Variance of the Gait Parameters and Fraction of Double-Support Interval for Determining the Severity of Parkinson’s Disease

The aim of this study was to determine the gait features that are most suitable for the quantified assessment of the severity of Parkinson’s disease (PD). This study computed the mean and variance of the four phases of gait intervals, i.e., stride, swing, stance and double-support intervals, and lateral difference to determine the difference between three groups, i.e., control subjects and PD patients with two severity levels (early and advanced stage) of the disease, PD1 and PD2. Data from 31 subjects were used in the study. The data were obtained from the public database (16 control healthy subjects, 6 Parkinson’s disease patients with early stages, and 9 Parkinson’s disease patients with advanced stages based on the Hoehn and Yahr scale). The main outcome measure of the study was the group difference of the four gait interval parameters and the statistical significance of this difference. The results show that there was a significant increase in the variance of the four gait intervals with the severity of the disease. However, there was no significant difference in the mean values between the three groups. It was also observed that the fraction corresponding to the double-support interval was significantly higher for PD patients. This study has shown that the variance of the gait parameters and the fraction of double-support interval are associated with the severity of PD and may be suitable measures for a quantified evaluation of the disease.

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Which Gait Parameters and Walking Patterns Show the Significant Differences Between Parkinson’s Disease and Healthy Participants?

Biosensors ◽

10.3390/bios9020059 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 59 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Keloth ◽

Viswanathan ◽

Jelfs ◽

Arjunan ◽

Raghav ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Parkinson’S Disease ◽

Parkinson's Disease ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Double Support ◽

Gait Parameters ◽

Stride Interval ◽

Measurement Units ◽

Mean And Variance ◽

The Difference ◽

And Control

This study investigated the difference in the gait of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD), age-matched controls and young controls during three walking patterns. Experiments were conducted with 24 PD, 24 age-matched controls and 24 young controls, and four gait intervals were measured using inertial measurement units (IMU). Group differences between the mean and variance of the gait parameters (stride interval, stance interval, swing interval and double support interval) for the three groups were calculated and statistical significance was tested. The results showed that the variance in each of the four gait parameters of PD patients was significantly higher compared with the controls, irrespective of the three walking patterns. This study showed that the variance of any of the gait interval parameters obtained using IMU during any of the walking patterns could be used to differentiate between the gait of PD and control people.

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Influence of Apical Patency and Cleaning of the Apical Foramen on Periapical Extrusion in Retreatment

Brazilian Dental Journal ◽

10.1590/0103-6440201302016 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 24 (5) ◽

pp. 482-486 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Marili Doro Andrade Deonizio ◽

Gilson Blitzkow Sydney ◽

Antonio Batista ◽

Roberto Pontarolo ◽

Paulo Ricardo Bittencourt Guimarães ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Material Removal ◽

Filling Material ◽

Mean Values ◽

Filtration System ◽

Root Canal Retreatment ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Before And After ◽

The Mean ◽

The Difference ◽

Removal Technique

This study evaluated the influence of apical patency, root filling removal technique and cleaning of the apical foramen, concerning the amount of debris extruded during root canal retreatment. Forty mandibular incisors were randomly assigned to 4 groups - GIM (n=10), GIIM (n=10), GIPT (n=10) and GIIPT (n=10), which were named according to leaving (I) or not (II) apical patency during canal preparation and filling removal technique (manual - M or ProTaper system - PT). After filling material removal, each specimen of each group had the apical foramen cleaned by sizes 15, 20 and 25 instruments, generating 12 subgroups: GIM15, GIM20, GIM25, GIIM15, GIIM20, GIIM25, GIPT15, GIPT20, GIPT25, GIIPT15, GIIPT20 and GIIPT25. Extruded filling debris was collected by a Milipore filtration system, an HV-durapore, 0.45 µm pore filter with a 25 mm diameter. The filters were weighed before and after the collection on an analytical scale (10–5 g), and the difference was calculated. The mean weight of extruded filling debris was analyzed statistically by Kruskal-Wallis and Friedman ANOVA tests (α=0.05). The mean values found in the groups (in mg) were: GIM (0.95±0.94), GIIM (0.47±0.62), GIPT (0.30±0.31) and GIIPT (0.32±0.44). There was no statistically significant difference among any of the groups or subgroups (p>0.05). ProTaper provided the smallest amount of extruded filling material, regardless of presence or absence of apical patency, followed by manual technique, without and with apical patency. Additional amounts of debris were collected during cleaning of the apical foramen, regardless of the instrument, presence/absence of patency or root filling removal technique.

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Effect of smoking on cardiovascular autonomic functions

International Journal of Physiotherapy and Research ◽

10.16965/ijpr.2021.101 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 3780-3784

Author(s):

P.Vani ◽

◽

Sharan B Singh M ◽

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Autonomic Function ◽

T Test ◽

Resting Heart Rate ◽

Autonomic Functions ◽

Mean Values ◽

Function Tests ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Mean ◽

The Difference

Introduction: Cigarette smoking is a prime risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Chronic smoking results in autonomic dysfunction leading to increased cardiovascular risk in smokers. The present study was planned to study the effect of smoking on the Cardiovascular Autonomic Functions among smokers. Materials and Methods: Fifty male subjects who were in the age group of 25 to 45 years. They were grouped into 25 smokers and 25 non-smokers. The participant subjects were selected among the staff members, residents and the patients from the routine OPD in SVIMS. Prior to study, they were informed about the procedure and the purpose of the study tests and written consents were obtained from them. The Cardiovascular Autonomic Function Tests were assessed by using a POLYGRAPH which was available in the department. Results and Conclusion: After applying the ‘t’-test for the difference between the two sample means, it was observed that there was a highly significant difference between the mean values of the BMI(i.e.p<0.01) and the para-sympathetic function tests among the smokers and the non – smokers(i.e.p<0.00). The Resting Heart Rate had significantly increased and the Deep breathing difference, the postural tachycardial index (Response to standing) and the Valsalva Ratio had significantly decreased in the smokers as compared to those in the non – smokers. After applying the ‘t’-test for the difference between the two sample means, it was observed that there was no significant difference between the mean values of the Postural hypotension test (i.e. p>0.05) and that there was a highly significant difference between the mean values of the Sustained handgrip test in the smokers and the non – smokers (i.e. p<0.00). KEY WORDS: Cardiovascular autonomic function tests, Smoking, Resting heart rate.

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Quantitative assessment of gait parameters in people with Parkinson's disease in laboratory and clinical setting: Are the measures interchangeable?

Neurology International ◽

10.4081/ni.2018.7729 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Massimiliano Pau ◽

Federica Corona ◽

Roberta Pili ◽

Carlo Casula ◽

Marco Guicciardi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Parkinson’S Disease ◽

Parkinson's Disease ◽

Clinical Setting ◽

Stride Length ◽

Experimental Setting ◽

Optoelectronic System ◽

Double Support ◽

Gait Parameters ◽

Spatio Temporal ◽

Wearable Accelerometers

This study aimed to investigate possible differences in spatio-temporal gait parameters of people with Parkinson’s Disease (pwPD) when they are tested either in laboratory using 3D Gait Analysis or in a clinical setting using wearable accelerometers. The main spatio-temporal gait parameters (speed, cadence, stride length, stance, swing and double support duration) of 31 pwPD were acquired: i) using a wearable accelerometer in a clinical setting while wearing shoes (ISS); ii) same as condition 1, but barefoot (ISB); iii) using an optoelectronic system (OES) undressed and barefoot. While no significant differences were found for cadence, stance, swing and double support duration, the experimental setting affected speed and stride length that decreased (by 17% and 12% respectively, P<0.005) when passing from the clinical (ISS) to the laboratory (OES) setting. These results suggest that gait assessment should be always performed in the same conditions to avoid errors, which may lead to inaccurate patient’s evaluations.

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Effects of Orthokeratology Lens On Axial Length Elongation in Myopia With Anisometropia Children

10.21203/rs.3.rs-741927/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ziyang Chen ◽

Kai-Ming Chen ◽

Ying Shi ◽

Zhao-Da Ye ◽

Sheng Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Retrospective Study ◽

Axial Length ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Spherical Equivalent ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Mean ◽

The Difference ◽

Better Than ◽

Group 1

Abstract AimTo investigate the effect of orthokeratology (OK) lens on axial length (AL) elongation in myopia with anisometropia children.MethodsThirty-seven unilateral myopia (group 1) and fifty-nine bilateral myopia with anisometropia children were involved in this 1-year retrospective study. And bilateral myopia with anisometropia children were divided into group 2A (diopter of the lower SER eye under − 2.00D) and group 2B(diopter of the lower SER eye is equal or greater than − 2.00D). The change in AL were observed.The datas were analysed using SPSS 21.0.Results(1) In group 1, the mean baseline AL of the H eyes and L eye were 24.70 ± 0.89 mm and 23.55 ± 0.69 mm, respectively. In group 2A, the mean baseline AL of the H eyes and L eyes were 24.61 ± 0.84 mm and 24.00 ± 0.70 mm respectively. In group 2B, the mean baseline AL of the H eyes and L eyes were 25.28 ± 0.72 mm and 24.70 ± 0.74 mm. After 1 year, the change in AL of the L eyes was faster than the H eyes in group 1 and group 2A (all P<0.001).While the AL of the H eyes and L eyes had the same increased rate in group 2B. (2) The effect of controlling AL elongation of H eyes is consistent in three groups (P = 0.559).The effect of controlling AL elongation of L eyes in group 2B was better than that in group 1 and group 2A (P < 0.001). And the difference between group 1 and group 2A has no statistical significance. (3) The AL difference in H eyes and L eyes decreased from baseline 1.16 ± 0.55mm to 0.88 ± 0.68mm after 1 year in group 1.And in group 2A, the AL difference in H eyes and L eyes decreased from baseline 0.61 ± 0.34mm to 0.48 ± 0.28mm. There was statistically significant difference (all P<0.001). In group 2B, the baseline AL difference in H eyes and L eyes has no significant difference from that after 1 year (P = 0.069).ConclusionsMonocular OK lens is effective on suppression AL growth of the myopic eyes and reduce anisometropia value in unilateral myopic children. Binocular OK lenses only reduce anisometropia with the diopter of the low eye under − 2.00D. Binocular OK lenses cannot reduce anisometropia with the diopter of the low eye equal or greater than − 2.00D. Whether OK lens can reduce refractive anisometropia value is related to the spherical equivalent refractive of low refractive eye in bilateral myopia with anisometropia children after 1-year follow-up.

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Cerebrospinal fluid levels of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in Parkinson’s disease and atypical parkinsonian syndromes

Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽

10.1159/000520302 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Michaela Kaiserova ◽

Monika Chudackova ◽

Hana Prikrylova Vranova ◽

Katerina Mensikova ◽

Anetta Kastelikova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Parkinson’S Disease ◽

Parkinson's Disease ◽

Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Corticobasal Degeneration ◽

Control Group ◽

Csf Biomarkers ◽

Parkinsonian Syndromes ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid

Background: Various cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers are studied in Parkinson’s disease (PD) and atypical parkinsonian syndromes (APS). Several studies found reduced 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), the main serotonin metabolite, in PD. There is little evidence regarding its levels in APS. Methods: We measured 5-HIAA in the CSF of 90 PD patients, 16 MSA patients, 26 progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) patients, 11 corticobasal degeneration (CBD) patients, and 31 controls. We also compared the values in depressed and non-depressed patients. Results: There was a statistically significant difference in CSF 5-HIAA in PD and MSA compared to the control group (median in PD 15.8 µg/l, in MSA 13.6 µg/l vs. 24.3 µg/l in controls; P=0.0008 in PD, P=0.006 in MSA). There was no statistically significant difference in CSF 5-HIAA in PSP and CBD compared to the control group (median in PSP 22.7 µg/l, in CBD 18.7 µg/l vs. 24.3 µg/l in controls; P= 1 in both PSP and CBD). CSF 5-HIAA levels were lower in PD patients with depression compared to PD patients without depression (median 8.34 vs. 18.48, P<0.0001). Conclusions: CSF 5-HIAA is decreased in PD and MSA. The CSF 5-HIAA levels in PSP and CBS did not differ from those of the control group. There was a tendency toward lower CSF 5-HIAA in MSA than in PD, however, the results did not reach statistical significance. These results may be explained by more severe damage of the serotonergic system in synucleinopathies (PD, MSA) than in tauopathies (PSP, CBS).

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Bereitschaftspotential preceding eyelid blinks in Parkinson’s disease

Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria ◽

10.1590/0004-282x20170109 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 75 (8) ◽

pp. 539-545

Author(s):

Isabella Araújo Mota ◽

Maria das Graças Coriolano ◽

Otávio Gomes Lins

Keyword(s):

Parkinson’S Disease ◽

Parkinson's Disease ◽

Analysis Of Variance ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Healthy Controls ◽

Negative Wave ◽

The Mean ◽

Normal Controls

ABSTRACT The Bereitschaftspotential (BP) is a negative wave observed in EEG retrograde averaging, preceding a motor act. The objective was to study the BP preceding voluntary eyelid blinks in Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients during off and on phases of levodopa. Methods Ten PD patients in stages 1 and 2 of the Hoehn & Yahr classification were compared to 18 healthy controls. Artifact-free EEG segments of two seconds preceding the onset of the blink potential were averaged and analyzed, and the statistical significance of the measured amplitudes were evaluated by analysis of variance models. Results The presence of a BP in the PD patients was demonstrated. The mean amplitudes at 0 ms were respectively 0.6 µV and 3.3 µV for the BP patients and the normal controls, respectively. Conclusions The BP amplitudes were significantly smaller in PD patients than normal participants. The amplitudes of the BP were not modified by levodopa.

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Predicting Progression to Parkinson’s Disease Dementia Using Multivariate Normative Comparisons

Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society ◽

10.1017/s1355617719000298 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 25 (7) ◽

pp. 678-687

Author(s):

J.A. Agelink van Rentergem ◽

N.R. de Vent ◽

H.M. Huizenga ◽

J.M.J. Murre ◽

B.A. Schmand ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Parkinson’S Disease ◽

Parkinson's Disease ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Cognitive Test ◽

Outcome Variable ◽

Multivariate Statistical ◽

Normative Database ◽

Normative Comparison ◽

The Difference ◽

Normative Comparisons

AbstractObjective: Parkinson’s disease with mild cognitive impairment (PD-MCI) is a risk factor for progression to PD dementia (PDD) at a later stage of the disease. The consensus criteria of PD-MCI use a traditional test-by-test normative comparison. The aim of this study was to investigate whether a new multivariate statistical method provides a more sensitive tool for predicting dementia status at 3- and 5-year follow-ups. This method allows a formal evaluation of a patient’s profile of test scores given a large aggregated database with regression-based norms. Method: The cognitive test results of 123 newly diagnosed PD patients from a previously published longitudinal study were analyzed with three different methods. First, the PD-MCI criteria were applied in the traditional way. Second, the PD-MCI criteria were applied using the large aggregated normative database. Last, multivariate normative comparisons (MNCs) were made using the same aggregated normative database. The outcome variable was progression to dementia within 3 and 5 years. Results: The MNC was characterized by higher sensitivity and higher specificity in predicting progression to PDD at follow-up than the two PD-MCI criteria methods, although the difference in classification accuracy did not reach statistical significance. Conclusion: We conclude that MNCs could allow for a more accurate prediction of PDD than the traditional PD-MCI criteria, because there are encouraging trends in both increased sensitivity and increased specificity. (JINS, 2019, 25, 678–687)

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PALLIDOTOMY IN PARKINSONIAN DISEASE: THE RENAISSANCE

Journal of University Medical & Dental College ◽

10.37723/jumdc.v12i2.535 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Aurangzeb Kalhoro ◽

Abdul Basit Sattar ◽

Abdul Sattar M. Hashim ◽

Abid Saleem

Keyword(s):

Parkinson’S Disease ◽

Parkinson's Disease ◽

Contralateral Side ◽

P Value ◽

Female Patients ◽

Number Of Patients ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Difference ◽

Parkinsonian Disease ◽

Unilateral Pallidotomy

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: To assess the results of pallidotomy in Parkinson’s disease, and its effect on improving the lifestyle of the patients and cost-effectiveness. METHODOLOGY: A descriptive study was conducted at Neuro-Spinal & Cancer Care Institute, Karachi from June 2014 to January 2020. Patients who were known case of Parkinson’s disease refractory to medication and developed side effects to medication were included in the study and patients with previous brain surgery, associated brain disorders like Alzheimer’s disease, basal ganglia lesion, brain trauma were excluded. All patients were treated by pallidotomy on the contralateral side. The significance of the difference between groups to compare between the pre-op or post-op treatments was calculated through non-parametric assessment Kruskal-Wallis tests. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was around 57 years. There were 34(81%) male and 8(19%) female patients’ Maximum number of patients who were more than 45 years, were having a left-sided proportion. More male patients were having a left-sided proportion as compared to female patients. The majority of patients (57.5%) were having dyskinesia as q primary symptom. A significant difference (p-value <0.001) existed in pre & post-operative UPDRS-III scores. A significant difference (p-value <0.001) also existed between on & off medications UPDRS- III (pre-op/post-op) scores. CONCLUSION: The result of pallidotomy is promising especially for unilateral pallidotomy to minimize the risk of cognition and speech disorder and long-term follow-up is needed to prove the statement further. Currently, pallidotomy is associated with minimal complications, more effective, and improving the quality of life of Parkinsonian patients.

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Discourse Analysis in Tamil Speaking Individuals with Parkinson’s Disease

International Journal of Science and Healthcare Research ◽

10.52403/ijshr.20211003 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

pp. 11-16

Author(s):

Maria J ◽

Samyuktha N ◽

Yuva Yoga Shree B

Keyword(s):

Parkinson’S Disease ◽

Parkinson's Disease ◽

Personal Narrative ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Complex Structure ◽

Speech Impairment ◽

Motor Speech Disorder ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Degenerative Disorder ◽

Age Range

Background: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a degenerative disorder of the central nervous system. Though PD is primarily a motor speech disorder during the initial stages, as the disease progresses, a gradual decline in linguistic aspects is observed as well. The effects of disease (PD) on cognition, word retrieval, syntax, and speech/voice processes may act together to manifest uniquely in spoken language tasks. There is a dearth of studies focusing on the discourse abilities in PD, especially in Indian context. Aim: The present study aims at investigating the micro and macrostructure discourse by using personal narrative task in Tamil speaking individuals with idiopathic PD and comparing it with the neuro-typical individuals Method: Two groups comprising 5 Tamil-speaking individuals with idiopathic PD in the age range of 60–85 years and 5 neuro-typical individuals were included in the study. To assess their discourse skills, participants were engaged in a personal narrative task. The analyses done were based on macro and micro structural aspects of discourse. The raw scores were subjected to suitable statistical analysis. Results: There was a statistical significance between the Parkinson & Normal group on Total number of words, No. of Different words, No. of content words, No. of Functional words, Free morphemes, Complex structure per utterances & Relevant piece per utterance in microstructural aspects. However there was no significant difference observed in the macrostructural aspects due to smaller sample size. Conclusion: It can be concluded that in addition to speech impairment, language structure is also affected in persons with PD. Intervening at the level of discourse is an important aspect as it enhances the quality of life. Keywords: Parkinson’s disease, Discourse, Tamil speaking, Micro analysis, Macro Analysis.

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