Cerebrospinal fluid levels of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in Parkinson’s disease and atypical parkinsonian syndromes

Background: Various cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers are studied in Parkinson’s disease (PD) and atypical parkinsonian syndromes (APS). Several studies found reduced 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), the main serotonin metabolite, in PD. There is little evidence regarding its levels in APS. Methods: We measured 5-HIAA in the CSF of 90 PD patients, 16 MSA patients, 26 progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) patients, 11 corticobasal degeneration (CBD) patients, and 31 controls. We also compared the values in depressed and non-depressed patients. Results: There was a statistically significant difference in CSF 5-HIAA in PD and MSA compared to the control group (median in PD 15.8 µg/l, in MSA 13.6 µg/l vs. 24.3 µg/l in controls; P=0.0008 in PD, P=0.006 in MSA). There was no statistically significant difference in CSF 5-HIAA in PSP and CBD compared to the control group (median in PSP 22.7 µg/l, in CBD 18.7 µg/l vs. 24.3 µg/l in controls; P= 1 in both PSP and CBD). CSF 5-HIAA levels were lower in PD patients with depression compared to PD patients without depression (median 8.34 vs. 18.48, P<0.0001). Conclusions: CSF 5-HIAA is decreased in PD and MSA. The CSF 5-HIAA levels in PSP and CBS did not differ from those of the control group. There was a tendency toward lower CSF 5-HIAA in MSA than in PD, however, the results did not reach statistical significance. These results may be explained by more severe damage of the serotonergic system in synucleinopathies (PD, MSA) than in tauopathies (PSP, CBS).

Download Full-text

Cerebrospinal Fluid Levels of Chromogranin A in Parkinson’s Disease and Multiple System Atrophy

Brain Sciences ◽

10.3390/brainsci11020141 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 141

Author(s):

Michaela Kaiserova ◽

Monika Chudackova ◽

Katerina Mensikova ◽

Miroslav Vastik ◽

Sandra Kurcova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Parkinson’S Disease ◽

Parkinson's Disease ◽

Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽

Multiple System Atrophy ◽

Chromogranin A ◽

Disease Duration ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Control Group ◽

Dose Equivalent ◽

Levodopa Dose

Background: Chromogranin A (CgA) and other peptides from the chromogranin–secretogranin family have been recently studied as potential biomarkers of various neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson’s disease (PD). Methods: We measured CgA in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 119 PD patients, 18 multiple system atrophy (MSA) patients, and 31 age-matched controls. We also correlated the values with disease duration and levodopa dose equivalent. Results: In the PD patients, CSF CgA tended to be lower than the control group (median 124.5 vs. 185.2 µg/L; p = 0.057); however, the results did not reach statistical significance. CSF CgA levels in MSA were significantly lower compared to the control group (median 104.4 vs. 185.2; p = 0.014). There was no significant difference in CSF CgA between PD and MSA patients (p = 0.372). There was no association between CSF CgA and disease duration or levodopa dose equivalent in PD or in MSA. Conclusions: We observed a tendency toward lower CSF CgA levels in both PD and MSA compared to the control group; however, the difference reached statistical significance only in MSA. Based on these results, CgA may have potential as a biomarker in PD and MSA, but further studies on larger numbers of patients are needed to draw conclusions.

Download Full-text

Prevalence of and Severity of Depression among Parkinson Disease Patients

Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research ◽

10.9734/jammr/2020/v32i830470 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 110-118

Author(s):

Ugbomah Lucy Ohoreorovwori ◽

Stanley Princewill Chukwuemeka ◽

Adiukwu Frances ◽

Osemwegie NosakhareOsemwegie Nosakhare

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Parkinson’S Disease ◽

Parkinson's Disease ◽

Depressive Symptoms ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Control Group ◽

P Value ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Prevalence Of Depression ◽

Severity Of Depression

Background: The objectives of the study were to determine prevalence and severity of depression among patients with Parkinson’s diseaseand compare with a control group that has comparable disability with PD and ascertain the correlation of depressive symptoms severity with the severity of motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Methods: This was a comparative cross-sectional descriptive study conducted at the Neurology clinic of University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital (UPTH).The presence and severity of depression in patients with PD measured using Becks Depression Inventory (BDI) and severity of PD using Unified Parkinson’s DiseaseRating Scale (UPDRS)-motor. Results: A total of 40 PD patients and 40 patients with non-complicated hypertension werestudied. This study showed that the prevalence of depression among subjects with Parkinson’s disease was significantly higher 72.5% as compared with control group, further comparing the mean BDI for PD and Hypertension using independent t-test shows statistical significance (t=-3.306, p-value< 0.001). However, there is no significant difference between the severity of depression among PD patients and control. The study also reported difference in the pattern of depressive symptoms as the PD progresses. Conclusions: The prevalence of depression in this study was significantly higher (72.5%) among patients with PD, with no significant difference in severity of depression. however, the pattern of depressive symptoms shows significant difference as PD progresses.We recommend the integration of mental health services into the care of Parkinson’s disease to ensure regular assessment of their mental health status and prompt treatment.

Download Full-text

Donepezil for mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-84243-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Kyoungwon Baik ◽

Seon Myeong Kim ◽

Jin Ho Jung ◽

Yang Hyun Lee ◽

Seok Jong Chung ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Parkinson’S Disease ◽

Parkinson's Disease ◽

Cognitive Impairment ◽

Mild Cognitive Impairment ◽

Treatment Group ◽

Outcome Measures ◽

Rating Scale ◽

Secondary Outcome ◽

Control Group ◽

Significant Difference

AbstractWe investigated the efficacy of donepezil for mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease (PD-MCI). This was a prospective, non-randomized, open-label, two-arm study. Eighty PD-MCI patients were assigned to either a treatment or control group. The treatment group received donepezil for 48 weeks. The primary outcome measures were the Korean version of Mini-Mental State Exam and Montreal Cognitive Assessment scores. Secondary outcome measures were the Clinical Dementia Rating, Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale part III, Clinical Global Impression scores. Progression of dementia was assessed at 48-week. Comprehensive neuropsychological tests and electroencephalography (EEG) were performed at baseline and after 48 weeks. The spectral power ratio of the theta to beta2 band (TB2R) in the electroencephalogram was analyzed. There was no significant difference in the primary and secondary outcome measures between the two groups. However, the treatment group showed a significant decrease in TB2R at bilateral frontotemporoparietal channels compared to the control group. Although we could not demonstrate improvements in the cognitive functions, donepezil treatment had a modulatory effect on the EEG in PD-MCI patients. EEG might be a sensitive biomarker for detecting changes in PD-MCI after donepezil treatment.

Download Full-text

Alteration in the Cerebrospinal Fluid Lipidome in Parkinson’s Disease: A Post-Mortem Pilot Study

Biomedicines ◽

10.3390/biomedicines9050491 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 491

Author(s):

Joaquín Fernández-Irigoyen ◽

Paz Cartas-Cejudo ◽

Marta Iruarrizaga-Lejarreta ◽

Enrique Santamaría

Keyword(s):

Parkinson’S Disease ◽

Parkinson's Disease ◽

Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽

Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽

Small Population ◽

Control Group ◽

Post Mortem ◽

Cellular Models ◽

Flight Mass Spectrometry ◽

Lipid Species

Lipid metabolism is clearly associated to Parkinson’s disease (PD). Although lipid homeostasis has been widely studied in multiple animal and cellular models, as well as in blood derived from PD individuals, the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) lipidomic profile in PD remains largely unexplored. In this study, we characterized the post-mortem CSF lipidomic imbalance between neurologically intact controls (n = 10) and PD subjects (n = 20). The combination of dual extraction with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-qToF-MS/MS) allowed for the monitoring of 257 lipid species across all samples. Complementary multivariate and univariate data analysis identified that glycerolipids (mono-, di-, and triacylglycerides), saturated and mono/polyunsaturated fatty acids, primary fatty amides, glycerophospholipids (phosphatidylcholines, phosphatidylethanolamines), sphingolipids (ceramides, sphingomyelins), N-acylethanolamines and sterol lipids (cholesteryl esters, steroids) were significantly increased in the CSF of PD compared to the control group. Interestingly, CSF lipid dyshomeostasis differed depending on neuropathological staging and disease duration. These results, despite the limitation of being obtained in a small population, suggest extensive CSF lipid remodeling in PD, shedding new light on the deployment of CSF lipidomics as a promising tool to identify potential lipid markers as well as discriminatory lipid species between PD and other atypical parkinsonisms.

Download Full-text

Alpha-Synuclein Protofibrils in Cerebrospinal Fluid: A Potential Biomarker for Parkinson's Disease

Journal of Parkinson s Disease ◽

10.3233/jpd-202141 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 1429-1442

Author(s):

Marianne von Euler Chelpin ◽

Linda Söderberg ◽

Johanna Fälting ◽

Christer Möller ◽

Marco Giorgetti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Parkinson’S Disease ◽

Parkinson's Disease ◽

Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽

Single Molecule ◽

Area Under The Curve ◽

Corticobasal Degeneration ◽

Alpha Synuclein ◽

Cross Reactivity ◽

Potential Biomarker ◽

Csf Levels

Background: Currently, there is no established biomarker for Parkinson's disease (PD) and easily accessible biomarkers are crucial for developing disease-modifying treatments. Objective: To develop a novel method to quantify cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of α-synuclein protofibrils (α-syn PF) and apply it to clinical cohorts of patients with PD and atypical parkinsonian disorders. Methods: A cohort composed of 49 patients with PD, 12 with corticobasal degeneration (CBD), 22 with progressive supranuclear palsy, and 33 controls, that visited the memory clinic but had no biomarker signs of Alzheimer’s disease (AD, tau<350 pg/mL, amyloid-beta 42 (Aβ42)>530 pg/mL, and phosphorylated tau (p-tau)<60 pg/mL) was used in this study. The CSF samples were analyzed with the Single molecule array (Simoa) technology. Total α-synuclein (α-syn) levels were analyzed with a commercial ELISA-kit. Results: The assay is specific to α-syn PF, with no cross-reactivity to monomeric α-syn, or the β- and γ-synuclein variants. CSF α-syn PF levels were increased in PD compared with controls (62.1 and 40.4 pg/mL, respectively, p = 0.03), and CBD (62.1 and 34.2 pg/mL, respectively, p = 0.02). The accuracy of predicting PD using α-syn PF is significantly different from controls (area under the curve 0.68, p = 0.0097) with a sensitivity of 62.8% and specificity of 67.7%. Levels of total α-syn were significantly different between the PD and CBD groups (p = 0.04). Conclusion: The developed method specifically quantifies α-syn PF in human CSF with increased concentrations in PD, but with an overlap with asymptomatic elderly controls.

Download Full-text

LINEAR ASSESSMENT OF CEREBRAL AUTOREGULATION IN IDIOPATHIC PARKINSON'S DISEASE

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.22159/ijpps.2016v8s2.15212 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 14

Author(s):

Chuang-chien Chiu ◽

Ken Ying-kai Liao ◽

Shoou-jeng Yeh

Keyword(s):

Parkinson’S Disease ◽

Parkinson's Disease ◽

Cerebral Autoregulation ◽

System Analysis ◽

Cerebral Blood Flow Velocity ◽

Function Analysis ◽

Control Group ◽

Power Spectral ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Density Analysis

<p class="lead">Parkinson’s disease cases have been on the rise in the recent years, which promoted several different researches into the disorder. However, there hasn’t much research been done in the non-motor aspects of the disease. This study aims to improve the understanding of one of the non-motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. Specifically, this research aims to further understand cerebral autoregulation in patients with Parkinson’s disease. In order to achieve this aim, 25 subjects were recruited, with 11 healthy controls and 14 patients with Parkinson’s disease. The continuous blood pressure and continuous cerebral blood flow velocity of all subjects were recorded and processed while the subjects were at rest, tilt-up, and during hyperventilation. Linear signal and system analysis techniques were applied such as the power spectral density analysis and cross-correlation function analysis. Results showed that patients with Parkinson’s disease did not show a significant difference from the control group while at rest and after tilt-up. However, there was a significant difference between the groups during hyperventilation. The results obtained in this study suggested that the metabolic regulatory pathway for cerebral autoregulation is impaired in patients with Parkinson’s disease.</p>

Download Full-text

miR-185 and SEPT5 Genes May Contribute to Parkinson’s Disease Pathophysiology

Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity ◽

10.1155/2019/5019815 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Arman Rahimmi ◽

Ilaria Peluso ◽

Aref Rajabi ◽

Kambiz Hassanzadeh

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Parkinson’S Disease ◽

Parkinson's Disease ◽

Substantia Nigra ◽

Chromosomal Location ◽

Gene Expression Pattern ◽

Control Group ◽

Significant Difference

There are still unknown mechanisms involved in the development of Parkinson’s disease (PD), which elucidating them can assist in developing efficient therapies. Recently, studies showed that genes located on the human chromosomal location 22q11.2 might be involved in the development of PD. Therefore, the present study was designed to evaluate the role of two genes located on the chromosomal location (miR-185 and SEPT5), which were the most probable candidates based on our bibliography. In vivo and in vitro models of PD were developed using male Wistar rats and SHSY-5Y cell line, respectively. The expression levels of miR-185, SEPT5, LRRK2, and PARK2 genes were measured at a mRNA level in dopaminergic areas of rats’ brains and SHSY-5Y cells using the SYBR Green Real-Time PCR Method. Additionally, the effect of inhibition on the genes or their products on cell viability and gene expression pattern in SHSY-5Y cells was investigated. The level of miR-185 gene expression was significantly decreased in the substantia nigra (SN) and striatum (ST) of the rotenone-treated group (control group) compared to the healthy normal group (P<0.05). In addition, there was a significant difference in the expression of SEPT5 gene (P<0.05) in the substantia nigra between two studied groups. The results of an in vitro study showed no significant change in the expression of the genes; however, the inhibition on miR-185 gene expression led to the increase in LRRK2 gene expression in SHSY-5Y cells. The inhibition on LRRK2 protein also decreased the cellular toxicity effect of rotenone on SHSY-5Y cells. The results suggested the protective role of miR-185 gene in preventing the development of PD.

Download Full-text

The effect of laughter yoga exercises on anxiety and sleep quality in patients suffering from Parkinson’s disease

Biomedical Research and Therapy ◽

10.15419/bmrat.v4i07.200 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 4 (07) ◽

pp. 1463 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Azadeh Memarian ◽

Afsaneh Sanatkaran ◽

Seyyed Mohialdin Bahari

Keyword(s):

Parkinson’S Disease ◽

Parkinson's Disease ◽

Sleep Quality ◽

Sleep Disturbances ◽

Nonparametric Test ◽

Complementary Therapy ◽

Control Group ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Improve Sleep Quality

Background: The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effects of laughter yoga exercises on anxiety and sleep quality in patients suffering from Parkinson’s disease. Methods: In the study a semi-empirical and applied research design was used, which involved a pre-test and post-test, and appropriate control group. The study consisted of 24 patients suffering from Parkinson’s disease who were referred and admitted to Hazarate Raoul Allah Hospital in Tehran, Iran. The patients ranged in age from 55 to 75 and met the study criteria prior to entering the research study. The patients were randomly divided into two groups – control or experimental (n=12 per group). After completing exercises (laughter yoga), post-evaluation of anxiety and sleep quality of patients in both groups were conducted using questionnaires. For normalization of research data, the Mann-Whitney nonparametric test was used. Statistical analyses were conducted using the SPSS software, with the statistically significant level set at P<0.05. Results: The Mann-Whitney tests indicated that there was a significant difference between the average stress change as well as sleep quality in patients suffering from Parkinson’s disease (versus control subjects) following laughter yoga exercises. Indeed, regarding sleep quality laughter yoga was only effective on the subjective quality of sleep and latency in sleeping. There was no observation of a significant effect on the duration of sleep, sleep efficiency, sleep disturbances, use of sleeping pills, or daily functions of the patients. Conclusion: The results of the present study demonstrate that laughter yoga exercises can reduce anxiety and improve sleep quality in patients suffering from Parkinson’s disease. As a result, laughter yoga exercises may be beneficial as a complementary therapy with standard treatment methods to reduce anxiety and improve sleep quality in patients with Parkinson's.

Download Full-text

Orofacial Functions and Chewing Effiency in Elderly Patients with Parkinson’s Disease Rehabilitated with Removable Prostheses

The Open Dentistry Journal ◽

10.2174/1874210602014010013 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 13-18 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Corsalini Massimo ◽

Rapone Biagio ◽

Cagnetta Giovanni ◽

Carossa Massimo ◽

Sportelli Pasquale ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Parkinson’S Disease ◽

Parkinson's Disease ◽

Age Of Onset ◽

The Elderly ◽

Control Group ◽

Study Group ◽

Dental Prostheses ◽

Masticatory Efficiency ◽

Masticatory Ability ◽

Significant Difference

Background: Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer's disease. It is one of the movement disorders that can affect oro-facial conditions. It is more common in the elderly, having an average age of onset of around 60 years. Objective: The aim was to study orofacial functions in patients suffering from PD with partial or total edentulism, wearing removable prostheses. Methods: Forty-eight (48) elders, rehabilitated with removable dentures, were included: 24 patients suffering from Parkinson's disease constitute the Study Group (SG), and 24 subjects not suffering from Parkinson's disease or neurological degenerative diseases represent the Control Group (CG). In SG, the severity of Parkinson's disease was assessed according to the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating objective motor scale III, and oro-facial dysfunctions were evaluated using Nordic Orofacial Test-Screening (NOT-S). The duration of the use of dental prostheses expressed in years has been reported. In both the groups, the subjective chewing index for the analysis of masticatory ability and the two-color chewing gum test for the analysis of masticatory efficiency were conducted . Results: There was a statistically significant difference between the SG and CG compared to the NOT-S (P = 0.001). Analyzing the study group, a statistically significant correlation was found between the masticatory efficiency and prosthetic years of use (rs = 0.436; P <0.05); instead, no statistically significant correlation was found between the masticatory efficiency and the severity of Parkinson's disease. Conclusion: In our study, we did not find differences between SG and CG in terms of the degree of masticatory efficiency; therefore, only a correlation between the duration of use of dental prostheses and the degree of masticatory efficiency was found.

Download Full-text

Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers in Parkinson’s Disease: A Critical Overview of the Literature and Meta-Analyses

Brain Sciences ◽

10.3390/brainsci10070466 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (7) ◽

pp. 466 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Takayuki Katayama ◽

Jun Sawada ◽

Kae Takahashi ◽

Osamu Yahara

Keyword(s):

Parkinson’S Disease ◽

Parkinson's Disease ◽

Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽

Biochemical Markers ◽

Neurodegenerative Disorder ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Analysis Data ◽

Csf Biomarkers ◽

Neurofilament Light ◽

Meta Analyses

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder; however, well-established biochemical markers have not yet been identified. This review article covers several candidate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers for PD based on the recent literature and meta-analysis data. The decrease of α-synuclein in PD is supported by meta-analyses with modest reproducibility, and a decrease of amyloid β42 is seen as a prognostic marker for cognitive decline. Tau, phosphorylated tau (p-tau), and neurofilament light chains have been used to discriminate PD from other neurodegenerative disorders. This article also describes more hopeful biochemical markers, such as neurotransmitters, oxidative stress markers, and other candidate biomarkers.

Download Full-text