scholarly journals Molecular Survey of Viral Poultry Diseases with an Indirect Public Health Significance in Central Ethiopia

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 3564
Author(s):  
Behailu Assefa Wayou ◽  
Gezahegne Mamo Kassa ◽  
Daniela Pasotto ◽  
Teshale Sori ◽  
Claudia Maria Tucciarone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Virus ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Food Resource ◽  
Bursa Of Fabricius ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Fta Cards ◽  
High Quality Protein ◽  
Bursal Disease ◽  
Routine Basis ◽  
Health Significance

The importance of poultry production is globally increasing, in Ethiopia as well, where high-quality protein and contained costs make poultry a valuable food resource. However, this entails some problems linked to rural, backyard and intensively reared flock proximity and pathogen circulation. This study is aimed at monitoring the presence of important viral pathogens in poultry (infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), avian metapneumovirus (aMPV), infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) and Newcastle disease virus (NDV)) in Ethiopia. Respiratory and cloacal swabs and bursa of Fabricius and kidney imprints on FTA cards were collected in 2021 from 16 farms and tested for IBV, aMPV, NDV and IBDV. One farm was positive for IBDV, resulting in strains similar to those present in vaccines, belonging to genogroup A1a; two farms were positive for IBV but, due to sensitivity limits, only one sample was sequenced, resulting in a 4/91-like strain (GI-13); a layer farm tested positive for NDV with a Lasota-like vaccine strain. These findings suggest a low presence of these pathogens, probably due to the implementation of vaccination strategies, which is also testified by the detection of vaccine strains. A close diagnostic activity should be implemented on a routine basis in order to monitor pathogen circulation, ameliorate biosecurity measures and protect animal health and production levels.

scholarly journals Genome-wide analysis of differentially expressed mRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs in chicken bursae of Fabricius during infection with very virulent infectious bursal disease virus

BMC Genomics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuewei Huang ◽  
Junyan Zhang ◽  
Zengsu Liu ◽  
Meng Wang ◽  
Xiaolong Fan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Infectious Bursal Disease Virus ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Circular Rna ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Bursa Of Fabricius ◽  
Infectious Bursal Disease ◽  
Non Coding Rna ◽  
Bursal Disease

Abstract Background Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) causes acute, highly contagious, immunosuppressive, and lethal infectious disease in young chickens and mainly infects the bursa of Fabricius (BF). To investigate interactions between IBDV and its host, RNA sequencing was applied to analyze the responses of the differentially expressed transcriptional profiles of BF infected by very virulent IBDV (vvIBDV). Results In total, 317 upregulated and 94 downregulated mRNAs were found to be significantly differentially expressed in infected chickens, compared to controls. Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) and circular RNA (circRNA) alterations were identified in IBDV-infected chickens, and significantly different expression was observed in 272 lncRNAs and 143 circRNAs. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analyses were performed to assess the functions of significantly dysregulated genes, which showed that the JAK-STAT signaling pathway, the NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, and apoptosis may be activated by IBDV infection. We predicted interactions between differentially expressed genes and produced lncRNA-mRNA and circRNA-miRNA-mRNA regulator network. Conclusions The present study identified the expression profiles of mRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs during vvIBDV infection and provides new insights into the pathogenesis of IBDV and antiviral immunity of the host.

scholarly journals Pathogenicity and Effects on Lymphoid Organs of Recent Moroccan Very Virulent Infectious Bursal Disease Virus in Broilers and SPF Chickens

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charifa DRISSI TOUZANI ◽  
Imane MAAROUFI ◽  
Siham FELLAHI ◽  
Ikhlass EL BERBRI ◽  
Fatima-zohra SIKHT ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Virus ◽  
Infectious Bursal Disease Virus ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Total Mortality ◽  
Bursa Of Fabricius ◽  
Infectious Bursal Disease ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Bursal Disease ◽  
Specific Pathogen ◽  
And Control

Abstract The aim of the current study is to evaluate the pathogenicity of recent infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) (1/chicken/Morocco/IB19/2017) genetically characterized as vvIBDV belonging to genogroup 3.Two chicken lines, broiler and specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens, were inoculated by occulonasal route with 0.2 ml of the 105EID50 /ml of viral solution of IB19 vvIBDV strain at 29 days of age. The experimental monitoring was carried out during 10 days post challenge (dpc). The clinical signs stared on day 2 pc with maximum severity observed between 3 and 6 dpc. The total mortality rate reached 10% in broilers (group G1) and 93% in SPF (G3). The macroscopic lesions in broilers G1 was a marked hypertrophy of the bursa of Fabricius (BF) with slight haemorrhage observed between 2 to 4 dpc, followed by very pronounced atrophy observed on the 5 dpc. The post-mortem examinations of dead SPF birds (G3) revealed on 3 dpc very haemorrhagic BF with black cherry appearance in 80 % of dead birds. The mean Bursa/Body Index (BBI) of challenged broilers (G1) showed a decrease of 46% on day 9 pc compared to broilers control group (G2) indicating bursal atrophy. The microscopic lesions found in the BF on 3 dpc consisted mainly of inflammation with severe lymphoid depletion of the follicles. The evaluation of recent vvIBDV outbreak is very important to understand its epidemiology and will contribute to the efficient prevention and control of IBD.

scholarly journals The expression in plants of an engineered VP2 protein of Infectious Bursal Disease Virus induces formation of structurally heterogeneous particles that protect from a very virulent viral strain

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. e0247134
Author(s):  
Carla Marusic ◽  
Charifa Drissi Touzani ◽  
Alessio Bortolami ◽  
Marcello Donini ◽  
Claudia Zanardello ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Virus ◽  
Infectious Bursal Disease Virus ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Sucrose Density Gradient ◽  
Bursa Of Fabricius ◽  
Infectious Bursal Disease ◽  
Structural Protein ◽  
Vp2 Protein ◽  
Bursal Disease ◽  
Specific Pathogen

Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (IBDV), the etiological agent of Gumboro disease, causes mortality and immunosuppression in chickens and major losses to poultry industry worldwide. The IBDV major capsid protein VP2 is considered the best candidate for the production of novel subunit vaccines. This structural protein contains the major conformational epitopes responsible for the induction of IBDV neutralizing antibodies in chickens and has been demonstrated able to form supramolecular structures in yeast and insect cells. The aim of this study was to express an engineered version of the VP2 protein (His-pVP2) to verify its ability to self-assemble into virus-like particles in plants. The recombinant VP2 was transiently expressed by agroinfiltration in Nicotiana benthamiana and transmission electron microscopy of sucrose density gradient fractions revealed the presence of a mixed population of differently shaped particles ranging from spherical capsids, with a diameter between ~25 and ~70 nm, to tubular structures, with variable length (from 100 to 400 nm). The recombinant VP2-based particles when used for the intramuscular immunization of specific-pathogen-free chicks resulted able to induce the production of anti-IBDV specific antibodies at titers comparable to those induced by a commercial vaccine. Moreover, all the immunized birds survived to the challenge with a Moroccan very virulent IBDV strain with no major histomorphological alterations of the Bursa of Fabricius, similarly to what obtained with the commercial inactivated vaccine.

scholarly journals Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Activates c-Src To Promote α4β1 Integrin-Dependent Viral Entry by Modulating the Downstream Akt-RhoA GTPase-Actin Rearrangement Cascade

2016 ◽  
Vol 91 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chengjin Ye ◽  
Xinpeng Han ◽  
Zhaoli Yu ◽  
Enli Zhang ◽  
Lijuan Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Virus ◽  
Infectious Bursal Disease Virus ◽  
Dominant Negative ◽  
Bursa Of Fabricius ◽  
Infectious Bursal Disease ◽  
Dominant Negative Mutant ◽  
Rhoa Gtpase ◽  
Bursal Disease ◽  
Rhoa Signaling ◽  
Actin Rearrangement

ABSTRACT While the entry of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) is initiated by the binding of the virus to the two major receptors integrin and HSP90, the signaling events after receptor binding and how they contribute to virus entry remain elusive. We show here that IBDV activates c-Src by inducing the phosphorylation of the Y416 residue in c-Src both in DF-1 chicken fibroblasts and in vivo in the bursa of Fabricius from specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens. Importantly, inactivated IBDV fails to stimulate c-Src Y416 phosphorylation, and a very virulent IBDV strain induces a much higher level of c-Src Y416 phosphorylation than does an attenuated strain. Inhibition of c-Src activation by an Src kinase inhibitor or expression of a c-Src dominant negative mutant results in a significant decrease in the internalization of IBDV but has little effect on virus adhesion. Furthermore, short hairpin RNA (shRNA) downregulation of integrin, either the α4 or β1 subunit, but not HSP90 remarkably attenuates IBDV-induced c-Src Y416 phosphorylation, resulting in a decrease in IBDV internalization but not virus adhesion. Moreover, interestingly, inhibition of either c-Src downstream of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt-RhoA signaling cascade or actin rearrangement leads to a significant decrease in IBDV internalization irrespective of the IBDV-induced high levels of c-Src phosphorylation. Cumulatively, our results suggest a novel feed-forward model whereby IBDV activates c-Src for benefiting its cell entry via an integrin-mediated pathway by the activation of downstream PI3K/Akt-RhoA signaling and cytoskeleton actin rearrangement. IMPORTANCE While IBDV-caused immunosuppression is highly related to viral invasion, the molecular basis of the cellular entry of IBDV remains elusive. In this study, we demonstrate that IBDV activates c-Src by inducing the phosphorylation of the Y416 residue in c-Src to promote virus internalization but not virus adhesion. The ability to induce the level of c-Src Y416 phosphorylation correlates with the pathogenicity of an IBDV strain. IBDV-induced c-Src Y416 activation is α4β1 integrin but not HSP90 dependent and involves the activation of the downstream PI3K/Akt-RhoA GTPase-actin rearrangement cascade. Thus, our findings provide new insights into the IBDV infection process and the potential for c-Src as a candidate target for the development of IBDV therapeutic drugs.

scholarly journals Evaluating Disease Threats to Sustainable Poultry Production in Africa: Newcastle Disease, Infectious Bursal Disease, and Avian Infectious Bronchitis in Commercial Poultry Flocks in Kano and Oyo States, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abel B. Ekiri ◽  
Bryony Armson ◽  
Kehinde Adebowale ◽  
Isabella Endacott ◽  
Erika Galipo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Virus ◽  
Newcastle Disease ◽  
Infectious Bursal Disease Virus ◽  
Infectious Bursal Disease ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Genotype 3 ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Infectious Bronchitis ◽  
Bursal Disease ◽  
Commercial Poultry

The growth of the poultry industry in Nigeria is constrained by major poultry diseases, despite the implementation of vaccination programs. This study aimed to assess the level of protection against Newcastle disease (ND), infectious bursal disease (IBD), and avian infectious bronchitis (IB) afforded by current vaccination schedules and characterize the circulating virus strains in commercial poultry flocks in Nigeria. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 44 commercial poultry farms in Oyo and Kano states of Nigeria. Serum and tissue samples and data on flock, clinical and vaccination records were collected on each farm. Farms were classified as being protected or not protected against ND, IBD and IB based on a defined criterion. Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) testing was performed for each target virus on tissue samples and positive samples were sequenced. A total of 15/44 (34.1%), 35/44 (79.5%), and 1/44 (2.3%) farms were considered to be protected against ND, IBD, and IB, respectively, at the time of sampling. NDV RNA was detected on 7/44 (15.9%) farms and sequences obtained from 3/7 farms were characterized as the lentogenic strain. Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) RNA was detected on 16/44 (36.4%) farms tested; very virulent (vv) IBDV and non-virulent (nv) IBDV strains were both detected in 3/16 (18.8%) positive samples. Sequences of IBDV isolates were either clustered with a group of genotype 3 virulent IBDV strains or were related to vaccine strains MB and D78 strains. IBV RNA was detected on 36/44 (81.8%) farms, with variant02, Massachusetts, 4/91, and Q1 variants detected. Sequences of IBV isolates were either clustered with the vaccines strains Massachusetts M41 and H120 or were most closely related to the D274-like strains or a clade of sequences reported in Nigeria and Niger in 2006 and 2007. This study revealed that most study farms in Oyo and Kano states did not have adequate protective antibody titers against IBV and NDV and were therefore at risk of field challenge. Infectious bursal disease virus and IBV RNA were detected on farms with a history of vaccination suggesting potential vaccination failure, or that the vaccine strains used mismatch with the circulating strains and are therefore not protective.

scholarly journals Development of a Novel Assay Based on Plant-Produced Infectious Bursal Disease Virus VP3 for the Differentiation of Infected From Vaccinated Animals

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessio Bortolami ◽  
Marcello Donini ◽  
Carla Marusic ◽  
Chiara Lico ◽  
Charifa Drissi Touzani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Virus ◽  
Infectious Bursal Disease Virus ◽  
Severe Infection ◽  
Bursa Of Fabricius ◽  
Infectious Bursal Disease ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Bursal Disease ◽  
Specific Pathogen

Infectious bursal disease virus is the causative agent of Gumboro disease, a severe infection that affects young chickens and is associated with lymphoid depletion in the bursa of Fabricius. Traditional containment strategies are based either on inactivated or live-attenuated vaccines. These approaches have several limitations such as residual virulence or low efficacy in the presence of maternally derived antibodies (MDA) but, most importantly, the impossibility to detect the occurrence of natural infections in vaccinated flocks. Therefore, the development of novel vaccination strategies allowing the differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA) is a priority. Recently, commercial vectored and experimental subunit vaccines based on VP2 have been proved effective in protecting from clinical disease and posed the basis for the development of novel DIVA strategies. In this study, an engineered version of the VP3 protein of IBDV (His-VP3) was produced in plants, successfully purified from Nicotiana benthamiana leaves, and used to develop an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of anti-VP3 antibodies. The His-VP3 ELISA was validated with a panel of 180 reference sera and demonstrated to have 100% sensitivity (95% CI: 94.7–100.0) and 94.17% specificity (95% CI: 88.4–97.6). To evaluate the application of His-VP3 ELISA as a DIVA test, the novel assay was used to monitor, in combination with a commercial kit, detecting anti-VP2 antibodies, the immune response of chickens previously immunized with an inactivated IBDV vaccine, a recombinant Turkey herpes virus carrying the VP2 of IBDV (HVT-ND-IBD) or with plant-produced VP2 particles. The combined tests correctly identified the immune status of the vaccinated specific pathogen free white-leghorn chickens. Moreover, the His-VP3 ELISA correctly detected MDA against VP3 in commercial broiler chicks and showed that antibody titers fade with time, consistent with the natural decrease of maternally derived immunity. Finally, the novel assay, in combination with a VP2-specific ELISA, demonstrated its potential application as a DIVA test in chickens inoculated with VP2-based vaccines, being able to detect the seroconversion after challenge with a very virulent IBDV strain.

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