scholarly journals Hydrogen Production from Offshore Wind Parks: Current Situation and Future Perspectives

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 5561
Author(s):  
Gonçalo Calado ◽  
Rui Castro
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Production ◽  
Wind Energy ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Offshore Wind Energy ◽  
Electrical Transmission ◽  
Offshore Wind Power ◽  
Current State ◽  
Technical Advances ◽  
Power To Gas

With the increase in renewable energy connected to the grid, new challenges arise due to its variable supply of power. Therefore, it is crucial to develop new methods of storing energy. Hydrogen can fulfil the role of energy storage and even act as an energy carrier, since it has a much higher energetic density than batteries and can be easily stored. Considering that the offshore wind sector is facing significant growth and technical advances, hydrogen has the potential to be combined with offshore wind energy to aid in overcoming disadvantages such as the high installation cost of electrical transmission systems and transmission losses. This paper aims to outline and discuss the main features of the integration of hydrogen solutions in offshore wind power and to offer a literature review of the current state of hydrogen production from offshore wind. The paper provides a summary of the technologies involved in hydrogen production along with an analysis of two possible hydrogen producing systems from offshore wind energy. The analysis covers the system components, including hydrogen storage, the system configuration (i.e., offshore vs. onshore electrolyzer), and the potential uses of hydrogen, e.g., Power to Mobility, Power to Power, and Power to Gas.

scholarly journals Baltic Offshore Wind Energy Development—Poland’s Public Policy Tools Analysis and the Geostrategic Implications

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (16) ◽  
pp. 4883
Author(s):  
Kamila Pronińska ◽  
Krzysztof Księżopolski
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Wind Energy ◽  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Wind Power ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Policy Tools ◽  
Offshore Wind Energy ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Offshore Wind Power ◽  
The Baltic

A key question for European energy transition is which forms of renewable energy technologies will play a central role in this process. The recent dynamic growth in offshore wind power together with the vast wind energy potential of the European seas, including the Baltic Sea, make this technology an increasingly attractive and viable option. Considering the high installation and connection costs, government support is considered essential for the development of offshore wind power. The aim of this article is to analyze Poland’s public policy tools, which govern offshore wind farm development, and to present them from a wider geostrategic perspective. Authors identify, classify, and evaluate individual public policy tools with the use of multi-criteria and multi-dimensional methods while explaining their impact on offshore wind development in Poland. The analysis of the individual tools has shown that the currently applied tools give a high probability of achieving public policy objectives. The characteristics of the applied tools prove that vital decisions on offshore wind energy have been made concerning the need for decarbonization but also regarding wider geostrategic calculations. Given the changing security dynamics in the Baltic Sea region, we highlight potential geostrategic risks to the implementation of offshore wind projects.

scholarly journals Emergence of floating offshore wind energy: Technology and industry

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nuno Bento ◽  
Margarida Fontes
Keyword(s):  
Wind Energy ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Offshore Wind Energy ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Innovation Activities ◽  
Key Innovation ◽  
Systemic Understanding ◽  
Constituent Elements ◽  
Innovation Processes

The paper investigates the construction of strategies aiming to up-scale low-carbon innovations from pilot to full commercial scale. This requires a systemic understanding of the evolution of the technology along with the organizations and infrastructures supporting its development. Technological innovation systems concepts operationalize system building processes, including the establishment of constituent elements and the performance of key innovation activities. The study surveys the national roadmaps published between 2009 and 2014 for offshore wind energy in deepwaters (more than 50 m deep) which inform on how actors expect the system to grow, including the innovation activities crucial to achieve it. The roadmaps point to the role of guidance and legitimacy as triggers of changes in other innovation processes (knowledge creation, experimentation and so on) needed for take-off. The analysis reveals that the growth plans conveyed in the roadmaps are overly optimistic when compared with the time taken to develop offshore wind energy in fixed structures for shallow waters. Several countries have adopted supporting policies following the publication of the roadmaps, but weaknesses in crucial innovation processes (e.g. specialized skills) and external factors (e.g. crisis, regulatory approval) resulted in a delay of the first large investments. Policy should be based on realistic expectations and adequate to the phase of innovation, such as the promotion of technology-specific institutions (standards, codes, regulations and so on) in technology up-scaling. New directions for research are also provided.

scholarly journals Determining the Optimal Offshore Wind Power Station Using a Two-Stage MCDM-Based Spherical Fuzzy Set Approach

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chia-Nan Wang ◽  
Ngoc-Ai-Thy Nguyen ◽  
Thanh-Tuan Dang
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Wind Energy ◽  
Wind Power ◽  
Evaluation Criteria ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Offshore Wind Energy ◽  
Power Station ◽  
Offshore Wind Power ◽  
Wind Power Station

Abstract In response to challenges from the COVID-19 pandemic and climate change to achieve the goal of ensuring sustainable economic growth, offshore wind power development not only provides a clean and sustainable source of energy but also provides opportunities for economic growth and job creation. Offshore wind energy projects have been promptly suggested in Vietnam as a result of policy advancement, with the country's excellent wind resources. The success of an offshore wind energy project is decided mainly by choosing the best location for offshore wind power station (OWPS) construction, which is a complex multicriteria decision-making (MCDM) problem with the coexistence of conflicting factors. There is a problem with incomplete decision information use and information loss during the decision-making process, and it is easy to overlook the interaction difficulty in a fuzzy environment. To address the complex nature of the prioritization problem posed, this study proposes a hybrid MCDM framework combining the spherical fuzzy analytical hierarchy process (SF-AHP) and weighted aggregated sum product assessment (WASPAS). SF-AHP is used in the first stage to determine the significance levels of OWPS evaluation criteria. WASPAS is then utilized to rank locations of OWPS. A comprehensive set of evaluation criteria developed based on the concept of sustainable development has been recognized by reviewing the literature review and interviewing experts to practice the two-stage MCDM model. A real case study for Vietnam is conducted to test the effectiveness of the proposed method. The best location schemes have been determined by using the decision framework. The results of the sensitivity analysis and a comparison analysis demonstrate that the decision framework is practical and robust. Ultimately, the evaluation criteria and methodology presented in this work can serve as a theoretical foundation for the advancement of offshore wind energy and coastal development.

Assessment of Offshore Wind Energy Projects in Denmark. A Comparative Study With Onshore Projects Based on Regulatory Real Options

2015 ◽  
Vol 137 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
José Balibrea Iniesta ◽  
Manuel Monjas Barroso
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Wind Energy ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Real Options ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Wind Generation ◽  
Offshore Wind Energy ◽  
Renewable Generation ◽  
Energy Projects

There is a gap in the literature on the assessment of renewable energy projects regarding the role of regulatory real options (RROs) that do not depend entirely on the project promoter and yet affect the value of the project. This paper provides a methodology for evaluating investments in offshore wind generation in Denmark, based on the use of this type of options. The main results show that these RROs held by the administration, decrease the value of these renewable generation projects in Denmark. This confirms previous research for onshore generation in the same country.

Estimating offshore wind power potentials that account for the kinetic energy removal by wind turbines: the Kinetic Energy Budget of the Atmosphere (KEBA) approach

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Axel Kleidon ◽  
Lee Miller
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
Wind Energy ◽  
Wind Power ◽  
Energy Budget ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Offshore Wind Energy ◽  
Offshore Wind Power ◽  
Wind Speeds

<p>Offshore wind power is seen as a large renewable energy resource due to the high and continuous wind speeds over the ocean.However, as wind farms expand in scale, wind turbines increasingly remove kinetic energy from the atmospheric flow, reducing wind speeds and expected electricity yields.Here we show that this removal effect of large wind farms and the drop in yields can be estimated in a relatively simple way by considering the kinetic energy budget of the lower atmosphere, which we refer to as the KEBA approach.We first show that KEBA can reproduce the estimated, climatological yields of wind farms of different sizes and locations using previously published numerical model simulations with an explicit wind farm representation.<span>  </span>We then show the relevance of these reductions by evaluating the contribution of offshore wind energy in specific scenarios of Germany’s energy transition in the year 2050.Our estimates suggest that due to reduced wind speeds, mean capacity factors of wind farms are reduced to 33 - 39%, which is notably less than capacity factors above 50% that are commonly assumed in energy scenarios.This reduction is explained by KEBA by the depletion of the horizontal flow of kinetic energy by the wind farms and the low vertical renewal rate, which limits large-scale wind energy potentials to less than 1 W m<sup>-2</sup> of surface area.We conclude that wind speed reductions are likely to play a substantial role in the further expansion of offshore wind energy and need to be considered in the planning process.These reduced yields can be estimated by a comparatively simple approach based on budgeting the kinetic energy of the atmosphere surrounding the wind farms.</p>

The current state of offshore wind energy technology development

Energy ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 298-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaojing Sun ◽  
Diangui Huang ◽  
Guoqing Wu
Keyword(s):  
Wind Energy ◽  
Technology Development ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Energy Technology ◽  
Offshore Wind Energy ◽  
Current State

scholarly journals Assessment of the Present and Future Offshore Wind Power Potential: A Case Study in a Target Territory of the Baltic Sea Near the Latvian Coast

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lita Lizuma ◽  
Zanita Avotniece ◽  
Sergejs Rupainis ◽  
Artis Teilans
Keyword(s):  
Wind Energy ◽  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Wind Power ◽  
Electricity Generation ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Limited Area ◽  
Offshore Wind Energy ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Offshore Wind Power ◽  
The Baltic

Offshore wind energy development promises to be a significant domestic renewable energy source in Latvia. The reliable prediction of present and future wind resources at offshore sites is crucial for planning and selecting the location for wind farms. The overall goal of this paper is the assessment of offshore wind power potential in a target territory of the Baltic Sea near the Latvian coast as well as the identification of a trend in the future wind energy potential for the study territory. The regional climate model CLM and High Resolution Limited Area Model (Hirlam) simulations were used to obtain the wind climatology data for the study area. The results indicated that offshore wind energy is promising for expanding the national electricity generation and will continue to be a stable resource for electricity generation in the region over the 21st century.

Evaluating the essential barrier to off-shore wind energy – an Indian perspective

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 266-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kannan Govindan ◽  
Madan Shankar
Keyword(s):  
Wind Energy ◽  
Wind Power ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Offshore Wind Energy ◽  
Offshore Wind Farms ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Offshore Wind Power ◽  
Indian Context ◽  
Common Barriers

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the essential barrier and reveal the priority among common barriers to offshore wind energy in an Indian context with the assistance of the proposed framework. Design/methodology/approach Based on the proposed framework, a five-phase methodology was adapted to explore the essential barrier step by step. The common barriers, which were collected from the existing literatures through a systematic review, were further validated by field experts. The collected common barriers were evaluated with the assistance of the case industry’s field professionals through an analytical hierarchy process, a multi-criteria decision-making tool, to evaluate the barriers to Indian offshore wind energy. Findings Among the 12 common barriers to offshore wind energy, it is clear that “high capital cost” is the most essential barrier involved in the implementation of offshore wind energy farms in the Indian context. Practical implications This study reveals the importance of offshore wind power as a long-term profitable strategy to the case company within the Indian context. By addressing the essential barriers to the implementation of offshore wind farms, the Indian offshore wind system managers can train their employees to counteract the hindrances through the benchmarking of pioneering global offshore wind power developers such as Denmark and the UK. Further, this study provides useful suggestions to the Indian Government regarding policies for offshore wind energy; it also clearly projects the current status of the Indian offshore wind farm implementation. Originality/value This study assists Indian key stakeholders of offshore wind energy by indicating the essential barrier in an Indian context; they can remove the particular barrier instead of focusing on others that previous studies have identified. Further, this study brings out the importance of offshore wind power in an Indian context, which can urge stakeholders to invest more in offshore wind farms.

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