scholarly journals Subjective Preferences and Discomfort Ratings of Backrest and Seat Pan Adjustments at Various Speeds

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1721
Author(s):  
Jingdong Li ◽  
Yu Huang
Keyword(s):  
Physiological Parameters ◽  
Adjustment Process ◽  
Incline Angle ◽  
Ratio Scale ◽  
Fast Speed ◽  
Lower Back ◽  
Adjustment Speed ◽  
Body Discomfort ◽  
Speed Adjustment ◽  
Local Body

Power seats (i.e., electrically adjustable seats that can be designed to move in several ways) have become increasingly common in airplanes, vehicles, and offices. Many studies have investigated the effects of seat attitude parameters, for example, the inclined angles of a backrest, on discomfort during the adjustment process. However, few studies have considered discomfort under different speeds during the adjustment process. In this study, we investigated discomfort with three speeds (i.e., “fast”, “median”, and “slow” corresponding to three durations of 15, 20, and 25 s, respectively) and two adjustments of a power seat, i.e., incline angle adjustment of the backrest and fore-and-aft position adjustment of the seat pan. We also investigated the effects of different physiological parameters on subjects’ discomfort. Twenty-four subjects (12 males and 12 females) completed a questionnaire to indicate their adjustment condition preferences, to rate their overall discomfort during the adjustment processes on a category-ratio scale, and to rate their local body discomfort. The majority of subjects preferred the fast speed adjustment condition and the trend was that a lower backrest adjustment speed increased discomfort during the process. The dominant local discomfort was in the upper and lower back regions during the backrest adjustment, whereas there was no obvious dominant local discomfort during the seat pan adjustment. The physiological parameters also had significant correlations with discomfort in some adjustment movements, for example, the discomfort was negatively correlated with height during the backrest adjustment.

Reports of Regional Body Discomfort during Carpenter Apprentice Training

1996 ◽  
Vol 40 (13) ◽  
pp. 688-692
Author(s):  
Peregrin Spielholz ◽  
Steven F. Wiker
Keyword(s):  
Body Region ◽  
Training Effects ◽  
Awareness Training ◽  
Musculoskeletal Discomfort ◽  
Body Regions ◽  
Lower Back ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Body Discomfort

Regional discomfort questionnaires were administered to apprentice carpenters at three month intervals for a duration of six months following an ergonomics awareness training as part of apprenticeship school. Reports of frequent musculoskeletal discomfort were reported by between 20 and 29 percent of carpenters for each of the nine body regions with the exception of higher levels for the lower back. Severity ratings and frequency of discomfort were highest for the lower back and hands/wrists. There was no significant difference in reports of musculoskeletal discomfort among the baseline and follow-up questionniares (p > 0.05). The lower back was the only body region showing a decrease in the ratings of discomfort severity during follow-up. Further study of training effects on work methods and discomfort are recommended.

Capital Structure Dynamics and Financing Imbalance: Evidence from an Emerging Economy

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-124
Author(s):  
Biswajit Ghose ◽  
Kailash Chandra Kabra
Keyword(s):  
Capital Structure ◽  
Adverse Selection ◽  
Order Theory ◽  
Adjustment Process ◽  
Unified Framework ◽  
Pecking Order ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Adverse Selection Costs ◽  
Adjustment Speed ◽  
Target Leverage

This paper considers the trade-off and pecking order theory in a unified framework and examines the influence of adverse selection costs on target adjustment process by investigating the relationship between firms’ financing imbalance and their target adjustment speed. Using a large dataset of 2718 non-financial and non-utility listed firms over a period of 2004–2005 to 2015–2016, the study observes that Indian firms adjust toward target leverage with a moderate adjustment speed of 32–36 percent. Moreover, firms with above-target debt make faster adjustment than firms with below-target debt, and firms with financing deficit make faster adjustment than firms with financing surplus. The extensions of target adjustment model by considering financing imbalance and direction of deviation together, and also by incorporating extent of deviation further reveal that firms try to avoid equity and prefer to deal in debt while making adjustments toward the target. In fact, firms deal in equity only when they are highly deviated from target leverage. All these findings suggest that adverse selection costs play significant role in the adjustment process. Therefore, though capital structure decisions of Indian firms are guided by trade-off theory, significance of pecking order arguments cannot be negated. This study makes important contributions to the existing literature as prior studies on impact of financing imbalance on adjustment speed are based on US which is very much different from emerging economies, particularly India.

Capital structure dynamics of Indian corporates

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 212-225
Author(s):  
Neelam Rani ◽  
Surendra S. Yadav ◽  
Naliniprava Tripathy
Keyword(s):  
Capital Structure ◽  
Generalized Method Of Moments ◽  
Adjustment Costs ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Adjustment Process ◽  
Macroeconomic Factors ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Adjustment Speed ◽  
The Capital Structure

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the capital structure determinants and speed of adjustment (SOA) toward the target capital structure of firms. Design/methodology/approach The study has used the generalized method of moments (GMM) model and two-stage least squares (TSLS) to the panel data of 3,310 Indian firms, from January 2000 to March 2018, to determine the adjustment speed toward target capital structure. Further, the study employed a fully modified ordinary least square technique to shed light on the dynamic nature of the adjustment process. Findings The results of the GMM estimations indicate that Indian firms are adjusting their capital structure toward the target rate of 10.38 percent per year. Similarly, the findings of TSLS estimate specify a SOA of 15.49 percent per year. The low adjustment speed suggests the prevalence of higher adjustment costs of Indian firms. Research limitations/implications Future research can be undertaken by including certain macroeconomic factors such as GDP, inflation and the interest rate, which also affect the SOA since firms are pretentious by market conditions while designing capital structure for firms. Practical implications In the current financial and regulatory set-up when there are frequent perturbations in the capital market, the study will be valuable for regulators, firms and academicians. The work would enable the concerned stakeholders to manage their scare resources and capital effectively by a better way to make informed decisions. It will facilitate managers of young companies to identify and regulate the factors that are more pertinent for them to make flexible financial decisions concerning the capital structure. Originality/value The study amplifies on previous studies and provides new insights on the speed of the adjustment process of Indian firms, helping to modify and refine their capital structures toward the optimum capital structure. This will not only enhance the financial flexibility in the capital structure of Indian corporates but also be of great value to the policymakers and other stakeholders.

Firm Profitability and Adjustment of Capital Structure: Indian Evidence

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 297-308
Author(s):  
Biswajit Ghose ◽  
Kailash Chandra Kabra
Keyword(s):  
Capital Structure ◽  
Order Theory ◽  
Adjustment Process ◽  
Pecking Order ◽  
Pecking Order Theory ◽  
Partial Adjustment ◽  
Listed Firms ◽  
Indian Context ◽  
Adjustment Speed ◽  
Target Leverage

The present study investigates the relevance of capital structure dynamics in Indian context by examining the speed at which firms adjust towards their target capital structure. Apart from symmetric adjustment speed, the study also investigates the asymmetries in adjustment speed based on profitability of firms. Using partial adjustment framework on an unbalanced panel of 28,532 firm-year observations comprising 2,718 listed firms over a period of 2004–2005 to 2015–2016, the study finds that Indian firms maintain target leverage and adjust towards the same with a moderate annual adjustment speed of around 32 per cent. The study further observes that high-profitability firms, in general, adjust significantly faster than low-profitability firms which possibly indicate better accessibility in the financial market, lesser costs of adjustments and ability to adjust payout ratio for the former than the latter. Further investigation reveals that high-profitability firms make more adjustment in case of over-leverage, whereas low-profitability firms make more adjustment in case of under-leverage. These results possibly indicate the implications of availability of internally generated funds. Overall, the study concludes that adverse selection cost plays important role in the target adjustment process and hence, both trade-off theory and pecking order theory have relevance in Indian context.

Optimization Control of Engine Working Points Adjustment for HEV Bus

2014 ◽  
Vol 1070-1072 ◽  
pp. 1595-1599
Author(s):  
Zhi Guo Kong ◽  
Chao Yu ◽  
Zi Ning Tang
Keyword(s):  
Control Method ◽  
Dynamic Performance ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Adjustment Process ◽  
Frequent Change ◽  
Engine Model ◽  
Torque Response ◽  
Optimization Control ◽  
Hybrid Bus ◽  
Speed Adjustment

In order to adjust the working points of the engine for a full hybrid bus, this paper proposed a set of optimization control method. In speed adjustment process, the rate of change was optimized and limited to avoid rapid and frequent change along with power required by the driver. Allow for complex engine model, fuzzy control method was introduced to regulate the torque response rate. Furthermore, dynamic amplitude upper and lower bound were limited to prevent system overshoot and oscillation. Nowadays, there are hundreds of busses operates in several public transport lines. Vast statistic data and experimental results verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed control method in this paper. The vehicle has good fuel economy compared to the counterpart one, and the dynamic performance is also greatly improved.

A New Procedure for Improving Body Mechanics: An Experimental Test

1982 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 363-368
Author(s):  
M. Cohen-Nehemia ◽  
N. F. Clinch
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Test ◽  
Preliminary Test ◽  
Physiological Parameters ◽  
Lower Back ◽  
The Common

We report the results of a preliminary test of a simple, easily learned procedure which facilitates improvement in body mechanics. It lessens the common tendency for hyperextension of the neck and for the use of the lower back as a major joint in sitting and standing. The resulting improvement in level of fixation of neck and pelvis should facilitate the body's defense against the force of gravity. The concept is supported here by the observed changes in physiological parameters which followed practice of the new procedure, which we call the Mitzvah Exercise.

Catalogue reduction techniques

1978 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
pp. 389-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chr. de Vegt
Keyword(s):  
Adjustment Process ◽  
Proper Motions ◽  
Measuring Process ◽  
Aerial Photogrammetry ◽  
Reduction Techniques ◽  
Observational Technique ◽  
The Common ◽  
Astrometric Data

AbstractReduction techniques as applied to astrometric data material tend to split up traditionally into at least two different classes according to the observational technique used, namely transit circle observations and photographic observations. Although it is not realized fully in practice at present, the application of a blockadjustment technique for all kind of catalogue reductions is suggested. The term blockadjustment shall denote in this context the common adjustment of the principal unknowns which are the positions, proper motions and certain reduction parameters modelling the systematic properties of the observational process. Especially for old epoch catalogue data we frequently meet the situation that no independent detailed information on the telescope properties and other instrumental parameters, describing for example the measuring process, is available from special calibration observations or measurements; therefore the adjustment process should be highly self-calibrating, that means: all necessary information has to be extracted from the catalogue data themselves. Successful applications of this concept have been made already in the field of aerial photogrammetry.

First-Person Experiments in Thinking

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 189-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renatus Ziegler ◽  
Ulrich Weger
Keyword(s):  
Physiological Parameters ◽  
The Self ◽  
First Person ◽  
Psychological Phenomena ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Current Article ◽  
Thinking Process ◽  
Mental Contents

Abstract. In psychology, thinking is typically studied in terms of a range of behavioral or physiological parameters, focusing, for instance, on the mental contents or the neuronal correlates of the thinking process proper. In the current article, by contrast, we seek to complement this approach with an exploration into the experiential or inner dimensions of thinking. These are subtle and elusive and hence easily escape a mode of inquiry that focuses on externally measurable outcomes. We illustrate how a sufficiently trained introspective approach can become a radar for facets of thinking that have found hardly any recognition in the literature so far. We consider this an important complement to third-person research because these introspective observations not only allow for new insights into the nature of thinking proper but also cast other psychological phenomena in a new light, for instance, attention and the self. We outline and discuss our findings and also present a roadmap for the reader interested in studying these phenomena in detail.

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