scholarly journals Emulating Software-Defined Disaggregated Optical Networks in a Containerized Framework

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 2081
Author(s):  
Francisco-Javier Moreno-Muro ◽  
Miquel Garrich ◽  
Ignacio Iglesias-Castreño ◽  
Safaa Zahir ◽  
Pablo Pavón-Mariño
Keyword(s):  
Optical Networks ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Optical Systems ◽  
Traffic Demand ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Infrastructure Project ◽  
Optical Layer ◽  
Optical Domain ◽  
Control And Management ◽  
Remote Communications

Telecom operators’ infrastructure is undergoing high pressure to keep the pace with the traffic demand generated by the societal need of remote communications, bandwidth-hungry applications, and the fulfilment of 5G requirements. Software-defined networking (SDN) entered in scene decoupling the data-plane forwarding actions from the control-plane decisions, hence boosting network programmability and innovation. Optical networks are also capitalizing on SDN benefits jointly with a disaggregation trend that holds the promise of overcoming traditional vendor-locked island limitations. In this work, we present our framework for disaggregated optical networks that leverages on SDN and container-based management for a realistic emulation of deployment scenarios. Our proposal relies on Kubernetes for the containers’ control and management, while employing the NETCONF protocol for the interaction with the light-weight software entities, i.e., agents, which govern the emulated optical devices. Remarkably, our agents’ structure relies on components that offer high versatility for accommodating the wide variety of components and systems in the optical domain. We showcase our proposal with the emulation of an 18-node European topology employing Cassini-compliant optical models, i.e., a state-of-the-art optical transponder proposed in the Telecom Infrastructure Project. The combination of our versatile framework based on containerized entities, the automatic creation of agents and the optical-layer characteristics represents a novel approach suitable for operationally complex carrier-grade transport infrastructure with SDN-based disaggregated optical systems.

scholarly journals Variable Speed Limit and Ramp Metering for Mixed Traffic Flows: A Review and Open Questions

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 2574
Author(s):  
Filip Vrbanić ◽  
Edouard Ivanjko ◽  
Krešimir Kušić ◽  
Dino Čakija
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Control ◽  
Ramp Metering ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Control Algorithms ◽  
Speed Limit ◽  
Mixed Traffic ◽  
Traffic Flows ◽  
Variable Speed ◽  
Variable Speed Limit ◽  
Traffic Demand

The trend of increasing traffic demand is causing congestion on existing urban roads, including urban motorways, resulting in a decrease in Level of Service (LoS) and safety, and an increase in fuel consumption. Lack of space and non-compliance with cities’ sustainable urban plans prevent the expansion of new transport infrastructure in some urban areas. To alleviate the aforementioned problems, appropriate solutions come from the domain of Intelligent Transportation Systems by implementing traffic control services. Those services include Variable Speed Limit (VSL) and Ramp Metering (RM) for urban motorways. VSL reduces the speed of incoming vehicles to a bottleneck area, and RM limits the inflow through on-ramps. In addition, with the increasing development of Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) and Connected AVs (CAVs), new opportunities for traffic control are emerging. VSL and RM can reduce traffic congestion on urban motorways, especially so in the case of mixed traffic flows where AVs and CAVs can fully comply with the control system output. Currently, there is no existing overview of control algorithms and applications for VSL and RM in mixed traffic flows. Therefore, we present a comprehensive survey of VSL and RM control algorithms including the most recent reinforcement learning-based approaches. Best practices for mixed traffic flow control are summarized and new viewpoints and future research directions are presented, including an overview of the currently open research questions.

scholarly journals Energy challenges in optical access and aggregation networks

2016 ◽  
Vol 374 (2062) ◽  
pp. 20140435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel C. Kilper ◽  
Houman Rastegarfar
Keyword(s):  
Optical Networks ◽  
Optical Switching ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Future Internet ◽  
Critical Issue ◽  
Optical Systems ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Total System ◽  
Single Chip ◽  
Processor Core

Scalability is a critical issue for access and aggregation networks as they must support the growth in both the size of data capacity demands and the multiplicity of access points. The number of connected devices, the Internet of Things, is growing to the tens of billions. Prevailing communication paradigms are reaching physical limitations that make continued growth problematic. Challenges are emerging in electronic and optical systems and energy increasingly plays a central role. With the spectral efficiency of optical systems approaching the Shannon limit, increasing parallelism is required to support higher capacities. For electronic systems, as the density and speed increases, the total system energy, thermal density and energy per bit are moving into regimes that become impractical to support—for example requiring single-chip processor powers above the 100 W limit common today. We examine communication network scaling and energy use from the Internet core down to the computer processor core and consider implications for optical networks. Optical switching in data centres is identified as a potential model from which scalable access and aggregation networks for the future Internet, with the application of integrated photonic devices and intelligent hybrid networking, will emerge.

scholarly journals Health co-benefits in mortality avoidance from implementation of the mass rapid transit (MRT) system in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

2016 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Soo Chen Kwan ◽  
Marko Tainio ◽  
James Woodcock ◽  
Jamal Hisham Hashim
Keyword(s):  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Rapid Transit ◽  
Kuala Lumpur ◽  
First Line ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Urban Rail ◽  
Infrastructure Project ◽  
Local Transport ◽  
Change Mitigation ◽  
Mass Rapid Transit

AbstractThe mass rapid transit (MRT) is the largest transport infrastructure project under the national key economic area (NKEA) in Malaysia. As urban rail is anticipated to be the future spine of public transport network in the Greater Kuala Lumpur city, it is important to mainstream climate change mitigation and public health benefits in the local transport development. This study quantifies the health co-benefits in terms of mortality among the urbanites when the first line of the 150 km MRT system in Kuala Lumpur commences by 2017.Using comparative health risk assessment, we estimated the potential health co-benefits from the establishment of the MRT system. We estimated the reduced COA total of 363,130 tonnes of COThe implementation of the MRT system in Greater Kuala Lumpur could bring substantial health co-benefits to both the general population and the MRT users mainly from the avoidance of mortality from traffic injuries.

Monitoring Devices for Providing Network Intelligence in Optical Packet Switched Networks

2013 ◽  
pp. 73-103
Author(s):  
Ruth Vilar ◽  
Francisco Ramos
Keyword(s):  
Performance Monitoring ◽  
Optical Packet Switching ◽  
Optical Performance Monitoring ◽  
Switched Networks ◽  
All Optical ◽  
Optical Layer ◽  
Network Intelligence ◽  
Control And Management ◽  
Monitoring Devices

The development of all-Optical Packet Switching (OPS) networks brings about new challenges in the topic of Optical Performance Monitoring (OPM). The objectives of this chapter are addressed to the proposal of new monitoring techniques capable of packet-by-packet monitoring in the optical domain to preserve packet transparency. Moreover, new optical layer functionalities such as dynamic reconfiguration and link level restoration also introduce a level of complexity that may require advanced OPM capabilities. In this chapter, an OSNR monitoring technique and its application for providing network intelligence are explained in detail. In particular, the integration of the monitoring system with the control and management planes is investigated to perform other functions such as quality of service implementation, OSNR-assisted routing, and backup route selection.

Technologies for Optical Networking

2021 ◽  
pp. 23-132
Author(s):  
Debasish Datta
Keyword(s):  
Semiconductor Lasers ◽  
Optical Networks ◽  
Optical Fibers ◽  
Optical Signal ◽  
Wdm Optical Networks ◽  
Active Devices ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Optical Domain ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
To Receive

The technologies used in optical networks have evolved seamlessly over the past six decades. Optical fibers with extremely low loss and enormous bandwidth are used as the transmission medium, while semiconductor lasers and LEDs serve as optical sources, and the photodetectors – pin and avalanche photodiodes – are used to receive the optical signal at the destination nodes. The transmitted optical signal has to pass through a variety of network elements, which in turn need a wide range of passive and active devices, carrying out the necessary networking functionalities. For WDM optical networks, many of these tasks need to be accomplished in the optical domain itself in a wavelength-selective manner, calling for various types of WDM-based networking elements. In this chapter, we present a comprehensive description of the optical and optoelectronic devices that are used in today’s optical networks. (137 words)

Locating the public interest in mega infrastructure planning: The case of Sydney’s WestConnex

Urban Studies ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 004209802092783
Author(s):  
Glen Searle ◽  
Crystal Legacy
Keyword(s):  
Public Interest ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Infrastructure Projects ◽  
Liberal Democracies ◽  
The Public ◽  
New Public ◽  
Infrastructure Project ◽  
The Global Financial Crisis

In Western liberal democracies the planning of mega transport infrastructure projects is guided by public interest claims typically expressed through legislation and political mandates. But with the infrastructure boom being observed in many cities since the Global Financial Crisis, and the need to address unprecedented levels of urbanisation, the level of politicisation directed at infrastructure projects draws attention to how the public interest is treated in the planning and management of complex mega transport infrastructure projects in diverse local contexts. Looking to Sydney, an advanced neoliberal city building the largest transport infrastructure project in Australian history, we examine how public interest is asserted in a way that reinforces legitimacy of the process and consensus for the project. Under these conditions, planners fail or are unwilling to raise additional or new public interest issues. The vagaries of public interest mean that in being open to interpretation the public interest can be easily captured by the interests of capital and of ruling politicians. This raises important questions for urban studies about the role governments and, in particular, public-sector planners can play in advocating for actually existing public interest issues such as environmental sustainability without it amounting to just rhetoric with no follow through.

Novel approach for exceeding the resolving power of optical systems

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeev Zalevsky ◽  
David Mendlovic ◽  
Adolf W. Lohmann ◽  
Gal Shabtay
Keyword(s):  
Resolving Power ◽  
Optical Systems ◽  
Novel Approach
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