scholarly journals Give Them a Toy or Increase Time out of Kennel at Lawn Areas: What Is the Influence of These Interventions on Police Dogs’ Welfare?

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 2264
Author(s):  
Letícia Bicudo Nogueira ◽  
Rupert Palme ◽  
Olívia Mendonça-Furtado
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Environmental Enrichment ◽  
Cumulative Effect ◽  
Stereotyped Behaviour ◽  
Time Out ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Endocrine Parameters ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Police Dogs ◽  
Cortisol Metabolites

This work was aimed at identifying the effectiveness of two interventions applied to a group of eight kennelled police dogs. Interventions consisted of access to a lawn area (350 m2) and “toy” (a 30 cm jute rag roll, hanging from the kennel ceiling), both available for 15 min a day, for four days in a row. We collected behavioural data and faecal samples for cortisol metabolites evaluation before, during and after interventions. Faecal cortisol metabolites levels were significantly reduced (Friedman, X2(3) =12.450; p = 0.006) during the second round of intervention, regardless of the type of intervention, indicating that the interventions can have a beneficial cumulative effect. Regarding the frequency of stereotyped behaviour, cluster analysis identified two groups of individuals: (1) high-stereotyping individuals (n = 3) that had a tendency to reduce stereotyping behaviours in the lawn intervention when compared to toy intervention (Friedman, X2(3) = 2.530; p = 0.068), and (2) low-stereotyping animals (n = 5) that did not present significant behavioural changes during the experiment. The variety of behavioural and endocrine parameters evaluated highlights the need to account for the individual in behaviour and welfare research. Overall, our results suggest that even simple environmental enrichment can be an effective method to mitigate behaviour and physiological signs of stress.

scholarly journals Farms Typologies and Their Impact on the Development of Rural Areas in Moldova

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 190-195
Author(s):  
Liliana Cimpoies ◽  
Elena Semionova
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Rural Economy ◽  
Family Farms ◽  
Market Place ◽  
Sustainable Rural Development ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

Abstract For Moldova’s agriculture are characterized the existence of many small family farms and only a small number of corporate holdings (limited liabilities companies, agricultural production cooperatives etc). Most of individual farms, small by size produce only for own family consumption and cannot find their way to the market place. The accentuated poverty makes rural economy to flow more and more to a natural subsistence economy, isolating itself from the market economy. The goal of this paper is to delimitate different types of farms based on selected indicators and to appreciate their level of development. Differences in farms levels of development are appreciated through cluster analysis. The research includes the analysis of farms survey data. This research was carried as a part of the Academy of Sciences project “Sustainable rural development in Republic of Moldova in the context of EU accession”. In the project were surveyed 938 individual farms from nine districts across the country. As a result, we distinguish three types of farms: natural, family and market household. The cluster analysis allows to characterize the farms level development, to determine the main priority directions, and to elaborate measures for the individual farms further sustainable development.

scholarly journals Psychophysiological features of fighters of different tactical styles of conducting competitive duels

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 63
Author(s):  
G.O. Ogar ◽  
E.I. Lewandowski
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster Analysis ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Time Switching ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Switching Attention ◽  
Individual Training

<p><strong>Objective</strong>: To determine the psychophysiological features of skilled freestyle wrestlers with different tactical ways of fighting.</p><p><strong>Materials and Methods</strong>: The study involved 15 freestyle wrestlers who are students of the H.S. Skovoroda Kharkiv National Pedagogical University.  The athletes had experience in free-wrestling from 5 to 7 years, qualification of the  Meister kandidat (n = 6) and the 1st sports category (n = 9), age of the examinees - 17-21 years. With the help of V. Schulte's technique, testing of stability of attention and dynamics of efficiency of fighters was carried out. The indicators of switching and distribution of attention of the investigated by the method of FD were also tested. Humpback. A hierarchical cluster analysis of psychophysiological test results was conducted, according to which the investigated fighters were divided into two groups.</p><p> <strong>Results</strong>: According to the results of testing psychophysiological indicators, some differences were found between the groups. Cluster analysis of testing results of psychophysiological features of freestyle wrestlers divided the studied athletes into two groups. The first group includes fighters who lead competitive duels against defense, using mostly counter-attacks (defensive, counter-attacking style of conducting a competitive duel). The second group of investigated fighters included athletes, who are fighting in an active style (attacking style of running a competitive fight). The wrestlers of the second group, in terms of performance (p &lt;0.001) outperform the athletes of the first group. The first group studied showed a better time switching attention than their opponents (p&lt;0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions</strong>: The results of the study can be used in the individual training of fighters to determine the optimal tactical manner of the fight for specific athletes.</p>

scholarly journals A modelling approach to estimate the sensitivity of pooled faecal samples for isolation of Salmonella in pigs

2005 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 365-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark E Arnold ◽  
Alasdair Cook ◽  
Rob Davies
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Individual Sample ◽  
Sensitive Test ◽  
Sample Weight ◽  
Sample Weights ◽  
Test Sensitivity ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Modelling Approach

The objective of this study was to develop and parametrize a mathematical model of the sensitivity of pooled sampling of faeces to detect Salmonella infection in pigs. A mathematical model was developed to represent the effect of pooling on the probability of Salmonella isolation. Parameters for the model were estimated using data obtained by collecting 50 faecal samples from each of two pig farms. Each sample was tested for Salmonella at individual sample weights of 0.1, 0.5, 1, 10 and 25 g and pools of 5, 10 and 20 samples were created from the individual samples. The highest test sensitivity for individual samples was found at 10 g (90% sensitivity), with the 25 g test sensitivity equal to 83%. For samples of less than 10 g, sensitivity was found to reduce with sample weight. Incubation for 48 h was found to produce a more sensitive test than incubation for 24 h. Model results found increasing sensitivity with more samples in the pool, with the pools of 5, 10 and 20 being more sensitive than individual sampling, and the pools of 20 being the most sensitive of those considered.

Queer Structures of Religious Feeling: What Time Is Now?

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann Pellegrini
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Individual Subject ◽  
Psychoanalysis And Religion ◽  
Time Out ◽  
Religious Feeling ◽  
The Times ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Queer Temporality

This essay asks what psychoanalysis and religion might have to say to each other in view of Freud’s secular aspirations and queer theory’s temporal turn. Both queer temporality and psychoanalysis offer resources for understanding the multiple ways time coats, codes, and disciplines the body in secular modernity. This is so even though psychoanalysis is one of these disciplines. Nevertheless, the times of psychoanalysis are multiple. On the one hand, psychoanalysis quite frequently lays down a teleology in which the individual subject matures along a set pathway. On the other hand, this developmental imperative is at profound odds with psychoanalysis’s capacity to make room for the co-existence of past and present in ways that confound secular time’s forward march. This latter recognition—co-temporality—may even lay down routes for the cultivation of “counter-codes” (Foucault’s term), ways of living and experiencing and telling time out of sync with the linear logics of what José Muñoz has called “straight time.”

scholarly journals Profiling of primary metabolites in grapes of interspecific grapevine varieties: sugars and organic acids

2011 ◽  
Vol 29 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 361-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Pavloušek ◽  
M. Kumšta
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Vitis Vinifera ◽  
Hplc Method ◽  
The Other ◽  
Vitis Vinifera L ◽  
Primary Metabolites ◽  
Primary And Secondary Metabolites ◽  
The Individual

The quality of grapes is determined above all by the contents of the primary and secondary metabolites. The primary metabolites involve sugars and organic acids, and just these compounds are dealt with in this study. Its objective was to analyse and critically evaluate the primary metabolites in new interspecific varieties and, based on a comparison with European varieties of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.), to find out the similarities and also possible differences between them. The study evaluates and compares 4 conventional varieties of Vitis vinifera with 11 new interspecific cultivars. The contents and compositions of the individual sugars and acids were estimated by means of the HPLC method. Most of these varieties belong to the group with either medium or low content of malic acid, i.e. with a medium to high &beta; ratio. This corroborates the similarity of interspecific varieties to those of V. vinifera. The cluster analysis identified the existence of two interesting groups of varieties: the first one involved the varieties Riesling, Nativa, Marlen, and Kofranka while the other group consisted of varieties Blaufr&auml;nkisch, Blauer Portugieser, and Laurot. This observation also indicates similarity between Vitis vinifera L. varieties and interspecific cultivars and demonstrates that the contents of the primary metabolites (i.e. sugars and organic acids) are also comparable.

scholarly journals In vitro antagonistic effect of nisin on faecal enterococci and staphylococci

2001 ◽  
Vol 46 (No. 9–10) ◽  
pp. 237-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Lauková ◽  
I. Štyriak ◽  
M. Mareková
Keyword(s):  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Antagonistic Effect ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
European Bison ◽  
Nisin Concentration ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
The Individual

Enterococci and staphylococci, isolates from faecal samples of 46 different animals such as deer, chamois, European bison, zebra, camel, antelope, gazelle, horse, and piglets were treated by nisin (concentration 1 mg/ml). Only two strains (SX38 and EA163), isolates from the faeces of deer were not inhibited by nisin under&nbsp;in vitro&nbsp;conditions. It means 97.4% of target isolates were inhibited by nisin and 2.6% were resistant. The majority of microorganisms were inhibited by nisin under MIC 1.56&ndash;100 &micro;g/ml. Twenty-two percent out of 77 isolates were inhibited by MIC of nisin 3.12 &micro;g.Enterococcus&nbsp;sp. E6B strain was found the most sensitive (inhibition by MIC 1.56 &micro;g of nisin). Although only a few staphylococci were tested, most of them were inhibited by nisin. Even though the effect of nisin on the individual species was not evaluated, its effect on the group of bacteria is already important. In general, the properties of nisin indicate a broad spectrum of its utilization.

scholarly journals An Approach for Simulation of the Muscle Force Modeling It by Summation of Motor Unit Contraction Forces

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rositsa Raikova ◽  
Hristo Aladjov ◽  
Jan Celichowski ◽  
Piotr Krutki
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Force ◽  
Cumulative Effect ◽  
Motor Units ◽  
Medial Gastrocnemius ◽  
Size Principle ◽  
Firing Patterns ◽  
Force Modeling ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Whole Muscle ◽  
Medial Gastrocnemius Muscle

Muscle force is due to the cumulative effect of repetitively contracting motor units (MUs). To simulate the contribution of each MU to whole muscle force, an approach implemented in a novel computer program is proposed. The individual contraction of an MU (the twitch) is modeled by a 6-parameter analytical function previously proposed; the force of one MU is a sum of its contractions due to an applied stimulation pattern, and the muscle force is the sum of the active MUs. The number of MUs, the number of slow, fast-fatigue-resistant, and fast-fatigable MUs, and their six parameters as well as a file with stimulation patterns for each MU are inputs for the developed software. Different muscles and different firing patterns can be simulated changing the input data. The functionality of the program is illustrated with a model consisting of 30 MUs of rat medial gastrocnemius muscle. The twitches of these MUs were experimentally measured and modeled. The forces of the MUs and of the whole muscle were simulated using different stimulation patterns that included different regular, irregular, synchronous, and asynchronous firing patterns of MUs. The size principle of MUs for recruitment and derecruitment was also demonstrated using different stimulation paradigms.

Ability Classification in Ninth Grade Algebra

1929 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-48
Author(s):  
L. E. Mensenkamp
Keyword(s):  
Cumulative Effect ◽  
Ninth Grade ◽  
Grade School ◽  
School Population ◽  
Ability Groups ◽  
The Individual

Certain tendencies which have long been operating in our schools have by their cumulative effect brought about a change in the ninth grade school population which has made classification into ability groups and other devices for adjusting instruction to the varying needs of the individual pupil more important than ever before.

Smart Car Sharing

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. 3285-3289
Author(s):  
S. Murugan ◽  
K. Madhu Varma ◽  
M. Y. N. Sai Prudhvi
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Time Sharing ◽  
Car Sharing ◽  
Ride Sharing ◽  
Time Out ◽  
Social Productivity ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The City ◽  
Individual Dimension ◽  
Day By Day

With the tremendous increment in number of vehicles on street, individuals around the nation particularly in metro urban areas have begun confronting issue now because of increment in rush hour gridlock which added a hour or so to their day by day voyaging time. Out of couple of, one of the techniques to decrease this hopelessness of explorers is to make them share vehicles. In Existing System, With in the city or Particular Destination just The Car Services is Available. The objective of this work is to design a “car pooling,” which is a use of vehicle sharing (additionally called lift-sharing or ride-sharing) in which drivers (alone-riders) who are heading out to work alone can request individual travelers through our application. For the individuals who utilize open transport framework to go to work day by day can utilize this application to discover drivers who are heading out to a similar goal and willing to share ride. Get-together individuals into normal excursions prompts individual and social productivity. At an individual dimension, it lessens the complete voyaging cost and the driving worry also. In spite of the fact that it is less agreeable than utilizing the individual vehicle and individuals generally require more opportunity for playing out the movement, the wide acknowledgment of the mutual use portability demonstrates its feasibility, with down to earth advancements not so much investigated. By utilizing this strategy the Users can Travel Anywhere with Low expense. This won’t just dispose of the additional voyage time of travelers yet will likewise help condition by diminishing contamination and traffic on streets. This person to person communication application is additionally called toll sharing and time sharing as you will be you are imparting both to individual voyagers.

Silent Enim Leges Inter Arma– but Beware the Background Noise: Domestic Courts as Agents of Development of the Law on the Conduct of Hostilities

2013 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 599-614 ◽  
Author(s):  
YAËL RONEN
Keyword(s):  
Background Noise ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Cumulative Effect ◽  
Structural Constraints ◽  
National Interests ◽  
Domestic Courts ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Individual

AbstractThis article highlights the challenges to the operation of domestic courts as agents of development of the laws of armed conflict and particularly of the law on the conduct of hostilities. The first part of the article concerns the spillover from various branches of the laws of armed conflict to the law regarding the conduct of hostilities. The second part of the article addresses the structural constraints on domestic courts in deciding issues relating to the laws of armed conflict, focusing on the conflict between their role as guardians of national interests and their judicial commitment to protecting the individual. The cumulative effect of these characteristics of domestic litigation suggests that the laws of armed conflict, and particularly the law on the conduct of hostilities, are not necessarily well served by development through domestic jurisprudence.

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