Determinants of trade credit financing: a dynamic analysis comparing agri-food cooperatives and non-cooperatives

PurposeThe particular characteristics of agri-food cooperatives reduce their ability to access external financial resources. The purpose of this paper is to explore the factors influencing the agri-food cooperatives' trade credit operations by measuring their accounts receivable and comparing the results with agri-food investor-owned firms (IOFs).Design/methodology/approachThe authors apply a partial adjustment model (PAM) estimated using a dynamic panel model with a two-step general method of moments (GMM) estimator to a sample of 11,930 Spanish agri-food cooperatives and IOFs for the period 2011–2018.FindingsThe study concludes that cooperatives and IOFs have an accounts receivable target, which they attempt to achieve rapidly. Cooperatives tend to behave as IOFs do, but they present lower adjustment coefficients. This difference seems to be explained by the unique characteristics of cooperatives which set different economic and social goals, not just profit maximization as IOFs. The findings show differences between the financial and commercial purposes of the cooperatives and IOFs as a result of their internal management policies. Larger cooperatives with access to external financial sources, positive cash flows and operational necessities will grant trade credit.Originality/valueThis study gives interesting implications for cooperative managers and policymakers to help them to understand the strategies behind trade credit policies. Previous empirical studies on the agri-food sector are scarce and focus on IOFs without considering the role of trade credit in European cooperatives.

DETERMINANTS OF MUDHARABAH FINANCING IN INDONESIA (PARTIAL ADJUSMENT MODEL APPROACH)

Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR), Return On Asset (ROA), tingkat bagi hasil, tingkat inflasi, dan nilai tukar terhadap pembiayaan mudharabah pada Bank Umum Syariah di Indonesia baik secara parsial ataupun simultan. Jenis data yang digunakan adalah data time series dimana periode waktunya dari tahun Januari 2017 sampai Oktober 2019. Metode analisis data yang digunakan untuk melihat pengaruh variabel independen terhadap variabel dependen yaitu metode Partial Adjustment Model (PAM) dengan menggunakan Eviews 7 serta melakukan uji asumsi klasik. Secara simultan hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa variabel Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR), Return On Asset (ROA), tingkat bagi hasil, tingkat inflasi, dan nilai tukar berpengaruh terhadap pembiayaan mudharabah Bank Umum Syariah di Indonesia. Selanjutnya secara parsial dalam jangka panjang dan jangka pendek didapatkan hasil bahwa variabel Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) berpengaruh negatif signifikan terhadap pembiayaan mudharabah Bank Umum Syariah di Indonesia, variabel Return On Asset (ROA), tingkat bagi hasil, dan nilai tukar berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap pembiayaan mudharabah Bank Umum Syariah di Indonesia, sedangkan variabel tingkat inflasi berpengaruh tidak signifikan terhadap pembiayaan mudharabah Bank Umum Syariah di Indonesia.

ANALISIS PENGARUH BELANJA PEGAWAI, BELANJA BARANG DAN BELANJA MODAL TERHADAP REALISASI PENERIMAAN PAJAK DI INDONESIA

This study examines the effect of the realization of government spending consisting of goods expenditure, capital expenditure and employee expenditure on tax revenue in Indonesia. In this study, we use four analytical methods that consist of Granger Test, Partial Adjustment Model (PAM), Error Correction Model (ECM) and Vector Autoregression (VAR). The result shows that the realization of goods and employee expenditure are significant determinant of the tax revenue. Further examination shows that the shocks on goods and employee expenditure havea positive impacts toward tax revenue. However the shock effects are different on those variables. On the shock to goods expenditure, the tax revenue response will occur directly, in contrast to shock on employee expenditure that requires time lag. This study also finds that between PAM and ECM, the ECM model is more appropriate to be used to explain the effect of government spending on tax revenue in Indonesia.

The impact of the coronavirus pandemic on the dividend target payout ratio. The evidence from Hydrotor SA

Lintner’s (1956) partial adjustment model identifies the company’s long-term dividend policy by setting a dividend target payout ratio and the speed of adjustment. And although the model has undergone various modifications and methods of estimation over more than 60 years, it is still a good tool for analyzing dividend decisions made by companies. The aim of the article is to show the usefulness of the Lintner model for analyzing changes in the company’s dividend policy during the pandemic turmoil. For the illustration, Hydrotor SA was chosen, which, the longest time at the Warsaw Stock Exchange, continuously pays dividends. The calculations showed that the situation in 2020 resulted in a revision of the company’s long-term dividend strategy, which resulted in a lowering of the dividend target payout ratio and a greater attention to the current situation (current net profits)—an increase in the speed of adjustment.

The competitiveness of saudi dates in global markets and its effect on future exports

The production of dates has been increasing in Saudi Arabia during 1970-2019. However, this growth has not been accompanied by a proportionate increase in exports to global markets, with only 5.5% on average of the produced dates being destined for export in the same period (1970-2019). This study compares the competitiveness of Saudi date exports to several overseas markets and its effect on future exports. Our study hypothesizes that Saudi Arabia has the competitiveness of Saudi dates exports comparing others and this competitiveness could have a significant effect on Saudi’s dates exports. We test such a hypothesis by using the market share data and the RCA for countries that were the top exporters of dates in 2019.The Partial Adjustment Model is employed to explore the impact of the competitiveness of Saudi dates on future exports. The results showed that Saudi Arabia as well as other major date-exporting countries (Iran, Iraq, Israel, Pakistan, Tunisia, and the UAE) have high competitiveness in the global market. By division of markets by groups of countries, Saudi Arabia has a comparative advantage over at least four countries among the top six exporters in three markets (Africa, Asia, and the OIC), while Saudi dates are less competitive in the American and European markets, where it never held a dominant position. The general trend equation indicates that the decline in the competitiveness of Saudi dates will continue during 2021-2025

Comparison of Determinants of Capital Structure in Lippo Group and Bakrie Group Companies Listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (Partial Adjustment Model Approach)

This study aims to determine the determinants of the capital structure of the Lippo Group and the Bakrie Group listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange using the partial adjustment model approach. The population in the Lippo Group company is 12 and the population at the Bakrie Group company is 9. The sample of this study is that all companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange are 21 companies. Data analysis used panel data regression method with partial adjustment model approach. The results of the research in the t test at the Lippo Group company show that the lag leverage has a positive and insignificant effect on leverage, profitability has a positive and significant effect on leverage, company size has a positive and insignificant effect on leverage, earning volatility has a positive and significant effect on leverage, assets tangibility has a positive and significant effect on leverage and growth opportunity has a positive and insignificant effect on leverage. The results of the research in the t test at the Bakrie Group company show that the lag leverage has a positive and insignificant effect on leverage, profitability has a positive and insignificant effect on leverage, company size has a positive and insignificant effect on leverage, earning volatility has a positive and insignificant effect on leverage, assets tangibility has a negative and insignificant effect on leverage, growth opportunity has a negative and insignificant effect on leverage. The partial adjustment model test results show that only Lippo Group company on the variables of profitability, earning volatility and assets tangibility have a significant positive effect on leverage. The results of the comparison of the optimal capital structure show that the Bakrie Group has a higher level of optimal capital structure by 83% than the Lippo Group at 55%. Keywords: Lag Leverage, Profitability, Company Size, Earning Volatility, Assets Tangibility, Growth Opportunity, Leverage.

Analisis Pengaruh Investasi Asing Langsung (Eropa, Amerika Serikat dan Tiongkok) terhadap Pertumbuhan Ekonomi dan Kesempatan Kerja di Indonesia

Artikel ini menganalisis pengaruh dari investasi asing langsung yang berasal dari negara-negara penanam modal dalam jumlah besar di Indonesia, serta tiga kekuatan ekonomi dunia yaitu Eropa, Amerika Serikat dan Tiongkok. Investasi asing langsung membawa perubahan bagi negara berkembang seperti Indonesia. yang berdampak langsung pada penciptaan produk (barang dan jasa). Secara makro, investasi sektor riil mempunyai beberapa kelebihan dibandingkan investasi portofolio di bursa saham. Selain berkorelasi langsung terhadap pertumbuhan PDB, investasi sektor riil memiliki kelebihan utama pada kemampuannya menyerap tenaga kerja. Dalam penelitian ini data yang digunakan adalah data sekunder dengan bentuk time series tahunan Hipotesis diuji dengan alat-alat statistik dan ekonometrika serta digunakan model linier dinamis dengan dasar-dasar Ordinary Least Square (OLS) dengan model penyesuaian parsial atau Partial Adjustment Model (PAM). Kata kunci : Investasi Asing Langsung, PDB, Pertumbuhan Ekonomi, Kesempatan Kerja

The Heterogeneity of Speed of Adjustment Capital Structure Across Industrial Sectors

This study aims to analyze heterogeneity of speed of adjustment on basic industry, consumer goods, and misceleeneous companies. The population in this study uses basic industry, consumer goods, and miscellenoeus companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2009-2018 period. The method of determining the sample using a pusposive sampling technique based on criteries determined by researchers. We employ two-step partial adjustment model and use measure of book leverage and firm characteristic; profitability, size, tangibility, and growth which has an influence leverage target to estimate speed of adjustment. For three industries, there is evidence of heterogeneity of speef adjustment. The result showed that speed of adjustment 24% of basic industry, 37.1% of consumer goods, and 27.3% of miscellaneous industry.

National culture and leverage adjustments

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore the impact of national culture on leverage speed of adjustment (SOA) across countries.Design/methodology/approachWe use a partial adjustment model to estimate the impact of national culture (assessed using Hofstede's six cultural dimensions) on leverage SOA.FindingsWe find that culture does significantly affect the degree to which firms deviate from target debt level and the speed of adjustment (SOA) of leverage. High power distance, individualism and masculinity are associated with a slower SOA, while high long-term orientation, uncertainty avoidance and indulgence result in a faster SOA. Additionally, cultural characteristics affect leverage SOA differently when firms are underlevered versus overlevered and when firms have small versus large deviations from the target level of debt. We suggest that these effects can be explained by agency motives.Research limitations/implicationsThe results of the study are based on available information for firms from 53 countries.Originality/valueThis study is, to the best of our knowledge, the first to examine the impact of national cultural traits on leverage SOA in international settings.