scholarly journals Duetting Patterns of Titi Monkeys (Primates, Pitheciidae: Callicebinae) and Relationships with Phylogeny

Animals ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrice Adret ◽  
Kimberly Dingess ◽  
Christini Caselli ◽  
Jan Vermeer ◽  
Jesus Martínez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vocal Communication ◽  
Power Spectral Analysis ◽  
Dominant Frequency ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Linear Discriminant ◽  
Loud Calls ◽  
Titi Monkeys ◽  
Socially Monogamous ◽  
Habitat Acoustics

Long-range vocal communication in socially monogamous titi monkeys is mediated by the production of loud, advertising calls in the form of solos, duets, and choruses. We conducted a power spectral analysis of duets and choruses (simply “duets” hereafter) followed by linear discriminant analysis using three acoustic parameters—dominant frequency of the combined signal, duet sequence duration, and pant call rate—comparing the coordinated vocalizations recorded from 36 family groups at 18 sites in Bolivia, Peru and Ecuador. Our analysis identified four distinct duetting patterns: (1) a donacophilus pattern, sensu stricto, characteristic of P. donacophilus, P. pallescens, P. olallae, and P. modestus; (2) a moloch pattern comprising P. discolor, P. toppini, P. aureipalatii, and P. urubambensis; (3) a torquatus pattern exemplified by the duet of Cheracebus lucifer; and (4) the distinctive duet of P. oenanthe, a putative member of the donacophilus group, which is characterized by a mix of broadband and narrowband syllables, many of which are unique to this species. We also document a sex-related difference in the bellow-pant phrase combination among the three taxa sampled from the moloch lineage. Our data reveal a presumptive taxonomic incoherence illustrated by the distinctive loud calls of both P. urubambensis and P. oenanthe within the donacophilus lineage, sensu largo. The results are discussed in light of recent reassessments of the callicebine phylogeny, based on a suite of genetic studies, and the potential contribution of environmental influences, including habitat acoustics and social learning. A better knowledge of callicebine loud calls may also impact the conservation of critically endangered populations, such as the vocally distinctive Peruvian endemic, the San Martin titi, P. oenanthe.

Taxonomic studies in wall barley (Hordeum murinum sensu lato) and sea barley (Hordeum marinum sensu lato). 2. Multivariate morphometrics

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (12) ◽  
pp. 2754-2764 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard R. Baum ◽  
L. Grant Bailey
Keyword(s):  
Discriminant Analysis ◽  
Nearest Neighbor ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Data Matrix ◽  
Multivariate Morphometrics ◽  
Stepwise Discriminant Analysis ◽  
Linear Discriminant ◽  
Specific Rank ◽  
Considerable Controversy ◽  
Taxonomic Studies

The demarcation of the Old World species in Hordeum L. section Hordeastrum Doell. has been the subject of considerable controversy. The present paper reports the results of a morphometric analysis of the wall and sea barleys (H. murinum L., H. marinum Huds., and their allies). A sample of 227 accessions was scored for 39 characters, and the resulting data matrix was divided into three groups on the basis of lodicules and cpiblast characters. These three groups were then subjected to several aspects of discriminant analysis (stepwise discriminant analysis, linear discriminant analysis, canonical analysis of discriminance, and nearest neighbor discriminant analysis) both on untransformed and log-transformed data. The results indicate that the wall and sea barleys consist of five distinct groups worthy of morphological specific rank. These correspond to H. marinum sensu stricto, H. geniculatum All., H. glaucum Steudel. H. murinum sensu stricto, and H. leporinum Link. Ranges for 37 characters within these five taxa are presented. A key to the five species and one hybrid (reported in the first paper of this series) is supplied. Our conclusions are discussed in the context of various taxonomic treatments of the group.

Vocal behavior of black-fronted titi monkeys (Callicebus nigrifrons): Acoustic properties and behavioral contexts of loud calls

2014 ◽  
Vol 76 (8) ◽  
pp. 788-800 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christini B. Caselli ◽  
Daniel J. Mennill ◽  
Júlio César Bicca-Marques ◽  
Eleonore Z. F. Setz
Keyword(s):  
Acoustic Properties ◽  
Vocal Behavior ◽  
Loud Calls ◽  
Titi Monkeys ◽  
Callicebus Nigrifrons

Responses To Conspecific Advertisement Calls in the Green Frog (Rana Clamitans) and Their Role in Male-Male Communication

Behaviour ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 133 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 283-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen A. Perrill ◽  
Mark A. Bee
Keyword(s):  
Sound Pressure ◽  
Vocal Communication ◽  
Dominant Frequency ◽  
Advertisement Call ◽  
Rana Clamitans ◽  
Green Frog ◽  
Playback Experiments ◽  
The Third ◽  
Altered Response

AbstractWe investigated vocal communication between males in a central Indiana population of the green frog, Rana clamitans. Three playback experiments were conducted. In the first test, we broadcasted a single-note and a multiple-note conspecific advertisement call and a control call (Acris crepitans) to calling males. In response to the conspecific stimuli, males increased the number of calls made per minute, increased note duration, lowered the dominant frequency in the call, and often approached the speaker platform. In a second playback test, designed to examine changes in the sound pressure levels of response calls, we broadcasted a conspecific single-note advertisement call and the control call to calling males. Males in this test lowered the intensity of their responses to the conspecific stimulus. We take these altered response calls to be encounter calls used in the vocal defense of a territory during agonistic male-male interactions. We examine the function of these calls and discuss their possible role in communication between males. In the third test, we broadcasted a second type of conspecific multiple-note call and the control call. In their responses, males increased the number of the second multiple-note calls. The multiple-note stimulus used in this test failed to elicit the agonistic responses of the first two conspecific calls. The role of this second type of multiple-note call in male-male communication remains unclear.

scholarly journals Multivariate Analysis in Microbiome Description: Correlation of Human Gut Protein Degraders, Metabolites, and Predicted Metabolic Functions

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Raimondi ◽  
Rosalba Calvini ◽  
Francesco Candeliere ◽  
Alan Leonardi ◽  
Alessandro Ulrici ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Bacteria ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Gene Profiling ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Linear Discriminant ◽  
Metabolic Functions ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
The Face ◽  
Microbiome Data

Protein catabolism by intestinal bacteria is infamous for releasing many harmful compounds, negatively affecting the health status, both locally and systemically. In a previous study, we enriched in protein degraders the fecal microbiota of five subjects, utilizing a medium containing protein and peptides as sole fermentable substrates and we monitored their evolution by 16S rRNA gene profiling. In the present study, we fused the microbiome data and the data obtained by the analysis of the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the headspace of the cultures. Then, we utilized ANOVA simultaneous component analysis (ASCA) to establish a relationship between metabolites and bacteria. In particular, ASCA allowed to separately assess the effect of subject, time, inoculum concentration, and their binary interactions on both microbiome and volatilome data. All the ASCA submodels pointed out a consistent association between indole and Escherichia–Shigella, and the relationship of butyric, 3-methyl butanoic, and benzenepropanoic acids with some bacterial taxa that were major determinants of cultures at 6 h, such as Lachnoclostridiaceae (Lachnoclostridium), Clostridiaceae (Clostridium sensu stricto), and Sutterellaceae (Sutterella and Parasutterella). The metagenome reconstruction with PICRUSt2 and its functional annotation indicated that enrichment in a protein-based medium affected the richness and diversity of functional profiles, in the face of a decrease of richness and evenness of the microbial community. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size indicated a positive differential abundance (p < 0.05) for the modules of amino acid catabolism that may be at the basis of the changes of VOC profile. In particular, predicted genes encoding functions belonging to the superpathways of ornithine, arginine, and putrescine transformation to GABA and eventually to succinyl-CoA, of methionine degradation, and various routes of breakdown of aromatic compounds yielding succinyl-CoA or acetyl-CoA became significantly more abundant in the metagenome of the bacterial community.

scholarly journals Empirical Mode Decomposition and Analysis of Non-Stationary Cardiac Signals

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nastaran Rahnama
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Mode Decomposition ◽  
Dominant Frequency ◽  
Accurate Estimate ◽  
Intrinsic Mode Functions ◽  
Linear Discriminant ◽  
Robust Detection ◽  
Detection Techniques ◽  
T Wave ◽  
Ambulatory Ecg ◽  
Mode Decomposition

Each year 400,000 North Americans die from sudden cardiac death (SCD). T- wave alternans (TWA) refers to an alternating pattern in the T-wave portion of the surface electrocardiogram (ECG) and has been shown as a risk stratifier for SCD. These subtle changes in the T-waves are in the micro-volt scale and ambulatory ECG recordings usually contain biological noise. Also, data non-stationarity owing to heart rate variability and the amplitude variability in TWA magnitude can limit the accuracy of the detection techniques. This necessitates the need for robust detection algorithms for processing such non-stationary data. In this thesis, we have proposed an Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) based scheme combined with the Instantaneous Frequency (IF). EMD decomposes the signal into several monocomponent signals called Intrinsic Mode Functions (IMFs). IF extracted from these IMFs provides an accurate estimate of time varying frequency components and hence can aid during characterization of TWAs. In order to validate the performance of the proposed detection technique, the feature vectors extracted from the IMFs were fed to a linear discriminant analysis (LDA) classifier. The performance assessment was carried out using two datasets: (a) Synthetic TWAs: 72 signals obtained from publicly accessible Physionet database and (b) TWAs from patients: 55 ambulatory ECG signals obtained from the Toronto General Hospital. Using an unbiased leave-one-out cross validation strategy, maximum overall classification accuracies of 86.1% and 81.8% were achieved for TWA detection from synthetic and ambulatory ECG recordings respectively. In addition, the usability of the proposed technique has been investigated to assess its suitability for addressing another cardiovascular problem stroke. Atrial Fibrillation (AF) has been identified as a risk factor to increase the chances of stroke. The most common method in studying the complex AF electrograms is to employ dominant frequency (DF) analysis; however, due to signal non-stationarity DF does not always provide the best estimate of the atrial activation rate. As a result, analyzing the electrograms via EMD and IF has been investigated as the second contribution of this work.

scholarly journals Sometimes noise is beneficial: stream noise informs vocal communication in the little torrent frog

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Longhui Zhao ◽  
Jichao Wang ◽  
Steven E. Brauth ◽  
Yezhong Tang ◽  
Jianguo Cui
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Noise ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Vocal Communication ◽  
Information Source ◽  
High Amplitude ◽  
Dominant Frequency ◽  
Noise Sources ◽  
Running Water ◽  
Sound Communication ◽  
Low Amplitude

Many animal species use acoustic signals for social communication including attracting mates, defending resources and assessing risks. Nevertheless, a variety of ambient noise sources often interfere with sound communication and efficient decision making. In the present study we identified an exception to this generalization in a streamside species, the little torrent frog (Amolops torrentis) which communicates in an environment in which stream noise is always present. To show that stream noise can act as a biological signal which reflects the character of the microhabitat of the sender, we performed female phonotaxis experiments using synthetic male advertisement calls. Calls with high dominant frequency exceeding the ambient stream noise band and calls with lower dominant frequency centered at the frequency range of best hearing were used. The signal-noise ratio was varied by adding noise to each kind of call. We found that females prefer calls with high amplitude stream noise added to those with low amplitude stream noise added for both the high and low dominant frequency stimulus pairs; however, the sound of running water had no attractiveness in the absence of calls. These results show that stream noise can function as an information source by enhancing the attractiveness of calls in the torrent frog. Stream noise associates closely with rocks, topographies and vegetation; thus the sound of running water may provide useful information to signal receivers about variations in microhabitats and thereby act on sexual selection under some circumstances. These data therefore contribute to our understanding of how the perception of mate attractiveness in heterogeneous ecological environments can evolve.

scholarly journals Sometimes noise is beneficial: stream noise informs vocal communication in the little torrent frog

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Longhui Zhao ◽  
Jichao Wang ◽  
Steven E. Brauth ◽  
Yezhong Tang ◽  
Jianguo Cui
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Noise ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Vocal Communication ◽  
Information Source ◽  
High Amplitude ◽  
Dominant Frequency ◽  
Noise Sources ◽  
Running Water ◽  
Sound Communication ◽  
Low Amplitude

Many animal species use acoustic signals for social communication including attracting mates, defending resources and assessing risks. Nevertheless, a variety of ambient noise sources often interfere with sound communication and efficient decision making. In the present study we identified an exception to this generalization in a streamside species, the little torrent frog (Amolops torrentis) which communicates in an environment in which stream noise is always present. To show that stream noise can act as a biological signal which reflects the character of the microhabitat of the sender, we performed female phonotaxis experiments using synthetic male advertisement calls. Calls with high dominant frequency exceeding the ambient stream noise band and calls with lower dominant frequency centered at the frequency range of best hearing were used. The signal-noise ratio was varied by adding noise to each kind of call. We found that females prefer calls with high amplitude stream noise added to those with low amplitude stream noise added for both the high and low dominant frequency stimulus pairs; however, the sound of running water had no attractiveness in the absence of calls. These results show that stream noise can function as an information source by enhancing the attractiveness of calls in the torrent frog. Stream noise associates closely with rocks, topographies and vegetation; thus the sound of running water may provide useful information to signal receivers about variations in microhabitats and thereby act on sexual selection under some circumstances. These data therefore contribute to our understanding of how the perception of mate attractiveness in heterogeneous ecological environments can evolve.

scholarly journals Surface and Intramural Reentrant Patterns during Atrial Fibrillation in the Sheep

2014 ◽  
Vol 53 (04) ◽  
pp. 314-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Yamazaki ◽  
D. Filgueiras-Rama ◽  
J. Kalifa ◽  
O. Berenfeld
Keyword(s):  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Spectral Analysis ◽  
Optical Mapping ◽  
Power Spectral Analysis ◽  
Dominant Frequency ◽  
Mapping Data ◽  
Myocardial Wall ◽  
Surface Patterns ◽  
Myocardial Fibers ◽  
Scroll Waves

SummaryIntroduction: This article is part of the Focus Theme of Methods of Information in Medicine on “Biosignal Interpretation: Advanced Methods for Studying Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems”.Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia in humans and is predicted to dramatically increase its prevalence in the future. High-resolution mapping data and Fourier power spectral analysis with its dominant frequency support the hypothesis that AF in the structurally normal sheep heart and in some patients often presents organized drivers in the form of periodic surface re-entries or breakthroughs. Nevertheless, the dynamics of those surface patterns of activity, as well as their intramural components are still poorly understood.Objective: To present data on AF waves from the surface of isolated sheep hearts and discuss the interpretation of their intramural patterns.Methods: We used a combination of endocardial-epicardial optical mapping with phase and spectral analysis as well as computer simulation of the re-entrant activity in the myocardial wall.Results: Analysis of the surfaces’ optical mapping data in the phase domain reveals that activation of the posterior left atrium (PLA) consisted of alternating patterns of breakthroughs and reentries. The patterns on the endocardial and epicardial PLA surface at any given moment of time of the AF could be either identical or not identical, and the activity in the thickness of the PLA wall is hypothesized to conform to either ectopic discharge or reentrant scroll waves, but a definite evidence for the presence of such mechanisms is currently lacking. A universal minimal-principle theory is shown in a computer model to result in a tendency of the axis of the scroll waves to align with the myocardial fibers inside the wall.Conclusion: The tendency of filaments of scroll waves to align with myocardial fibers may contribute to the variety and intermittency of surface rotors seen in AF.

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