scholarly journals Changes in Hoof Shape During a Seven-Week Period When Horses Were Shod Versus Barefoot

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1017
Author(s):  
Sara R. Malone ◽  
Helen M. S. Davies
Keyword(s):  
Crossover Study ◽  
Crossover Design ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Right

This crossover study tested the hypothesis that hoof shape would differ after a seven-week period of horses (n = 11) wearing shoes versus barefoot. An ANOVA appropriate to a crossover design was used to assess the differences in the change in hoof shape over the seven-week period and significance was set at p < 0.05. Results are displayed as the mean difference for horses when shod versus barefoot ± the SEM for the left (L) and right (R) front hooves. Proximal hoof circumference (PHC) decreased when horses were shod and barefoot, but this decrease was greater when horses were shod (L −0.65 ± 0.16 cm; p = 0.0026; R −0.78 ± 0.13 cm; p = 0.0002). Hoof angle increased slightly when horses were barefoot and decreased when they were shod (L −1.70 ± 0.31°; p = 0.0004; R −1.84 ± 0.54°; p = 0.0079). Sole length decreased more when horses were barefoot, but this was only significant for the right fore (R 5.07 ± 1.06 mm; p = 0.0010). Solar circumference increased when horses were barefoot but decreased when shod (L −1.19 ± 0.41 cm; p = 0.0182; R −1.50 ± 0.31 cm; p = 0.0010). This is the first study to show a significantly lower PHC when horses were shod compared to barefoot. The study suggests that shod horses may benefit from a shorter shoeing interval to help mitigate the changes in hoof angle.

Forces on the Tail Surface of Swimming Fish: Thrust, Drag and Acceleration in Bluefish (Pomatomus Saltatrix)

1978 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 225-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
ARTHUR B. DUBOIS ◽  
CHRISTOPHER S. OGILVY
Keyword(s):  
Forward Direction ◽  
Lateral Force ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mechanical Power ◽  
Pomatomus Saltatrix ◽  
Propulsive Efficiency ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Time Average ◽  
The Right

1. Pressures on the right and left sides of the tails of swimming bluefish were measured and found to have a range of +5.9 to - 5.9 cm H2O. The pressures were resolved into their forward and lateral vectorial components of force to allow calculation of forward and lateral force and power at speeds ranging from 0.26 to 0.87 m/s. 2. The peak to peak changes in force of acceleration of the body, measured with a forward accelerometer averaged 209 g or 2.05 N at 0.48 m/s, and were compared with the maximum to minimum excursions of forward tail force averaging 201 g or 1.97 N at the same speed. The mean difference was 8 g, s.d. of the mean difference ± 29, s.e. of mean difference ± 10 g. 3. Mean tail thrust was calculated as the time average of tail force in the forward direction. It averaged 65 g, or 0.64 N, at 0.48 m/s. The mean forward power was 0.34 N m/s at 0.48 m/s. The drag of the gauges and wires accounted for 10% of this figure. 4. The mean lateral power of the tail was 1.28 N m/s at a mean speed of 0.48 m/s. 5. The propulsive efficiency of the tail, calculated as the ratio of forward power to forward plus lateral power, was found to be 0.20 s.d. ±0.04, s.e. ±0.01 and was not related to speed. This suggests that 80% of the mechanical power of the tail was wasted. Turbulence in the water may have contributed to this large drag and low tail efficiency.

scholarly journals CT Angiography Analysis of Axillary Artery Diameter versus Common Femoral Artery Diameter: Implications for Axillary Approach for Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement in Patients with Hostile Aortoiliac Segment and Advanced Lung Disease

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajiv Tayal ◽  
Humayun Iftikhar ◽  
Benjamin LeSar ◽  
Rahul Patel ◽  
Naveen Tyagi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Femoral Artery ◽  
Axillary Artery ◽  
Common Femoral Artery ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
Transcatheter Aortic Valve ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Right ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Left Axillary Artery ◽  
Comparable Size

Objective.The use of the axillary artery as an access site has lost favor in percutaneous intervention due to the success of these procedures from a radial or brachial alternative. However, these distal access points are unable to safely accommodate anything larger than a 7-French sheath. To date no studies exist describing the size of the axillary artery in relation to the common femoral artery in a patient population. We hypothesized that the axillary artery is of comparable size to the CFA in most patients and less frequently diseased.Methods.We retrospectively reviewed 110 CT scans of the thoracic and abdominal aorta done at our institution to rule out aortic dissection in which the right axillary artery, right CFA, left axillary artery, and left CFA were visualized. Images were then reconstructed using commercially available TeraRecon software and comparative measurements made of the axillary and femoral arteries.Results.In 96 patients with complete data, the mean sizes of the right and left axillary artery were slightly smaller than the left and right CFA. A direct comparison of the sizes of the axillary artery and CFA in the same patient yielded a mean difference of 1.69 mm ± 1.74. In all patients combined, the mean difference between the axillary artery and CFA was 1.88 mm on the right and 1.68 mm on the left. In 19 patients (19.8%), the axillary artery was of the same caliber as the associated CFA. In 8 of 96 patients (8.3%), the axillary artery was larger compared to the CFA.Conclusions.Although typically smaller, the axillary artery is often of comparable size to the CFA, significantly less frequently calcified or diseased, and in almost all observed cases large enough to accommodate a sheath with up to 18 French.

scholarly journals Angle at the Medial Border: The Spinovertebra Angle and Its Significance

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. Oladipo ◽  
E. O. Aigbogun ◽  
G. L. Akani
Keyword(s):  
Shoulder Girdle ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
Anatomical Location ◽  
Medial Border ◽  
Levator Scapulae ◽  
Nigerian Population ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Right ◽  
And Control ◽  
Anthropometric Study

Background. The evolution from quadrupedalism to bipedalism has adjusted the balance of the upper limb to extensive movement at the shoulder. The scapular angles provide the point of attachment and control to various muscles and have been associated with the different movements of the shoulder girdle and joint. This has made the morphometric and anthropometric study of scapula a subject of extensive investigation. Aim. In the present study, the angle at the medial border was measured in the South-Southern Nigerian population and an anatomical name was ascribed to the angle. Method. The study was conducted on 173 scapulae (75 right and 98 left) obtained from various Anatomy Department of South-Sothern Nigerian Universities. The angle at medial border was obtained by pinning the edge of the superior and inferior angles, the lined traced out, and the angle measured using a protractor. SPSS version 20 was used to analyse the data. t-test was used to determine mean angular difference in the sides. Result. The mean ± SD of the medial angle was observed to be 136.88 ± 7.70° (R = 138.13 ± 7.06° : L = 135.92 ± 8.05°). Statistical analysis using the Z-test for mean difference showed the medial angle was found to be higher in the right side of the scapula (mean difference of 2.214 ± 1.152°), but the observed difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). The above findings have adjusted the scapula from three to four angles (lateral, superior, inferior, and medial) formed from four borders (lateral, superior, inferior, and superomedial and inferomedial). The medial angle because of its anatomical location was named “spinovertebral” angle, owing to its position at the scapulae spine, and located in medial proximity to the vertebra column. Conclusion. The medial angle (now referred to as the spinovertebral angle) of the right side of the scapula is wider than the left. The representation of the spinovertebral angle is very important, as the directional attachment of the levator scapulae may be altered if it increases or decreases greatly hence resulting in stiffness of the neck. At this point, it could be postulated that the scapular is quadrangular rather than triangular.

scholarly journals Repeatability and comparability of simulated K values between a grid projection-based device and a Placido/dual Scheimpflug device

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 270-280
Author(s):  
Julian Matius Tagal
Keyword(s):  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Ocular Trauma ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
Absolute Difference ◽  
Limits Of Agreement ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Differences ◽  
The Right

Purpose: To evaluate the repeatability and comparability of simulated K values obtained by the Galilei G4 Corneal Tomographer and the iDesign Wavefront Abberometer. Methods: The right eyes of 100 consecutive pre-laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) patients were included in this study. Patients with a history or signs of previous corneal or ocular trauma and infection were excluded. Paired corneal measurements for flat (K1) and steep (K2) meridians were obtained with both the Galilei and the iDesign. Repeatability was evaluated by calculating the coefficient of variation (CV) of the paired measurements. The comparability between platforms was evaluated by calculation of the mean differences followed by the construction of Bland-Altman plots and calculation of limits of agreement (LOA). Results: While the mean CV for both devices was low (0.17% versus 0.57% for the Galilei and iDesign, respectively), a large proportion of eyes measured by the iDesign (22%) showed an absolute difference of > 0.5 D between paired readings, compared to 1% as measured by the Galilei. The Galilei consistently measured higher than the iDesign. Although the mean difference did not exceed 0.17 D, the LOAs were unacceptablywide at -0.52 D to 0.85 D and -0.69 D to 0.89 D for K1 and K2, respectively. Conclusion: As regards keratometry, the iDesign demonstrated clinically unacceptable repeatability. Both platforms demonstrated sufficiently wide LOA that we could not recommend that they are used interchangeably.

scholarly journals 3D CT Analysis of Distal Tibiofibular Syndesmosis Symmetry

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 2473011417S0000
Author(s):  
Daniel Hoopes ◽  
Bruce Sangeorzan ◽  
William Ledoux ◽  
Connor Pihl ◽  
Kylie Edinger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
Absolute Difference ◽  
3D Ct ◽  
Current Standard ◽  
3D Measurements ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Natural Symmetry ◽  
The Right

Category: Ankle, Trauma Introduction/Purpose: As medical imaging of the syndesmosis prior to ankle injury is usually not available, researchers have diagnosed and surgically reduced syndesmotic disruptions based on presumed symmetry with the healthy contralateral limb. The purposes of this study are to quantify the degree of symmetry present in the DTFS using 3D CT modeling, and to compare the accuracy of common clinical two-dimensional (2D) measurements to 3D CT measurements for assessing syndesmotic symmetry and measuring diastasis. Methods: Bilateral lower limb CT (n=65) were assessed, were segmented, and reconstructed into 3D surface models, and an anatomically-defined coordinate system was applied to orient the 3D models uniformly. Symmetry was assessed three- dimensionally to overlap the left and right. The relative differences between the two fibulae were quantified in six degrees of freedom. For comparative purposes, four 2D measures were also measured. These measures included anteroposterior (AP), mediolateral (ML), and rotational displacement of the fibula relative to the tibia, measured using axial CT, and longitudinal displacement, measured using coronal radiographs. The four measures were automatically calculated using custom software to reduce the influence of inter- and intra-rater variability. The absolute difference was calculated for each 3D and 2D measure. The differences measured represent the amount of translation or rotation needed to match the position of the left fibula to the position of the right fibula after reflection and optimal tibial alignment. Results: The mean difference in AP displacement was approximately double the mean difference in ML displacement for the 2D measurements (1.65 mm vs 0.71 mm), while AP and ML displacement differences for the 3D measurements were comparable (0.57 mm and 0.44 mm). As a general trend, the 2D measurements exhibited larger values of absolute differences than the 3D measurements. The average difference in fibular rotation detected was larger for the 2D measurements (6.1°) than the 3D measurements (0.59°). . The 2D AP displacement differences varied between 1.41 -1.95 mm (95% CI), which is beyond the suggested 1 mm tolerance level. The 3D analog of this measurement varied between 0.47-0.70 mm (95% CI), which is within the suggested threshold. Conclusion: Some clinical reports suggest that 1 mm misalignment can cause pain and require surgical revision, but detecting asymmetry below 1 mm is limited by the quality of clinical 2D imaging. Our findings suggest that the current standard practice of using 2D measures to assess the DTFS may exaggerate the amount of asymmetry present, which may lead to misdiagnoses and subsequent surgical revisions. Natural symmetry exists in uninjured syndesmoses. More accurate comparisons of syndesmotic alignment may be needed to determine the accuracy of DTFS diastasis.

Correlation of iCare ic100 tonometry with iCare TA01i in screening of unselected population in Northern Finland Birth Cohort Eye study

2021 ◽  
pp. 112067212110143
Author(s):  
M Johanna Liinamaa ◽  
Katri Stoor ◽  
Ilmari Leiviskä ◽  
Ville Saarela
Keyword(s):  
Birth Cohort ◽  
Axial Length ◽  
Corneal Thickness ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
Portable Devices ◽  
Corneal Curvature ◽  
Iop Measurement ◽  
Unselected Population ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Right

Purpose: iCare tonometers are easy-to-use and portable devices for measuring the intraocular pressure (IOP). Purpose was to evaluate the IOP values measured by both novel iCare ic100 and conventional model TA01i devices in unselected population. Methods: IOP was measured with iCare ic100 and TA01i tonometers in 149 participants aged 32–33 years (born in 1985 or 1986) of the Northern Finland Birth Cohort Eye 2 study. The right eye of each participant was selected for analysis. We also collected data on axial length, corneal curvature and central corneal thickness (CCT). Bland-Altman plot was used for comparing the values obtained by these devices. Results: Mean IOP measured with the ic100 device was 13.8 (3.4) mmHg, with TA01i it was 12.5 (3.0) mmHg. The mean difference between these devices was 1.30 mmHg ( p < 0.001) and R2 was 0.694. In Bland-Altman analysis, the agreement between the two tonometers ic100 and TA01i was constantly good (mean difference −1.30, ic100 device showing higher measures). There was a correlation between IOP and CCT ( r = 0.269, p < 0.001 for ic100 and r = 0.255, p = 0.002 for TA01i), but not with IOP and corneal curvature or IOP and axial length. Conclusion: In summary, we found ic100 rebound tonometry to be both reliable and effective, although CCT may influence IOP measurements with ic100 and TA01i. Therefore, iCare ic100 is suitable for IOP measurement in large cohort studies.

ACCURATE RADIOGRAPHIC MEASUREMENT OF THE DISTAL RADIAL TILT

Hand Surgery ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 16 (03) ◽  
pp. 259-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Rajabi ◽  
Oyvind Roed ◽  
Kristian Roed ◽  
Paal Sandoe Alm-Paulsen ◽  
Harald Russwurm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Distal Radius Fracture ◽  
Distal Radius ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
Radius Fracture ◽  
Radiographic Measurement ◽  
Distal Fragment ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Right

Both wrists in 189 patients who had been treated for dorsally displaced distal radius fracture were X-rayed with both right angle and 15° tilted lateral views. Two investigators measured the radial tilt. The mean difference in the angles recorded by the two investigators was 2.5° for the tilted and 3.7° for the right angle projections (p = 4.7 × 10-8). The precision of the method was 2.6° for the tilted and 3.5° for right angle projection. The mean angle measured on the tilted views was 3° more dorsal than on the right angle views for wrists with a volar tilt between 10° and 15°, and 0° to 2° for wrists with less volar tilt or dorsal displacement. Lateral projections tilted 15° allow more precise measurements than right angle views. Correction is not necessary when comparing to right angle views, as long as there is displacement in a dorsal direction of the distal fragment.

scholarly journals Comparative Study of Anterior Chamber Angle and Depth Recorded with Pentacam and AS-OCT SD “Spectralis”

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
E. Pateras ◽  
N. Morogiannis
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Chamber ◽  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Arithmetic Mean ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
Biomedical Science ◽  
Sample Population ◽  
Anterior Chamber Angle ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Right ◽  
Chamber Angle

Aims: To compare the anterior chamber angle values recorded by Pentacam and AS-OCT SD “Spectralis” (Heidelberg Engineering) and present the correlation between the two devices. Sample and Study Design: A total of 50 patients were examined at the Private Ophthalmology Clinic O.M.M.A. Ophthalmological Institute. All participants volunteer to participate in this study where the data was kept anonymous. Patients aged 18-45 years without a pathological history were selected. All of them were emmetropes or with ametropia ranged ±0.75 D. There was no separation between hyperopic, myopic or emmetropic patients. Place and Duration of Study: University of West Attica Dept Biomedical Science Course Optics & Optometry in collaboration with Private Ophthalmology Clinic O.M.M.A. during the period between January 2019 to October 2019. Methodology: In this study, two basic structures of the eye are measured with the help of two devices of different principle of operation. Specifically, the study of the angle of the anterior chamber (ACA) as well as the depth of the chamber (ACD). The two devises are compared. Results: The ACA for both devices had mean difference of -2,004° for the R.E. while the mean difference for L.E. was 1,986°. Pentacam arithmetic mean ACA (R.E.) was 37,638 ± 2,98° and AS-OCT “Spectralis” 35,766 ± 2,90° with Correlation coefficient 0,7063 (P<0,0001). Pentacam arithmetic mean ACA (L.E.) was 37,638 ± 2,98° and AS-OCT “Spectralis” 35,652 ± 2,79° with Correlation coefficient 0,7569 (P<0,0001). The ACD for both devices had mean difference of -0,3028 for the R.E. while the mean difference for L.E. was -0,2860. Pentacam arithmetic mean ACD (R.E.) was 3,5866 ± 0,20 and AS-OCT “Spectralis” 3,2838 ± 0,20 with Correlation coefficient 0,4201 (P=0,0024). Pentacam arithmetic mean ACD (L.E.) was 3,558 ± 0,21 and AS-OCT “Spectralis” 3,2720 ± 0,20 with Correlation coefficient 0,4023 (P=0,0038). Conclusion: Values of ACA measured by Pentacam and AS-OCT “Spectralis” were similar within the sample population of normal eyes right and left (P<0,0001). ACD measured by Pentacam and AS-OCT “Spectralis” showed also similar results the sample population of normal eyes for the right eye (P=0,0024) and left (P=0,0038).

DMSA-scintigraphy in paediatrics: Is the evaluation of the geometric mean necessary for the calculation of the differential renal function?

2001 ◽  
Vol 40 (04) ◽  
pp. 107-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Roßmüller ◽  
S. Alalp ◽  
S. Fischer ◽  
S. Dresel ◽  
K. Hahn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renal Function ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Region Of Interest ◽  
Posterior View ◽  
Renal Abnormality ◽  
Anterior View ◽  
Differential Renal Function ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Right ◽  
To Receive

SummaryFor assessment of differential renal function (PF) by means of static renal scintigraphy with Tc-99m-dimer-captosuccinic acid (DMSA) the calculation of the geometric mean of counts from the anterior and posterior view is recommended. Aim of this retrospective study was to find out, if the anterior view is necessary to receive an accurate differential renal function by calculating the geometric mean compared to calculating PF using the counts of the posterior view only. Methods: 164 DMSA-scans of 151 children (86 f, 65 m) aged 16 d to 16 a (4.7 ± 3.9 a) were reviewed. The scans were performed using a dual head gamma camera (Picker Prism 2000 XP, low energy ultra high resolution collimator, matrix 256 x 256,300 kcts/view, Zoom: 1.6-2.0). Background corrected values from both kidneys anterior and posterior were obtained. Using region of interest technique PF was calculated using the counts of the dorsal view and compared with the calculated geometric mean [SQR(Ctsdors x Ctsventr]. Results: The differential function of the right kidney was significantly less when compared to the calculation of the geometric mean (p<0.01). The mean difference between the PFgeom and the PFdors was 1.5 ± 1.4%. A difference > 5% (5.0-9.5%) was obtained in only 6/164 scans (3.7%). Three of 6 patients presented with an underestimated PFdors due to dystopic kidneys on the left side in 2 patients and on the right side in one patient. The other 3 patients with a difference >5% did not show any renal abnormality. Conclusion: The calculation of the PF from the posterior view only will give an underestimated value of the right kidney compared to the calculation of the geometric mean. This effect is not relevant for the calculation of the differntial renal function in orthotopic kidneys, so that in these cases the anterior view is not necesssary. However, geometric mean calculation to obtain reliable values for differential renal function should be applied in cases with an obvious anatomical abnormality.

Therapeutic Effects of Hab Shabyar on Open-Angle Glaucoma: A Double-Blinded, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 1218
Author(s):  
Ebrahim Khalil BaniHabib ◽  
Ali Mostafai ◽  
Seyyed Mohammad Bagher Fazljou ◽  
Ghadir Mohammdi
Keyword(s):  
Placebo Group ◽  
Intraocular Pressure ◽  
Open Angle Glaucoma ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Open Angle ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Right ◽  
Double Blinded

Background: Open-angle glaucoma (OAG) is one of the leading causes of blindness worldwide. This study evaluates the therapeutic effects of hab shabyar in patients with open-angle glaucoma. Materials and Methods: In this clinical randomized controlled trial, 50 patients with OAG were randomized into two groups. The intervention group was received a drop of timolol plus 500 mg of hab shabyar every 12 hours. The placebo group was received a drop of timolol every 12 hours plus 500 mg of wheat germ as a placebo. The intraocular pressure in patients with OAG was measured in each group and compared at before the intervention (t1), one month (t2), and two months (t3) after the intervention. Results: The mean decrease in intraocular pressure for the right eye at three times in the intervention group was statistically significant, but the mean decrease in the placebo group was not significant. Similar results were obtained for the left eye at t1 when compared to t3. The patients in the intervention group expressed more satisfaction than the patients in the placebo group (P≤0.001). Conclusion: Our study demonstrated that consumption of timolol plus hab shabyar instead of consuming of timolol alone was probably more effective for reducing intraocular pressure in patients with OAG.[GMJ.2019;In press:e1218]

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