scholarly journals The Presence of Marine Filamentous Fungi on a Copper-Based Antifouling Paint

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (18) ◽  
pp. 8277
Author(s):  
Sergey Dobretsov ◽  
Hanaa Al-Shibli ◽  
Sajeewa S. N. Maharachchikumbura ◽  
Abdullah M. Al-Sadi
Keyword(s):  
Filamentous Fungi ◽  
Marine Fungi ◽  
Its Region ◽  
Potato Dextrose Agar ◽  
Antifouling Paint ◽  
Antifouling Paints ◽  
Toxic Compounds ◽  
Marine Biofouling ◽  
Alternaria Sp ◽  
Marine Filamentous Fungi

Marine biofouling is undesirable growth on submerged substances, which causes a major problem for maritime industries. Antifouling paints containing toxic compounds such as copper are used to prevent marine biofouling. However, bacteria and diatoms are usually found in biofilms developed on such paints. In this study, plastic panels painted with a copper-based self-polishing antifouling paint were exposed to biofouling for 6 months in the Marina Bandar Rowdha, Sea of Oman. Clean panels were used as a control substratum. Marine filamentous fungi from protected and unprotected substrate were isolated on a potato dextrose agar. Pure isolates were identified using sequences of the ITS region of rDNA. Six fungal isolates (Alternaria sp., Aspergillus niger, A. terreus, A. tubingensis, Cladosporium halotolerans, and C. omanense) were obtained from the antifouling paint. Four isolates (Aspergillus pseudodeflectus, C. omanense, and Parengyodontium album) were isolated from clean panels and nylon ropes. This is the first evidence of the presence of marine fungi on antifouling paints. In comparison with isolates from the unprotected substrate, fungi from the antifouling paint were highly resistant to copper, which suggests that filamentous fungi can grow on marine antifouling paints.

scholarly journals ­A practical application of reduced-copper antifouling paint in marine biological research

PeerJ ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. e2213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea S. Jerabek ◽  
Kara R. Wall ◽  
Christopher D. Stallings
Keyword(s):  
Community Composition ◽  
Antifouling Paint ◽  
Biological Research ◽  
Percent Cover ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Local Effects ◽  
Antifouling Paints ◽  
Manual Removal ◽  
Potential Alternative ◽  
Legislative Changes

Biofouling of experimental cages and other field apparatuses can be problematic for scientists and has traditionally been addressed using frequent manual removal (e.g., scraping, scrubbing). Recent environmental restrictions and legislative changes have driven the development of less hazardous antifouling products, making antifouling paint a potential alternative option to manual removal. Consequently, the viability of using these newly developed products as a replacement for the manual cleaning of exclusion cages was experimentally investigated. There were six treatments tested, comprising three with settlement tiles in experimental cages coated with antifouling paint, two with settlement tiles in unpainted experimental cages, and one cage-free suspended tile. The three antifouling treatments comprised two reduced-copper paints (21% Cu2O and 40% Cu2O) and one copper-free, Econea™-based paint (labeled “ecofriendly”). Antifouling paints were assessed for performance of preventing fouling of the cages and whether they elicited local effects on settlement tiles contained within them. All three paints performed well to reduce fouling of the cages during the initial six weeks of the experiment, but the efficacy of “ecofriendly” paint began to decrease during an extended deployment that lasted 14 weeks. The macro-community composition, biomass, and percent cover of settled organism on tiles within cages treated with copper-based paints (21% and 40% concentrations) were indistinguishable from tiles within the manually scrubbed cages. In contrast, settlement to tiles from the “ecofriendly” treatment was different in composition of macro-community and lower in biomass, suggesting the presence of local effects and therefore rendering it unsuitable for use in settlement experiments. The results of this study suggest that reduced-copper paints have the potential to serve as an alternative to manual maintenance, which may be useful for deployments in locations that are difficult to access on a frequent schedule.

Tremorgenic indole metabolites and aflatoxins in sclerotia of Aspergillus flavus: an evolutionary perspective

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (5) ◽  
pp. 525-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald T. Wicklow ◽  
Richard J. Cole
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Cyclopiazonic Acid ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
Potato Dextrose Agar ◽  
Evolutionary Perspective ◽  
Toxic Compounds ◽  
Defense Systems ◽  
Selective Forces ◽  
First Time

Isolates of Aspergillus flavus Link from both cool and warm latitudes were cultured on potato dextrose agar containing yeast extract to identify sclerotia-producing strains. Chloroform–MeOH extracts of sclerotia were analyzed for the presence of aflatoxins and major indole metabolites (e.g., cyclopiazonic acid, aflatrem, and dihydroxyaflavinine). Aflatoxin is reported from sclerotia of A. flavus for the first time. Cyclopiazonic acid was detected primarily in sclerotia of isolates from warmer latitudes. Aflatrem and dihydroxyaflavinine were detected in sclerotia from 85% of the strains examined. These metabolites are associated with the sclerotial stage of the life cycle, because neither were detected in extracts of the culture medium and mycelium of Petri dish cultures from which all the sclerotia were removed. Geographic variation and intrafungal allocation of these toxic compounds in A. flavus are examined from the evolutionary ecologist's perspective of selective forces shaping the chemical defense systems of fungi.

scholarly journals Biocides in Antifouling Paint Formulations Currently Registered For Use

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
César Augusto Paz-Villarraga ◽  
Ítalo Braga Castro ◽  
Gilberto Fillmann
Keyword(s):  
Safety Data ◽  
Antifouling Paint ◽  
Aquatic Environments ◽  
Business Associations ◽  
Active Ingredients ◽  
Zinc Pyrithione ◽  
Antifouling Paints ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Governmental Agencies ◽  
Fouling Organisms

Abstract Antifouling paints incorporate biocides in their composition seeking to avoid or minimize the settlement and growing of undesirable fouling organisms. Therefore, biocides are released into the aquatic environments also affecting several non-target organisms and, thus, compromising ecosystems. Despite global efforts to investigate the environment occurrence and toxicity of biocides currently used in antifouling paints, the specific active ingredients that have been used in commercial products are poorly known. Thus, the present study assessed the frequencies of occurrence and relative concentrations of biocides in antifouling paint formulations registered for marketing worldwide. The main data were obtained from databases of governmental agencies, business associations and safety data sheets from paint manufacturers around the world. Results pointed out for 25 active ingredients currently used as biocides, where up to six biocides have been simultaneously used in the examined formulations. Cuprous oxide, copper pyrithione, zinc pyrithione, zineb, DCOIT and cuprous thiocyanate were the most frequently ones, with mean relative concentrations of 35.9±12.8 %, 2.9±1.6 %, 4.0±5.3 %, 5.4±2.0 %, 1.9±1.9 % and 18.1±8.0 % (w/w) of respective biocide present in the antifouling paint formulations. Surprisingly, antifouling paints containing TBT as active ingredient are still being registered for commercialization nowadays. These results can be applied as a proxy of biocides that are possibly being used by antifouling systems and, consequently, released into the aquatic environment, which can help to prioritize the active ingredients that should be addressed in future studies.

scholarly journals Microbiota of different wine grape berries

10.5219/1047 ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 174-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miroslava Kačániová ◽  
Simona Kunova ◽  
Soňa Felsöciová ◽  
Eva Ivanišová ◽  
Attila Kántor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Filamentous Fungi ◽  
Leuconostoc Mesenteroides ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Malt Extract ◽  
Wine Grape ◽  
Wine Production ◽  
Grape Berries ◽  
Issatchenkia Orientalis ◽  
Tryptone Soya Agar ◽  
Alternaria Sp

The wine grape berries share a complex microbial ecology including filamentous fungi, yeasts and bacteria. The microbiota reveals different physiological characteristics and depends on the grape ripening stage and the availability of nutrients with different effect on wine production. The microbiota of grape berries (n = 12) was isolated and identified in the present study. The samples were collected in September 2018. Grape berries were obtained from Vrbovo vineyard located in Slovakia. The grape berries investigated belonged to Blue Frankish, Cabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay, Dornfelder, Feteasca regala, Green Veltliner, Irsai Oliver, Mūller Thurgau, Pálava, Pinot Blanc, Rhinriesling and Welschriesling varieties. The microorganisms were cultivated on Malt extract agar (MEA) at 25 °C for five days in aerobically for microscopic filamentous fungi and Tryptone Soya agar (TSA) at 37 °C for 24 – 48 h aerobically for bacteria and yeasts. Total bacterial counts on different wine grape berries ranged from 2.57 ±0.09 in Chardonnay to 4.39 ±0.21 log CFU.g-1 in Pálava. Microscopic filamentous fungi count ranged from 1.18 ±0.03 in Blue Frankish to 2.60 ±0.17 log CFU.g-1 in Welschriesling. MALDI-TOF MS Biotyper mass spectrometry was used for identification of microorganisms (bacteria and yeasts) and microscopic filamentous fungi with manuals. The most identified microscopic fungal species was Alternaria sp., for yeasts Issatchenkia orientalis and Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. mesenteroides for bacteria.

scholarly journals Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of Methoxy- Substituted γ-Oxa-ε-lactones Derived from Flavanones

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (22) ◽  
pp. 4151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Witold Gładkowski ◽  
Monika Siepka ◽  
Tomasz Janeczko ◽  
Edyta Kostrzewa-Susłow ◽  
Jarosław Popłoński ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Filamentous Fungi ◽  
Nmr Spectra ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Spectroscopic Analysis ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
13C Nmr Spectra ◽  
1H And 13C Nmr ◽  
Methoxy Groups ◽  
Alternaria Sp ◽  
And Staphylococcus Aureus

Six γ-oxa-ε-lactones, 4-phenyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,5-benzodioxepin-2-one (5a) and its five derivatives with methoxy groups in different positions of A and B rings (5b–f), were synthesized from corresponding flavanones. Three of the obtained lactones (5b,c,f) have not been previously described in the literature. Structures of all synthesized compounds were confirmed by complete spectroscopic analysis with the assignments of signals on 1H and 13C-NMR spectra to the corresponding atoms. In most cases, lactones 5a–f exerted an inhibitory effect on the growth of selected pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus), filamentous fungi (Fusarium graminearum, Aspergillus niger, and Alternaria sp.), and yeast (Candida albicans). The broadest spectrum of activity was observed for unsubstituted lactone 5a, which was particularly active against filamentous fungi and yeast. Lactones with methoxy groups in the 3′ (5c) and 4′ (5d) position of B ring were more active towards bacteria whereas lactone substituted in the 7 position of the A ring (5e) exhibited higher antifungal activity. In most cases, the introduction of lactone function increased the activity of the compound compared to its flavonoid precursors, chalcones 3a–e, and flavanones 4a–f.

scholarly journals Unraveling the Fungal Community Associated with Leaf Spot on Crataegus sp.

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 459
Author(s):  
Sonia Salazar-Cerezo ◽  
María de la Cruz Meneses-Sánchez ◽  
Rebeca D. Martínez-Contreras ◽  
Nancy Martínez-Montiel
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Community ◽  
Its Region ◽  
Environmental Implications ◽  
Fusarium Equiseti ◽  
Worldwide Distribution ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Alternaria Sp ◽  
Fusarium Sp ◽  
Necrotic Spots ◽  
Aureobasidium Sp

Crataegus sp. is a tree that grows in temperate zones with worldwide distribution and is commonly known in Mexico as tejocote. The use of products derived from Crataegus in traditional medicine, food, and cosmetics has increased over the last few years and the relevance of this plant has also grown. Here, we report a disease that was observed in tejocote plants that grew both in the wild and in greenhouses in Puebla (Mexico). The disease was characterized by necrotic spots on the leaf ranging from brown to reddish tones that were accompanied by structures on the back of the leaf. Furthermore, we investigated the fungal genera associated with infected leaves in wild tejocote plants, from which we recovered Alternaria sp., Aureobasidium sp., Dreschlera sp., Fusarium sp., Paecilomyces sp. and Ulocladium sp. genera. Inoculation on healthy Crataegus sp. plants with isolate UAP140 showed similar symptoms as observed in nature, while inoculation with UAP127 resulted in the development of necrotic lesions in the leaf. The identity of these isolates was further studied through the phylogenetic analysis of the ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, where isolate UAP140 showed the highest identity with Fusarium equiseti and isolate UAP127 was similar to Alternaria arborescens. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a characteristic disease developed in Crataegus sp. plants in Mexico where the fungal community associated to the lesion was analyzed. Further studies would be necessary to determine the ecological and environmental implications of the microbiome on the appearance and development of the disease.

Diversity of culturable marine filamentous fungi from deep-sea hydrothermal vents

2009 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1588-1600 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaëtan Burgaud ◽  
Thomas Le Calvez ◽  
Danielle Arzur ◽  
Philippe Vandenkoornhuyse ◽  
Georges Barbier
Keyword(s):  
Filamentous Fungi ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
Hydrothermal Vents ◽  
Marine Filamentous Fungi

scholarly journals Fungi in dialysis water and dialysate: occurrence, susceptibility to antifungal agents and biofilm production capacity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laís Anversa ◽  
Bruna Rossini Lara ◽  
Caroline Demai Romani ◽  
Erika Kushikawa Saeki ◽  
Gabriel Antonio Nogueira Nascentes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Filamentous Fungi ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Its Region ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Microtiter Plates ◽  
Microdilution Method ◽  
Biofilm Production ◽  
Broth Microdilution Method ◽  
Dialysis Water

Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of fungi in dialysis water and dialysate, in addition to evaluating the susceptibility to antifungals and the biofilm production capacity of isolated microorganisms. The samples were collected in three hemodialysis units in Bauru (Brazil), every 15 days (July 2017–June 2018) at post-reverse osmosis, reuse, and dialysate points. The fungi were isolated by spread plate on Sabouraud dextrose agar. Filamentous fungi were phenotypically identified and yeasts were subjected to molecular evaluation of the ITS region. Susceptibility test to antifungals was carried out by the broth microdilution method and biofilm production capacity was evaluated in microtiter plates using crystal violet staining. Fungi were isolated in 52/216 (24.1%) samples, with an average count of 16.3 (10–40) CFU/mL. Overall, 61 microorganisms were identified, with 54 (88.5%) filamentous fungi and 7 (11.5%) yeasts. The main genera included were Penicillium, Cladosporium, Scedosporium, Rhinocladiella, Fusarium, and Emmonsia. Most isolates showed high values of minimum inhibitory concentration for 5-flucytosine and fluconazole and 35/45 (77.8%) isolates were classified as strong producers of biofilm. In order to increase the safety of the dialysis process, the adoption of control measures and monitoring of fungi in hemodialysis fluids is suggested.

scholarly journals Licensing of Organotin Antifouling Paint Pest Control Applicators in Florida

EDIS ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 2007 (15) ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick M. Fishel
Keyword(s):  
Pest Control ◽  
Antifouling Paint ◽  
Antifouling Paints ◽  
Fact Sheet ◽  
Restricted Use

PI-152, a 4-page fact sheet by Frederick M. Fishel, explains the licensing and regulation of persons who apply restricted use organotin antifouling paints in Florida. Published by the UF Pesticide Information Office, April 2007.

scholarly journals Global diversity and biogeography of the Zostera marina mycobiome

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cassandra L. Ettinger ◽  
Laura E. Vann ◽  
Jonathan A. Eisen
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Community ◽  
Community Assembly ◽  
Zostera Marina ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Marine Fungi ◽  
Its Region ◽  
Global Distribution ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Fungal Community Composition

AbstractSeagrasses are marine flowering plants that provide critical ecosystem services in coastal environments worldwide. Marine fungi are often overlooked in microbiome and seagrass studies, despite terrestrial fungi having critical functional roles as decomposers, pathogens or endophytes in global ecosystems. Here we characterize the distribution of fungi associated with the seagrass, Zostera marina, using leaves, roots, and rhizosphere sediment from 16 locations across its full biogeographic range. Using high throughput sequencing of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and 18S ribosomal RNA gene, we first measured fungal community composition and diversity, then we tested hypotheses of neutral community assembly theory and the degree to which deviations suggested amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) were plant-selected or dispersal-limited, and finally we identified a core mycobiome and investigated the global distribution of differentially abundant ASVs. Our results show that the fungal community is significantly different between sites and follows a weak, but significant pattern of distance decay. Generally, there was evidence for both deterministic and stochastic factors contributing to community assembly of the mycobiome. The Z. marina core leaf and root mycobiomes are dominated by unclassified Sordariomycetes spp., unclassified Chytridiomycota lineages (including Lobulomycetaceae spp.), unclassified Capnodiales spp. and Saccharomyces sp. A few ASVs (e.g. Lobulomyces sp.) appear restricted to one or a handful of locations (e.g. possibly due to local adaptation, deterministic dispersal limitation or seasonal bloom events), while others (e.g. Saccharomyces sp.) are more ubiquitous across all locations suggesting a true global distribution and possible plant-selection. Fungal guilds associated with Z. marina were only weakly identified (10.12% of ITS region and 3.4% 18S rRNA gene ASV guild assignments were considered highly probable) including wood saprotrophs, ectomycorrhizal fungi, endophytic fungi and plant pathogens. Our results are similar to those found for other seagrass species. It is clear from the many unclassified fungal ASVs and fungal functional guilds, that our knowledge of marine fungi is still rudimentary. Further studies characterizing seagrass-associated fungi are needed to understand the roles of these microorganisms generally and when associated with seagrasses.

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