scholarly journals Framework for Incorporating Artificial Somatic Markers in the Decision-Making of Autonomous Agents

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (20) ◽  
pp. 7361
Author(s):  
Daniel Cabrera ◽  
Claudio Cubillos ◽  
Enrique Urra ◽  
Rafael Mellado
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Memory Management ◽  
Autonomous Agents ◽  
Research Work ◽  
The Body ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Somatic Markers ◽  
Somatic Marker ◽  
Action Analysis ◽  
Physical Consequences

The somatic marker hypothesis proposes that when a person faces a decision scenario, many thoughts arise and different “physical consequences” are fleetingly observable. It is generally accepted that affective dimension influences cognitive capacities. Several proposals for including affectivity within artificial systems have been presented. However, to the best of our knowledge, a proposal that considers the incorporation of artificial somatic markers in a disaggregated and specialized way for the different phases that make up a decision-making process has not been observed yet. Thus, this research work proposes a framework that considers the incorporation of artificial somatic markers in different phases of the decision-making of autonomous agents: recognition of decision point; determination of the courses of action; analysis of decision options; decision selection and performing; memory management. Additionally, a unified decision-making process and a general architecture for autonomous agents are presented. This proposal offers a qualitative perspective following an approach of grounded theory, which is suggested when existing theories or models cannot fully explain or understand a phenomenon or circumstance under study. This research work represents a novel contribution to the body of knowledge in guiding the incorporation of this biological concept in artificial terms within autonomous agents.

scholarly journals Performance Appraisal Decision and Cognitive Processing Model: A Case of Novice and Expert Raters in the Educational Organization

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rusli Ahmad ◽  
Azman Ismail ◽  
Mohamad Madi Abdullah
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Performance Appraisal ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Cognitive Mapping ◽  
School Administrators ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
The Body ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Appraisal System ◽  
New Perspective

This paper explores rater (novice and expert) understanding of the decision-making process in the performance appraisal system (PAS) by looking at the cognitive processing model (CPM). Interviews were conducted using a semi-structured cognitive mapping protocol involving 22 Malaysian public school administrators and were analysed using key word analysis. The decision explorer software was used to map the thinking activities involved in the rater decision-making process. The findings revealed that raters recognised the CPM steps in their performance appraisal practice. The study also identified the differences between individual novice and expert raters’ CPM in terms of concept and complexity, and also an attempt was made to compare the CPM practised by the raters with that suggested in the research framework. Every cognitive map by the raters has its own uniqueness and represents raters capability to process relevant information involved during the performance appraisal decision-making process. This paper contributes to the body of knowledge by offering a new perspective to understanding performance rating by looking at the steps involved in CPM. The research also offered some insights to policy makers, practitioners, researchers, and scholars in order to undertake further research and analysis using the steps in the CPM in a new issue, context, and environment.  

scholarly journals Understanding How Adolescents Think about the HPV Vaccine

Vaccines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 693
Author(s):  
Robyn A. Pennella ◽  
Katherine A. Ayers ◽  
Heather M. Brandt
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Thematic Analysis ◽  
Hpv Vaccine ◽  
Hpv Vaccination ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Body ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Vaccination Rates ◽  
Qualitative Thematic Analysis ◽  
Adolescent Attitudes

Despite educational efforts, Tennessee human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination rates are 43%, among the lowest in the United States. This study examined how adolescents think about the HPV vaccine to identify patterns and misconceptions to enhance educational efforts. Adolescents (ages 11–12) (N = 168) responded to open-ended questions regarding their thinking about the HPV vaccine. Data were analyzed and interpreted using qualitative thematic analysis. Three domains of themes emerged from responses: (1) characteristics of HPV vaccination, (2) knowledge-related themes, and (3) beliefs-related themes. Prevention of HPV and cancer was the most referenced characteristic of HPV vaccination followed by HPV vaccine rates and HPV vaccine efficacy. Student inquiries were mostly centered on HPV vaccine composition, administration, duration and how the vaccine interacts with the body. Some responses indicated a desire for more information about HPV not specific to the HPV vaccine. Overall, adolescent attitudes were positive towards the HPV vaccine. This study highlights specific questions adolescents have about the vaccine that can be used to tailor future HPV educational efforts, empowering adolescents with the knowledge to be more active students in the decision-making process. In addition, the potential for adolescents to serve as community advocates for the vaccine should be considered for future interventions.

The somatic marker hypothesis and the possible functions of the prefrontal cortex

1996 ◽  
Vol 351 (1346) ◽  
pp. 1413-1420 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
The Body ◽  
Human Reasoning ◽  
Covert Action ◽  
Somatic Marker ◽  
Frontal Lobe Functions ◽  
Somatic Marker Hypothesis ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Marker Hypothesis

In this article I discuss a hypothesis, known as the somatic marker hypothesis, which I believe is relevant to the understanding of processes of human reasoning and decision making. The ventromedial sector of the prefrontal cortices is critical to the operations postulated here, but the hypothesis does not necessarily apply to prefrontal cortex as a whole and should not be seen as an attempt to unify frontal lobe functions under a single mechanism. The key idea in the hypothesis is that ‘marker’ signals influence the processes of response to stimuli, at multiple levels of operation, some of which occur overtly (consciously, ‘in mind’) and some of which occur covertly (non-consciously, in a non-minded manner). The marker signals arise in bioregulatory processes, including those which express themselves in emotions and feelings, but are not necessarily confined to those alone. This is the reason why the markers are termed somatic: they relate to body-state structure and regulation even when they do not arise in the body proper but rather in the brain’s representation of the body. Examples of the covert action of ‘marker’ signals are the undeliberated inhibition of a response learned previously; the introduction of a bias in the selection of an aversive or appetitive mode of behaviour, or in the otherwise deliberate evaluation of varied option-outcome scenarios. Examples of overt action include the conscious ‘qualifying’ of certain option-outcome scenarios as dangerous or advantageous. The hypothesis rejects attempts to limit human reasoning and decision making to mechanisms relying, in an exclusive and unrelated manner, on either conditioning alone or cognition alone.

Environmental effects on simulated emotional and moody agents

2017 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joe Collenette ◽  
Katie Atkinson ◽  
Daan Bloembergen ◽  
Karl Tuyls
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Small Groups ◽  
Formal Proof ◽  
The Body ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Multi Agent Systems ◽  
Agent Systems ◽  
Psychological Models ◽  
Multi Agent ◽  
Large Groups

AbstractPsychological models have been used to simulate emotions within agents as part of the decision-making process. The body of this work has focussed on applying the process of decision making using emotions to social dilemmas, notably the Prisoner’s Dilemma. Previous work has focussed on agents which do not move around, with an initial analysis on how mobility and the environment can affect the decisions chosen. Additionally simulated mood has been introduced to the decision-making process. Exploring simulated emotions and mood to inform the decision-making process in multi-agent systems allows us to explore in further detail how outside influences can have an effect on different strategies. We expand and clarify aspects of how agents are affected by environmental differences. We show how emotional characters settle on an outcome without deviation by providing a formal proof. We validate how the addition of mood increases cooperation, while also showing how small groups achieve this quicker than large groups. Once pure defectors are added, to test the resilience of the cooperation achieved, we see that while agents with a low starting mood achieve a payoff closest to the pure defectors, they are reduced in numbers the most by the pure defectors.

scholarly journals Investigation of the Participatory Approach to Decision Making for Urban Regeneration Intervention

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sumana - Jayaprakash ◽  
Vimala Swamy
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Public Participation ◽  
Planning Process ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Urban Regeneration ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Urban Context ◽  
Urban Issues

Public participation in the decision-making process in Urban Interventions is the key to the success of the project for improving the quality of life of its citizens. The citizen has the democratic right to express his needs and aspiration; he is the final user who experiences the outcomes of the policy decisions. Non involvement of the citizens in the planning process can bring about the misinterpretation of the intention of political leadership and lead to opposition and protest. The inadequate understanding of citizens of the urban context makes public participation ineffective. In this context, the decision-makers are often faced with the challenges of the level of confidence of the citizens about their ideas and responses being incorporated in the project and the confidence of the citizens in the local urban authority in its ability to carry out the project. However, the decision-makers base their decision on the assumption that the citizens have a general understanding of the urban issues. This research work investigates the basis of this assumption. 1. Do the citizens have confidence that the local urban authority considers their choices and responses in the course of decision making 2. Do the citizens have the confidence that the local urban authority can undertake the Urban Regeneration project 3. Whether in the decision-making process of urban regeneration intervention, citizen's responses are backed by a general understanding of urban issues. The case study taken up is of Hassan city. Five areas of crucial importance have been selected based on the development plan report of the city. The integrated approach aims to find the most appropriate area for proposing the Urban Regeneration project. The framework adopted includes 1. Questionnaire survey: to collect citizens’ responses 2. Analysis of variance (ANNOVA) for analysis of the data collected.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE : PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF USING IN THE PRACTICE OF INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION

2021 ◽  
pp. 123-130
Author(s):  
D.V. Krasikov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Data Processing ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
International Arbitration ◽  
Work Done

The review considers the positions of a number of foreign authors on the problems and prospects of using artificial intelligence in the practice of international arbitration. Common to the respective authors’ views is the recognition of the possibility of using AI for data processing within the research work done by the parties while elaborating their positions, as well as for using by arbitrators as a supplementary tool within the decision-making process.

Decision-Making Theoretical Models and Cognitive Biases

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-26
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
The Other ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Somatic Marker ◽  
Decision Making Models ◽  
The One

Decision making is a cognitive evaluation and selection process on a set of options in order to get to a series of objectives, so the decision-making process is complex. For that, this chapter will talk about the most important decision-making models found in the scientific literature. On the one hand, it will explain the computational models of decision making: connectionist, probabilistic, and qualitative. On the other hand, it will describe the somatic marker model of Damasio and the model of decision making based on heuristics of Kanheman and Tversky. Note that all decision-making models are valid and will depend on the decision in particular that a model will be explanatory of or not. Moreover, some of the models can also act in a complementary way.

An examination of herding behavior in Pakistani stock market

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 474-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zuee Javaira ◽  
Arshad Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Stock Market ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
The Body ◽  
Investor Behavior ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Herd Behavior ◽  
Herding Behavior ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Portfolio Returns

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the investment behavior of Pakistani stock market participants, specifically with respect to their tendency to exhibit herd behavior. Design/methodology/approach – The study employed two different methodologies suggested by Christie and Huang (1995) and Chang et al. (2000) to test herd formation. Results are based on daily and monthly stock of KSE-100 index for the period 2002-2007. Findings – Results based on daily and monthly stock data from Karachi Stock Exchange indicate the non-existence of herd behavior for the period 2002-2007 and find no support for the rational asset pricing model and investor behavior found inefficient. This study denied proved evidence of herding due to market return asymmetry, high and low trading volume states and asymmetric market volatility. Macroeconomic fundamentals have insignificant role in decision-making process of investor therefore has no impact on herding behavior. However, during liquidity crisis of March 2005, Pakistani stock market exhibit herding behavior due to asymmetry of information among investors, presence of speculator and questionable badla financing-local leverage financing mechanism. Research limitations/implications – In future, this study can be improved by employing stock returns portfolios based on market capitalization or sector wise portfolio returns from KSE-100. Furthermore by identifying those factors that cause market to be overall inefficient and define the pattern of the investor trading activities. Practical implications – For an accurate valuation of assets investors should incorporate the herding factor. Social implications – As the assets are mispriced, investor behavior is uncertain and markets are inefficient, foreign investors should invest with caution, as large numbers of securities are needed to achieve the same level of diversification than in an otherwise normal market. Originality/value – In Karachi Stock Exchange, it is first attempt to uncover the herding behavior. This paper contribute to the body of knowledge by investigating the herding behavior in the emerging markets since most of the previous study concentrate more on the developed markets. Furthermore, the study also analyzed the herding behavior in different economic condition and includes economic variables and examines asymmetric effect. This study presents an integrated model to test herding behavior in Pakistani equity market. Consideration of said behavioral effect in the decision-making process of investor will make the decisions more rational and optimal.

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