Effect of Streptococcus uberis on Gamma Delta T Cell Phenotype in Bovine Mammary Gland

In this study, we focused analyzing γδ T cells during bovine mammary gland inflammation induced by Streptococcus uberis. A mammary gland cell suspension was obtained using lavage 24, 48, 72, and 168 h after intramammary-induced infection. The proportion of lymphocytes increased during the entire week in which inflammation was present. The γδ T cells were also elevated during inflammation, reaching their peak at 72 h following induced inflammation. The percentage of apoptotic lymphocytes continually increased, with the highest proportion occurring 168 h after S. uberis infection. The results show that γδ T cells may be involved in the resolution of inflammation in bovine mammary glands, with the apoptosis of those cells potentially playing an important role.

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Expression of gamma/delta T cell receptors on lymphocytes from the lactating mammary gland.

Journal of Experimental Medicine ◽

10.1084/jem.172.4.1263 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 172 (4) ◽

pp. 1263-1266 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

C Reardon ◽

L Lefrancois ◽

A Farr ◽

R Kubo ◽

R O'Brien ◽

...

Keyword(s):

T Cells ◽

Mammary Gland ◽

T Cell ◽

Lymph Nodes ◽

T Cell Receptors ◽

Mammary Glands ◽

Gamma Delta ◽

Lactating Mammary Gland ◽

Gamma Delta T Cell ◽

Delta Cells

gamma/delta cells were at least four times more frequent in lactating mouse mammary glands than among T cells of the most proximal lymph nodes. Two-color staining of freshly isolated T cells and a study of clonally expressed gamma/delta receptors on hybridomas further revealed that the mammary gamma/delta population is heterogeneous, including at least three different subsets, among them cells expressing V gamma 5, V gamma 4 together with V delta 4, or none of these V regions.

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Comparative Gamma Delta T Cell Immunology: A Focus on Mycobacterial Disease in Cattle

Veterinary Medicine International ◽

10.4061/2011/214384 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 2011 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Brandon L. Plattner ◽

Jesse M. Hostetter

Keyword(s):

T Cells ◽

Host Response ◽

Γδ T Cells ◽

Mycobacterial Infection ◽

T Helper ◽

Gamma Delta ◽

T Helper 1 ◽

T Helper 2 ◽

Gamma Delta T Cell ◽

T Cell Immunology

A theme among many pathogenic mycobacterial species affecting both humans and animals is a prolonged asymptomatic or latent period that can last years to decades. The mechanisms that favor progression to active disease are not well understood. Pathogen containment is often associated with an effective cell-mediated or T-helper 1 immune profile. With certain pathogenic mycobacteria, such asMycobacterium aviumsubspeciesparatuberculosis, a shift to active clinical disease is associated with loss of T-helper 1 immunity and development of an ineffective humoral or T-helper 2 immune response. Recently γδ T cells have been shown to play a role early in mycobacterial infections and have been hypothesized to influence disease outcome. The purpose of this paper is to compare recent advancements in our understanding of γδ T cells in humans, cattle, and mice and to discuss roles of γδ T cells in host response to mycobacterial infection.

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Structure and specificity of T cell receptor gamma/delta on major histocompatibility complex antigen-specific CD3+, CD4-, CD8- T lymphocytes.

Journal of Experimental Medicine ◽

10.1084/jem.168.5.1899 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 168 (5) ◽

pp. 1899-1916 ◽

Cited By ~ 147

Author(s):

J A Bluestone ◽

R Q Cron ◽

M Cotterman ◽

B A Houlden ◽

L A Matis

Keyword(s):

T Cells ◽

T Cell ◽

Cell Line ◽

Gene Segment ◽

Cell Receptor ◽

Gamma Delta ◽

Human T Cells ◽

T Cell Lines ◽

Gamma Delta T Cell ◽

Delta Cells

Analyses of TCR-bearing murine and human T cells have defined a unique subpopulation of T cells that express the TCR-gamma/delta proteins. The specificity of TCR-gamma/delta T cells and their role in the immune response have not yet been elucidated. Here we examine alloreactive TCR-gamma/delta T cell lines and clones that recognize MHC-encoded antigens. A BALB/c nu/nu (H-2d)-derived H-2k specific T cell line and derived clones were both cytolytic and released lymphokines after recognition of a non-classical H-2 antigen encoded in the TL region of the MHC. These cells expressed the V gamma 2/C gamma 1 protein in association with a TCR-delta gene product encoded by a Va gene segment rearranged to two D delta and one J delta variable elements. A second MHC-specific B10 nu/nu (H-2b) TCR-gamma/delta T cell line appeared to recognize a classical H-2D-encoded MHC molecule and expressed a distinct V gamma/C gamma 4-encoded protein. These data suggest that many TCR-gamma/delta-expressing T cells may recognize MHC-linked antigens encoded within distinct subregions of the MHC. The role of MHC-specific TCR-gamma/delta cells in immune responses and their immunological significance are discussed.

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Histochemical localization and possible antibacterial role of xanthine oxidase in the bovine mammary gland

Journal of Dairy Research ◽

10.1017/s0022029900025814 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 55 (1) ◽

pp. 25-32 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Robert A. Collins ◽

Keith R. Parsons ◽

Terry R. Field ◽

A. John Bramley

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Mammary Gland ◽

Xanthine Oxidase ◽

Histochemical Localization ◽

Bovine Mammary Gland ◽

Streptococcus Uberis ◽

Antibacterial Assay ◽

Secretory Tissue ◽

Teat Canal

SummaryXanthine oxidase (XO) was demonstrated to be present in the teat canal and secretory tissue of the bovine mammary gland by histochemical techniques. Homogenates of these tissues were able to replace XO in an antibacterial assay with Streptococcus uberis. The action of XO on its substrate hypoxanthine was shown to provide an essential component for anti-streptococcal activity mediated by lactoperoxidase. A mechanism is proposed whereby the interaction of XO, lactoperoxidase and thiocyanate may provide antibacterial activity in the teat canal.

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Alterations in Gamma-Delta T Cells in Patients With Primary Biliary Cholangitis

10.21203/rs.3.rs-860724/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Sha Chen ◽

Tingting Lv ◽

Guangyong Sun ◽

Shuxiang Li ◽

Weijia Duan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

T Cells ◽

Flow Cytometric Analysis ◽

Γδ T Cells ◽

Absolute Number ◽

Primary Biliary Cholangitis ◽

Gamma Delta ◽

Potential Marker ◽

Hla Dr ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Elevated Expression

Abstract Background & Aims Gamma-delta (γδ) T cells are involved in the development of diverse liver and autoimmune diseases, whereas the role of γδ T cells in primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) remains unclear. Methods We analyzed the number, phenotypes, and functional molecules of γδ T cells in PBC patients (n = 74) and sex- and age-matched healthy controls (HCs) (n = 74) by flow cytometric analysis. Results We identified two distinct functional subsets of circulating γδ T cells according to the CD3/TCRγδ complex: the TCRγδhigh and TCRγδlow subsets. Approximately three-quarters of cells in the TCRγδhigh subset were Vδ1 T cells, while Vδ2 T cells were enriched in the TCRγδlow subset in HCs. The frequency and absolute number of circulating TCRγδlow cells was significantly decreased in PBC patients compared with HCs (p < 0.001). Furthermore, the frequency of TCRγδlow cells was negatively correlated with disease severity and positively correlated with the ursodeoxycholic acid response. TCRγδlow cells exhibited a similar apoptotic and proliferative phenotype but enhanced liver-homing chemokine receptor (CXCR6) expression in PBC patients compared with HCs. In addition, both TCRγδhigh and TCRγδlow subsets were more activated in PBC compared with HCs, characterized by elevated expression levels of CD69 and HLA-DR. Finally, we found an increased granzyme B (GZMB) production and similar IFN-γ and TNF-α production of TCRγδlow cells in PBC patients compared with HCs. Conclusion The TCRγδlow subset might be a potential marker for disease progression and treatment response in PBC, which may play a crucial role in liver injury through increased CXCR6 expression and GZMB production.

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Mammary gland cell content during various phases of lactation

American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content ◽

10.1152/ajplegacy.1962.203.5.939 ◽

1962 ◽

Vol 203 (5) ◽

pp. 939-941 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Richard C. Moon

Keyword(s):

Mammary Gland ◽

Deoxyribonucleic Acid ◽

Cellular Proliferation ◽

Gland Cell ◽

Late Pregnancy ◽

Mammary Glands ◽

Lactation Period ◽

Cell Content ◽

Rat Mammary Gland ◽

Mammary Gland Cell

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was used as an index of the cellular state of the rat mammary gland in late pregnancy ( day 20) and early ( day 1), intense ( day 14), and declining ( day 28) lactation. Dams sacrificed on day 28 of lactation were provided with foster litters on day 14 postpartum to insure a strong sucking stimulus during the lactation period from days 14–28. Mammary DNA increased 57% from day 20 of pregnancy to lactation day 14, but no significant change in DNA content was evident by day 1 of lactation. A significantly lower DNA concentration was observed in mammary glands of rats sacrificed at lactation day 28 when compared with that of animals killed at day 14 of lactation. The data suggest that cellular proliferation of mammary gland continues well into lactation and that a decline in lactation may be due, in part, to a reduction in the number of milk-secreting cells.

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A delta T-cell receptor deleting element transgenic reporter construct is rearranged in alpha beta but not gamma delta T-cell lineages.

Molecular and Cellular Biology ◽

10.1128/mcb.15.12.7022 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 15 (12) ◽

pp. 7022-7031 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

J Shutter ◽

J A Cain ◽

S Ledbetter ◽

M D Rogers ◽

R D Hockett

Keyword(s):

T Cells ◽

T Cell ◽

Cell Receptor ◽

Chain Gene ◽

Gamma Delta ◽

Alpha Chain ◽

Chain Locus ◽

Discrete Population ◽

Alpha Beta ◽

Gamma Delta T Cell

T cells can be divided into two groups on the basis of the expression of either alpha beta or gamma delta T-cell receptors (TCRs). Because the TCR delta chain locus lies within the larger TCR alpha chain locus, control of the utilization of these two receptors is important in T-cell development, specifically for determination of T-cell type: rearrangement of the alpha locus results in deletion of the delta coding segments and commitment to the alpha beta lineage. In the developing thymus, a relative site-specific recombination occurs by which the TCR delta chain gene segments are deleted. This deletion removes all D delta, J delta, and C delta genes and occurs on both alleles. This delta deletional mechanism is evolutionarily conserved between mice and humans. Transgenic mice which contain the human delta deleting elements and as much internal TCR delta chain coding sequence as possible without allowing the formation of a complete delta chain gene were developed. Several transgenic lines showing recombinations between deleting elements within the transgene were developed. These lines demonstrate that utilization of the delta deleting elements occurs in alpha beta T cells of the spleen and thymus. These recombinations are rare in the gamma delta population, indicating that the machinery for utilization of delta deleting elements is functional in alpha beta T cells but absent in gamma delta T cells. Furthermore, a discrete population of early thymocytes containing delta deleting element recombinations but not V alpha-to-J alpha rearrangements has been identified. These data are consistent with a model in which delta deletion contributes to the implementation of a signal by which the TCR alpha chain locus is rearranged and expressed and thus becomes an alpha beta T cell.

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The dynamics of morphological changes during in vitro aging of bovine virgin mammary gland neutrophils

Veterinární Medicína ◽

10.17221/5843-vetmed ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 47 (No. 12) ◽

pp. 325-332 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Z. Sládek ◽

D. Vašíčková ◽

D. Ryšánek

Keyword(s):

Mammary Gland ◽

Trypan Blue ◽

Morphological Changes ◽

Membrane Integrity ◽

Mammary Glands ◽

Progressive Increase ◽

Apoptotic Bodies ◽

Bovine Mammary Gland ◽

Cell Counts

The present study was an in vitro analysis of the dynamics of bovine mammary gland neutrophil apoptosis based on the detection of morphological changes. The neutrophils were isolated from mammary glands of five virgin heifers. The mammary glands were lavaged, the suspensions were then bacteriologically examined, and total and differential cell counts were made. The cells were cultivated in vitro for 4 hours. After 2, 3 and 4 hours of cultivation, they were panoptically stained, and the proportions of apoptotic neutrophils and trypan blue positive neutrophils were determined. Neutrophil apoptosis and impaired cytoplasmic membrane integrity of neutrophils were already observed in the mammary gland lavages (11.9% and 0.8%, respectively). During the cultivation, a progressive increase in the number of apoptotic neutrophils in various stages of apoptosis – karyopyknosis, zeiosis and apoptotic bodies – was observed. Karyopyknotic neutrophils represented a dominant part of the apoptotic neutrophil population in the course of the whole cultivation. The most intensive increase was observed in zeiosis, whereas the levels of apoptotic bodies remained the same. After 4 hours of cultivation, 31.7% apoptotic neutrophils and 9.8% trypan blue positive neutrophils (i.e. Secondary necrotic cells) were found. The results of this work show that spontaneous apoptosis and secondary neutrophil necrosis must be taken into account during in vitro cultivations of bovine mammary gland neutrophils.

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