnose subclinical Johne's disease at the herd level, but there is a need to evaluate performance of this approach in the field. Using a logistic regression model, this study aimed to calculate the threshold level of the apparent within-herd prevalence as determined by individual faecal culture, thus allowing the detection of whether a herd is MAP positive. A total of 77 boot swabs and 75 liquid manure samples were taken from 19 certified negative and 58 positive dairy herds. Faecal culture, three different polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods and the combination of faecal culture with PCR were applied in order to detect MAP. For 50% probability of detection, a within-herd prevalence threshold of 1·5% was calculated for testing both matrices simultaneously by faecal culture and PCR, with the threshold increased to 4·0% for 90% probability of detection. The results encourage the use of boot swabs or liquid manure samples, or a combination both, for identifying MAP-positive herds and, to a certain extent, for monitoring certified Johne's disease-negative cattle herds.

scholarly journals Membrane and Cytoplasmic Proteins of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis that Bind to Novel Monoclonal Antibodies

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 127 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Bannantine ◽  
Judith Stabel ◽  
John Lippolis ◽  
Timothy Reinhardt
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Mycobacterium Avium ◽  
Mycobacterium Avium Subspecies Paratuberculosis ◽  
Cell Extract ◽  
Johne's Disease ◽  
Johne’S Disease ◽  
Mass Spectrometry Analysis ◽  
Lambda Phage ◽  
Expression Library ◽  
Spectrometry Analysis

Monoclonal antibodies against Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (Map) proteins are important tools in Johne’s disease research and diagnostics. Johne’s disease is a chronic inflammatory intestinal disease of cattle, sheep, and other ruminant animals. We have previously generated multiple sets of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in different studies; however, because many were generated and screened against a whole-cell extract of Map, the antigens that bind to these antibodies remained unknown. In this study, we used three different approaches to identify the corresponding Map antigens for 14 mAbs that could not be identified previously. In the first approach, a new Map-lambda phage expression library was screened to identify corresponding antigens for 11 mAbs. This approach revealed that mAbs 7C8, 9H3, 12E4, 3G5, and 11B8 all detect MAP_3404 encoding the biotin carboxylase subunit of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, while mAbs 7A6, 11F8, and 10C12 detect the GroEL2 chaperonin (MAP_3936), 6C9 detects electron transfer flavoprotein (MAP_3060c), and 14G11 detects MAP_3976, a lipoprotein anchoring transpeptidase. The epitopes to a selection of these mAbs were also defined. In a second approach, MAP_2698c bound monoclonal antibody (mAb) 14D4 as determined using protein arrays. When both of these approaches failed to identify the antigen for mAb 12C9, immunoprecipitation, mass spectrometry analysis, and codon optimization was used to identify the membrane protein, MAP_4145, as the reacting antigen. Characterized antibodies were used to quickly interrogate mycobacterial proteomic preps. We conclude by providing a complete catalog of available mAbs to Map proteins, along with their cognate antigens and epitopes, if known. These antibodies are now thoroughly characterized and more useful for research and diagnostic purposes.

scholarly journals Successful control of Johne's disease in nine dairy herds: Results of a six-year field trial

2010 ◽  
Vol 93 (4) ◽  
pp. 1638-1643 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.T. Collins ◽  
V. Eggleston ◽  
E.J.B. Manning
Keyword(s):  
Field Trial ◽  
Johne's Disease ◽  
Johne’S Disease ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Successful Control
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