In vitro Efficacy of Albendazole against Strongyle eggs recovered from Trade Goats slaughtered at the Nsukka Abattoir: A Preliminary Survey of Resistance to Albendazole

The efficacy of Albendazole against trichostrongyle nematode parasites in goats presented for slaughter at the Nsukka municipal abattoir was evaluated using the In vitro Egg hatch assay (EHA) model. The abattoir was visited once every week for 4 consecutive months during which a total of 240 goats were sampled. Fecal samples were collected per rectum from a minimum of 15 goats on each day of the visit. Egg Hatch Assay was performed on strongyle eggs recovered from pooled faecal sample on each day of sampling with a 2.5% W/V Albendazole. Faecal culture was also set up from the pooled faecal sample on each sampling day to recover and identify the nematode parasites present in the goats. Among the 240 goats sampled, the prevalence of trichostrongylosis as observed by the presence of strongyle eggs was 94.6% (227/240). Faecal culture and larval identification revealed 69.8% of the strongyles as Haemonchus contortus, while 25.5 and 4.8% were Trichostrongylus colubriformis and Oesophagostomum species respectively. In the EHA, Albendazole had mean LC50 value of 0.16 µg/ml which is slightly in excess of the discriminating dose of 0.1µg/ml as prescribed by the World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (WAAVP) as an indication of anthelmintic resistance. There is therefore an urgent need to screen the nematode parasite population in the Nigeria for the presence Albendazole resistance genes. Key words: GI nematode; egg hatch assay; goat; Albendazole; Resistance; Nigeria

DESCRIPTION OF FAECAL CULTURE RESULTS IN DIARRHEA PATIENT DUE TO ANTIBIOTIC USE

DESCRIPTION OF FAECAL CULTURE RESULTS IN DIARRHEA PATIENT DUE TO ANTIBIOTIC USE 1Suci Tresna, IGAA Putri Sri Rejeki1 Puspa Wardhani1 1Clinical Pathology Spesialization Programme, Department of Clinical Pathology Faculty of Medicine Airlangga University-DR Soetomo Hospital Surabaya 2Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Airlangga UniversityDr. Soetomo Hospital, Surabaya ABSTRACT Background : Diarrhea infection is common in developing countries and causes death of around 3 million people every year. Diarrhea is also the second leading cause of death in infants. Riskesdas in 2013 showed 30,775 cases of diarrhea. Causes such as bacterial infections Salmonella, shigella, Vibrio, Entamoeba and Yersinia. Other influences can occur due to viral and fungal infections. Diarrhea is a nosocomial infection that is common in hospitalized patients due to long-term use of antibiotics caused by Clostridium difficile. This study was a follow-up study of diarrhea patients who received antibiotic therapy for more than 2 days with the results of C.difficile negative toxin, then continued with faecal culture examination. This study aims is to look the description causes of diarrhea other than c.difficile in patients that receiving long-term antibiotic therapyMethods: This research is experimental descriptive. Samples were taken from 30 diarrhea patients with 2 x 24 hours of antibiotic use who were hospitalized in the ICU, Dr. Soetomo Hospital Surabaya from August 2017-May 2018. Samples with negative C.difficile toxin results are then followed by faecal culture examination using conventional methods.Results: The results of culture examination from 30 samples there were 3 samples with positive culture results ESBL, 25 other samples showed negative culture results.Conclusion: The results of faecal culture examination showed a description causes of the diarrhea in patients that receiving antibiotic therapy is pathogenic E.coli (ESBL). The possibility of other causes that cannot be detected from the culture such as viral and fungal infections still requires further research.

Prevalence and intensity of Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus infestations in school children from the Lolodorf health district (Cameroon)

Parasitological investigations on Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus infesta tions were carried out in 541 school children from Lolodorf health district, South Region of Cameroon. Their stools were analyzed using the Kato-Katz technique and the faecal culture of hookworm eggs. Among the 541 children investigated, 4 were infested with A. duodenale (0.7%), 13 with N. americanus (2.4%) and 11 were co-infested with both nematodes species (2.3%), giving a global prevalence of 5.17%. No significant difference between these prevalences in relation to the child sex or age was noted. The low prevalence found for these hookworms could attributed to mass deworming campaigns against soil transmitted helminths implemented in Cameroon.

Johne’s disease: a successful eradication programme in a dairy goat herd

This retrospective analysis and report describes the successful eradication and posteradication surveillance programme for Johne’s disease (Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP)) in a closed herd of dairy goats. In 1994, MAP’s presence in the goat herd was first suspected through individual annual serological screening and then subsequently confirmed through faecal culture and histopathology in 1997 when implementation of a more aggressive programme of testing and eradication of the diseased animals began. This programme included frequent serological screening of all adult goats using ELISA and agar gel immunodiffusion assays. Faecal cultures for bacteria were performed on suspect or positive animals and for all goats found dead or euthanased, and tissues were submitted for histopathology and acid-fast staining. Additional disease eradication measures included maintaining a closed herd and minimising faecal-oral transmission of MAP. Following a more aggressive testing regimen and euthanasia of goats with positive faecal culture, the herd was first considered free of MAP in 2003 and has remained free to the present day.

Three-year monitoring of paratuberculosis in dairy cattle by pooled faecal culture and individual prevalence estimation

The objective of this study was to assess the implementation of a three-year Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis monitoring programme using pooled faecal culture in small and mediumsized dairy herds to classify them as infected or non-infected and apply proper hygiene and biosecurity measures. Over a three-year period, 35 dairy herds were analysed annually by faecal culture of ten pooled samples. In addition, proper hygiene and biosecurity protocols were implemented in the farms after the first testing round. Considering a herd as infected with at least one culture positive in any of the three years, the accumulated percentage of infected herds was 25.7%, 40% and 45.7%, for each year respectively. Assuming that all infected herds had been detected at the end of the study, the percentage of infected herds detected each year was 56.25% and 87.5% for the first and second year, respectively. Using frequentist and Bayesian approaches, the estimated individual prevalence revealed a downward trend from 3.30-3.65% in the first year to 1.66-1.86% in the third year. The results of this study indicate that pooled faecal culture allowed for proper classification of the herds and can be a useful tool for monitoring dairy herds against paratuberculosis. In addition, statistical analysis of pooled faecal culture results can be used to evaluate the evolution of individual prevalence in the population and therefore the function of the implemented control programmes.

External Quality Assessment in the Evaluation of Laboratory Performance of Faecal Culture

In Finland, all laboratories carrying out diagnostics of infectious diseases in humans are approved by the Regional State Administrative Agencies and are obligated to participate in External Quality Assurance rounds. Performance in these rounds is thought to reflect the quality of laboratory work. In the 6-year study period, 17 Finnish laboratories received 48 simulated faecal specimens for the culturing of diarrhoeal pathogens, yielding altogether 586 faecal culture External Quality Control specimens and 581 reports. The results were correct in 92% of all reports and in 67% of all specimens. False-negative Salmonella results were given for 2 of the 18 specimens, one with biochemically atypical Salmonella strain and the other with a low count of Salmonella cells. False-negative Shigella report was given for 6 of the 7 specimens in some participating laboratory. Detection of all common faecal pathogens is especially relevant to patient safety, public health, and epidemiological surveillance.

Pneumatosis coli in a dog – a serial radiographic study: a case report

A 12-year-old intact female poodle was presented with a history of an acute episode of tenesmus and passage of ribbon-shaped stools. Anaemia, leucocytosis, hypoalbuminaemia, hyperglycaemia, and elevated ALP were found. Faecal floatation and wet mount preparation were negative for parasites. Anaerobic faecal culture resulted in a heavy growth of Clostridium. Survey abdominal radiographs revealed extensive intramural emphysema of colon and rectum. Ultrasonography of the abdomen revealed bright echoes within the layers of the colon wall, confirming the accumulation of intramural gas. Abdominal computed tomography revealed extraluminal gas tracking along the colon and the rectum. Based on the radiographic, ultrasonographic, and computed tomographic findings, the present case was diagnosed as pneumatosis coli with an underlying cause of bacterial overgrowth. The patient was treated with antibiotics for seventeen days. Clinical signs were resolved after three days of treatment. Decreased intramural gas accumulation was evident during radiography of the abdomen performed at fourteen days after the initial evaluation. Therefore, pneumatosis coli should be considered when a dog is presented with clinical signs of colitis.