Forces on the Tail Surface of Swimming Fish: Thrust, Drag and Acceleration in Bluefish (Pomatomus Saltatrix)

1978 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 225-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
ARTHUR B. DUBOIS ◽  
CHRISTOPHER S. OGILVY
Keyword(s):  
Forward Direction ◽  
Lateral Force ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mechanical Power ◽  
Pomatomus Saltatrix ◽  
Propulsive Efficiency ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Time Average ◽  
The Right

1. Pressures on the right and left sides of the tails of swimming bluefish were measured and found to have a range of +5.9 to - 5.9 cm H2O. The pressures were resolved into their forward and lateral vectorial components of force to allow calculation of forward and lateral force and power at speeds ranging from 0.26 to 0.87 m/s. 2. The peak to peak changes in force of acceleration of the body, measured with a forward accelerometer averaged 209 g or 2.05 N at 0.48 m/s, and were compared with the maximum to minimum excursions of forward tail force averaging 201 g or 1.97 N at the same speed. The mean difference was 8 g, s.d. of the mean difference ± 29, s.e. of mean difference ± 10 g. 3. Mean tail thrust was calculated as the time average of tail force in the forward direction. It averaged 65 g, or 0.64 N, at 0.48 m/s. The mean forward power was 0.34 N m/s at 0.48 m/s. The drag of the gauges and wires accounted for 10% of this figure. 4. The mean lateral power of the tail was 1.28 N m/s at a mean speed of 0.48 m/s. 5. The propulsive efficiency of the tail, calculated as the ratio of forward power to forward plus lateral power, was found to be 0.20 s.d. ±0.04, s.e. ±0.01 and was not related to speed. This suggests that 80% of the mechanical power of the tail was wasted. Turbulence in the water may have contributed to this large drag and low tail efficiency.

A Study of the Variation of Size within two Species of Aphides

1940 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-56
Author(s):  
G. H. L. Dicker ◽  
S. C. Pearce
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Standard Errors ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Asymmetry ◽  
The Right ◽  
Different Parts

At least 30 specimens of each form of Macrosiphum rubiellum, Theobald, and Aphis idaei, van der Goot, were collected, mounted and their principal organs measured.Correlations were calculated between different parts on the right side and the conclusion reached that the ratios of lengths of organs were unstable characteristics of the species examined. High correlations were obtained between the same part on different sides of the body.The mean values and standard errors are tabulated and a method given for assigning limits of variation within a species. The standard errors obtained were of the order of 7 per cent. of the mean.The asymmetry, kurtosis and skewness of the distributions were calculated to test the effect of possible non-normality on the foregoing work.

scholarly journals The Difference of Results in Abdomen and Anus Area Measurement With Non-Contact Infrared Thermometer

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-188
Author(s):  
Anna Surgean Veterini ◽  
Nancy Margarita Rehatta ◽  
Hamzah Hamzah ◽  
Widijiati Widijiati ◽  
Sarmanu Sarmanu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
The Body ◽  
Area Measurement ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Infrared Thermometer ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
The Mean

Research about sepsis in animal model is interesting to get the right therapeutic method for human being. We did the research to study about the value of body temperature in mice’s various body area in order to get the important information if we are going to do the translational research in animal model about sepsis. One clinical signs of the sepsis mice model is changes in body temperature. An easy way to examine body temperature is using infrared non-contact thermometer. This study aimed to compare the body temperature using infrared non-contact thermometer at the abdomen and anal area. We used male mice, weighing 25–30 g, divided into two groups (control and treatment groups). The control group injected with NaCl 0.9% solution, with the amount of NaCl 0.9% volume equal to Lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In the treatment group injected with 2.5 mg/kg BW of LPS intraperitoneally. Body temperature was measured in abdomen (tabd) and ananl (tan) area at 8th and 24th hour after treatment. Body temperature value tabd was higher than tan. Lipopolysaccharide injection increase body temperature but was not significant when compared to the control group (8th and 24th hour). The mean difference between tabd and tan in 8th control groups were 2.12oC respectively. The mean difference between tabd and tan in 24th hour control groups 4.6oC. The mean difference in treatment groups (8th hour) was 4.66oC, while it was 4.77oC in the 24th groups. Giving 2.5 mg/kg BW LPS intraperitoneally did not rise the body temperature significantly as compare to control groups. But, body temperature at anus area using non-contact infrared thermometer after treatment showed lower results as compared to that of at abdomen significantly.

scholarly journals Persepsi dan Tahap Pengetahuan Peserta Dan Agen Takaful Terhadap Pelaksanaan Zakat Takaful: Kajian Di Shah Alam, Selangor (Perceptions and Knowledge Levels of Takaful Participants and Agencies towards Implementation of Takaful Zakat: A Study In Shah Alam, Selangor)

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nur Amirah Jaafar ◽  
Hairunnizam Wahid ◽  
Mohd Ali Mohd Noor
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Method ◽  
The Body ◽  
Permanent Disability ◽  
Level Of Knowledge ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Right ◽  
High Level ◽  
Push Factor ◽  
Knowledge And Acceptance

When it comes to zakat obligations, people only know certain types of zakat that are obligated to be issued. There are two types of zakat; zakat fitrah and zakat property. However, zakat’s division may vary according to the state's fatwa. In Selangor, Lembaga Zakat Selangor (LZS) is the body that governs the administration and implementation of Zakat. The breakdown of zakat property is Zakat on Income, Zakat on Business, Zakat on Savings, Zakat on Gold and Silver, Zakat on Investments and Shares, Zakat on KWSP, Zakat on Paddy, Zakat on Agriculture, Zakat on Wealth and Treasure, and the Zakat on Takaful. However, this study will only focus on Zakat Takaful. Under Zakat Takaful, there are several divisions which are Zakat Wang Takaful/Takaful Investment, Zakat on Maturity Policy, Takaful Compensation, Tabarruq Fund, Benefit of Total and Permanent Disability, and Compensation of Conventional Insurance Policy. Each of these sections has its calculation method which will be explained further. This study was conducted to identify the level of knowledge and acceptance of Takaful Muslim consumers on the implementation of Zakat Takaful that has been introduced by LZS. Besides, this study will also look at the knowledge of Takaful agents and their willingness to disseminate information of Zakat Takaful to their customers. This study was conducted by using the sampling method and descriptive data analysis. The study found that on average, respondents' knowledge on Zakat Takaful is low with a mean of 2.32. However, the mean for acceptance is 3.93 which is set at a high level thus showed a good acceptance of the survey respondents. Through this study, it can be concluded that knowledge and acceptance are both very important in achieving the objective of implementing Zakat Takaful. Knowledge by Takaful participants who are also assisted by agents who play the role of conveying knowledge of Zakat Takaful is directly perceived to have a more effective effect in addition to the behavior/attitude that forms the intention of Takaful participnts to accept the implementation and to pay Zakah Takaful. This study is also expected to be the push factor among the zakat agents to play a role in disseminating the right information about Zakat Takaful to their customers, which also can be regarded as one of the da'wah forms.

scholarly journals Association of the dominant handgrip strength with the hand dimensions of adult Bangladeshi female laborers

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 230-237
Author(s):  
Mst Taslima Akter ◽  
Nahid Farhana Amin ◽  
Ahsan Arif
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Function ◽  
Handgrip Strength ◽  
Work Force ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
The Body ◽  
Digital Slide ◽  
Daily Work ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Right ◽  
Hand Length

The handgrip strength determines the overall physical health and muscle function of the hand. Nowadays in Bangladesh, female laborers are an important source of work force in many industries. Laborers require more handgrip strength to perform their daily work efficiently. Besides, hand is the part of the body that directly related with handgrip strength, so, the hand dimensions are deemed essential to investigate. Therefore this study is to investigate the association of the dominant handgrip strength with the hand dimensions like hand length, hand breadth, hand span, palm length, palm breadth and wrist breadth of adult Bangladeshi female laborers. Hundred (100) adult female laborers aged between 18 to 45 years, residing in different slums in Dhaka city of Bangladesh were the participants of the present research. Six selected hand dimensions of the right side were measured using the digital slide caliper by direct physical procedure and dominant handgrip strength was measured using a digital handgrip dynamometer. The associations of the dominant handgrip strength with the selected six hand dimensions were tested using Pearson’s correlation coefficient test. The mean value of the dominant handgrip strength of the laborers was 25.6 kg. In present research, the dominant handgrip strength was positively associated with the six selected hand dimensions (hand length, hand breadth, hand span, palm length, palm breadth and wrist breadth). However, the association of dominant handgrip strength with the breadth of hand, palm and wrist reached up to significant level individually. Besides, to get desired success in work of a female laborer, it is important to see the hand anthropometry and handgrip strength, because, better handgrip strength lead to better performance in work. Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. 2021, 7 (3), 230-237

Observations on the breeding and growth of the marsupial Perameles nasuta Geoffroy, with notes on other bandicoots.

1964 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 322 ◽  
Author(s):  
AG Lyne
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Sexual Maturity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cube Root ◽  
Single Individual ◽  
Age Changes ◽  
Breeding Activity ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Right

A study has been made of 521 bandicoots (Perameles nasuta, 324; P. gunnii, 111 ; Isoodon obesulus, 86). Near Sydney, P. nasuta breeds all the year round with no indication of any peaks of breeding activity. Limited observations on P. gunnii and I. obesulus in Tasmania also suggest that births occur in every season of the year. Parturition of a single individual of P. nasuta was witnessed. Fifteen new-born specimens of this species were measured and body weight records were obtained for five of them. The average dimensions of these specimens, and consecutive measurements of three specimens born in captivity and of known age, were used to age pouch young of unknown age. Age changes in the appearance of P. nasuta are described and illustrated. Hair emerges on the trunk at about 40 days after birth and at 2 months the coat is similar to that of the adult. The rate of body growth is extremely rapid just prior to the opening of the eyes (usually at 45-48 days), and the young first appear outside the pouch several days later. The pouch contains eight teats, and the mean litter sizes were: P. nasuta, 2.44 (52 litters); P. gunnii, 2.23 (22 litters); I. obesulus, 2.33 (9 litters). In 47 litters of P. nasuta, 73 young were on teats of the left side compared with 46 on the right side of the pouch. The sexes were equally represented in the pouch young of the three species examined. In P. nasuta, sexual maturity is reached at about 450 g in females and about 650 g in males. The linear equivalence (cube root of the body weight) is used as an overall measure of size with which the parts of the body are compared.

scholarly journals CT Angiography Analysis of Axillary Artery Diameter versus Common Femoral Artery Diameter: Implications for Axillary Approach for Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement in Patients with Hostile Aortoiliac Segment and Advanced Lung Disease

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajiv Tayal ◽  
Humayun Iftikhar ◽  
Benjamin LeSar ◽  
Rahul Patel ◽  
Naveen Tyagi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Femoral Artery ◽  
Axillary Artery ◽  
Common Femoral Artery ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
Transcatheter Aortic Valve ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Right ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Left Axillary Artery ◽  
Comparable Size

Objective.The use of the axillary artery as an access site has lost favor in percutaneous intervention due to the success of these procedures from a radial or brachial alternative. However, these distal access points are unable to safely accommodate anything larger than a 7-French sheath. To date no studies exist describing the size of the axillary artery in relation to the common femoral artery in a patient population. We hypothesized that the axillary artery is of comparable size to the CFA in most patients and less frequently diseased.Methods.We retrospectively reviewed 110 CT scans of the thoracic and abdominal aorta done at our institution to rule out aortic dissection in which the right axillary artery, right CFA, left axillary artery, and left CFA were visualized. Images were then reconstructed using commercially available TeraRecon software and comparative measurements made of the axillary and femoral arteries.Results.In 96 patients with complete data, the mean sizes of the right and left axillary artery were slightly smaller than the left and right CFA. A direct comparison of the sizes of the axillary artery and CFA in the same patient yielded a mean difference of 1.69 mm ± 1.74. In all patients combined, the mean difference between the axillary artery and CFA was 1.88 mm on the right and 1.68 mm on the left. In 19 patients (19.8%), the axillary artery was of the same caliber as the associated CFA. In 8 of 96 patients (8.3%), the axillary artery was larger compared to the CFA.Conclusions.Although typically smaller, the axillary artery is often of comparable size to the CFA, significantly less frequently calcified or diseased, and in almost all observed cases large enough to accommodate a sheath with up to 18 French.

scholarly journals Hypertrichosis Is Not so Prevalent in Becker's Nevus: Analysis of 47 Cases

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abbas Rasi ◽  
Hoda Berenji Ardestani ◽  
Seyed Mehdi Tabaie
Keyword(s):  
Age Of Onset ◽  
Skin Inflammation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Brown Patch ◽  
Becker’S Nevus ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Right

Becker's nevus is a relatively common cutaneous hamartoma, but is often overlooked or misdiagnosed. This nevus usually begins during the second decade of life as a circumscribed, hyperpigmented patch with irregular outline that gradually enlarges with associated hypertrichosis, developing several years later. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of lesional hypertrichosis associated with Becker's nevus. Methods. 47 patients who had sharply demarcated brown patch with or without coarse hair, presence or enlargement of the lesion at the time of puberty, and compatible Wood's light examination were enrolled. Patients who had axillary freckling, previous skin inflammation, and gray pigmentation of the lesions were excluded. Results. In summary, the mean age of onset was 11.89 (range 0–19). The most commonly involved site was the arm (34%), followed by shoulder (23.4%), chest, face, flank, buttock, and leg. Lesional hypertrichosis was found in only 8 (17%) of the 47 patients. In 29 cases (61.7%) the lesions were in the right side of the body. Conclusion. Hypertrichosis was not so frequent among patients with Becker's nevus. There was a higher preponderance of the lesions on the right side.

scholarly journals Angle at the Medial Border: The Spinovertebra Angle and Its Significance

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. Oladipo ◽  
E. O. Aigbogun ◽  
G. L. Akani
Keyword(s):  
Shoulder Girdle ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
Anatomical Location ◽  
Medial Border ◽  
Levator Scapulae ◽  
Nigerian Population ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Right ◽  
And Control ◽  
Anthropometric Study

Background. The evolution from quadrupedalism to bipedalism has adjusted the balance of the upper limb to extensive movement at the shoulder. The scapular angles provide the point of attachment and control to various muscles and have been associated with the different movements of the shoulder girdle and joint. This has made the morphometric and anthropometric study of scapula a subject of extensive investigation. Aim. In the present study, the angle at the medial border was measured in the South-Southern Nigerian population and an anatomical name was ascribed to the angle. Method. The study was conducted on 173 scapulae (75 right and 98 left) obtained from various Anatomy Department of South-Sothern Nigerian Universities. The angle at medial border was obtained by pinning the edge of the superior and inferior angles, the lined traced out, and the angle measured using a protractor. SPSS version 20 was used to analyse the data. t-test was used to determine mean angular difference in the sides. Result. The mean ± SD of the medial angle was observed to be 136.88 ± 7.70° (R = 138.13 ± 7.06° : L = 135.92 ± 8.05°). Statistical analysis using the Z-test for mean difference showed the medial angle was found to be higher in the right side of the scapula (mean difference of 2.214 ± 1.152°), but the observed difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). The above findings have adjusted the scapula from three to four angles (lateral, superior, inferior, and medial) formed from four borders (lateral, superior, inferior, and superomedial and inferomedial). The medial angle because of its anatomical location was named “spinovertebral” angle, owing to its position at the scapulae spine, and located in medial proximity to the vertebra column. Conclusion. The medial angle (now referred to as the spinovertebral angle) of the right side of the scapula is wider than the left. The representation of the spinovertebral angle is very important, as the directional attachment of the levator scapulae may be altered if it increases or decreases greatly hence resulting in stiffness of the neck. At this point, it could be postulated that the scapular is quadrangular rather than triangular.

scholarly journals Changes in Hoof Shape During a Seven-Week Period When Horses Were Shod Versus Barefoot

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1017
Author(s):  
Sara R. Malone ◽  
Helen M. S. Davies
Keyword(s):  
Crossover Study ◽  
Crossover Design ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Right

This crossover study tested the hypothesis that hoof shape would differ after a seven-week period of horses (n = 11) wearing shoes versus barefoot. An ANOVA appropriate to a crossover design was used to assess the differences in the change in hoof shape over the seven-week period and significance was set at p < 0.05. Results are displayed as the mean difference for horses when shod versus barefoot ± the SEM for the left (L) and right (R) front hooves. Proximal hoof circumference (PHC) decreased when horses were shod and barefoot, but this decrease was greater when horses were shod (L −0.65 ± 0.16 cm; p = 0.0026; R −0.78 ± 0.13 cm; p = 0.0002). Hoof angle increased slightly when horses were barefoot and decreased when they were shod (L −1.70 ± 0.31°; p = 0.0004; R −1.84 ± 0.54°; p = 0.0079). Sole length decreased more when horses were barefoot, but this was only significant for the right fore (R 5.07 ± 1.06 mm; p = 0.0010). Solar circumference increased when horses were barefoot but decreased when shod (L −1.19 ± 0.41 cm; p = 0.0182; R −1.50 ± 0.31 cm; p = 0.0010). This is the first study to show a significantly lower PHC when horses were shod compared to barefoot. The study suggests that shod horses may benefit from a shorter shoeing interval to help mitigate the changes in hoof angle.

scholarly journals Use of custom insoles for redistributing plantar pressure, decreasing musculoskeletal pain and reducing postural changes in obese adults

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisa Isis Ferreira ◽  
Carlos Alberto Vargas Ávila ◽  
Marco Fabio Mastroeni
Keyword(s):  
Musculoskeletal Pain ◽  
Plantar Pressure ◽  
The Body ◽  
Morbidly Obese ◽  
Obese Adults ◽  
Obese People ◽  
Postural Changes ◽  
Peak Plantar Pressure ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Right

Introduction Insoles are used for different purposes and they can be an additional factor aiding weight loss in obese people due to their contribution in reducing musculoskeletal pain. Objective The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of custom insoles for redistributing plantar pressure, decreasing musculoskeletal pain and reducing postural changes in obese adults. Materials and methods Data was obtained from morbidly obese people, who had a Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥ 35 and < 45 kg/m2, at three moments: before the insole was provided, immediately after insole use began and after two months of use. Anthropometric, postural, musculoskeletal pain and computerized baropodometry data were collected. Results When comparing the stages before the use of the insole and after two months of use, significant (p < 0.05) decreases were observed in the number of people with right lateral postural misalignment, in the intensity of the musculoskeletal pain of the body segments evaluated (except for the right knee), and in the mean of the peak plantar pressure values. In terms of total plantar contact area, the mean increased significantly (p < 0.05) in both right and left feet after the intervention. Conclusion This study demonstrated that the daily use of proprioceptive insoles contributed to reducing peak plantar pressure, musculoskeletal pain and lateral postural deviations. The use of proprioceptive insoles may be an important strategy to encourage obese people to exercise and, consequently, reduce weight.

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