scholarly journals Biocides in Antifouling Paint Formulations Currently Registered For Use

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
César Augusto Paz-Villarraga ◽  
Ítalo Braga Castro ◽  
Gilberto Fillmann
Keyword(s):  
Safety Data ◽  
Antifouling Paint ◽  
Aquatic Environments ◽  
Business Associations ◽  
Active Ingredients ◽  
Zinc Pyrithione ◽  
Antifouling Paints ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Governmental Agencies ◽  
Fouling Organisms

Abstract Antifouling paints incorporate biocides in their composition seeking to avoid or minimize the settlement and growing of undesirable fouling organisms. Therefore, biocides are released into the aquatic environments also affecting several non-target organisms and, thus, compromising ecosystems. Despite global efforts to investigate the environment occurrence and toxicity of biocides currently used in antifouling paints, the specific active ingredients that have been used in commercial products are poorly known. Thus, the present study assessed the frequencies of occurrence and relative concentrations of biocides in antifouling paint formulations registered for marketing worldwide. The main data were obtained from databases of governmental agencies, business associations and safety data sheets from paint manufacturers around the world. Results pointed out for 25 active ingredients currently used as biocides, where up to six biocides have been simultaneously used in the examined formulations. Cuprous oxide, copper pyrithione, zinc pyrithione, zineb, DCOIT and cuprous thiocyanate were the most frequently ones, with mean relative concentrations of 35.9±12.8 %, 2.9±1.6 %, 4.0±5.3 %, 5.4±2.0 %, 1.9±1.9 % and 18.1±8.0 % (w/w) of respective biocide present in the antifouling paint formulations. Surprisingly, antifouling paints containing TBT as active ingredient are still being registered for commercialization nowadays. These results can be applied as a proxy of biocides that are possibly being used by antifouling systems and, consequently, released into the aquatic environment, which can help to prioritize the active ingredients that should be addressed in future studies.

Detection and Avoidance of a Cuprous Oxide Antifouling Paint by Bivalve and Gastropod Larvae (Mollusca)

1963 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 60 ◽  
Author(s):  
B Wisely
Keyword(s):  
Cuprous Oxide ◽  
Antifouling Paint ◽  
Bivalve Species ◽  
Antifouling Paints ◽  
Behavioural Responses ◽  
Sydney Harbour ◽  
Unidentified Species ◽  
Fouling Organisms

The reactions of the larvae of seven species of molluscs to a cuprous oxide antifouling paint were investigated in the laboratory. These included larvae of the bivalves Mytilus planulatus Lamarck, Lasaea australis Lamarck, one other unidentified bivalve species; and four other unidentified gastropods. Brief descriptions are given of the unidentified species. By means of currents formed by the foot or tentacle cilia, crawling larvae were able to detect the antifouling paint before they reached it. The behavioural responses included agitated foot or tentacle movements, temporary retraction of larvae into their shells, and turning movements. In six of the species this was followed eventually by more permanent retraction of the larvae into their shells, where they remained stationary for at least 5 min. It is suggested that if similar reactions occurred on a vertical or overhanging surface, such as a ship's hull, the larvae would fall away passively since in the experiments their attaching organs (feet) were automatically withdrawn once the larvae retracted into their shells. This might account for the relative absences of molluscs on ships docked in Sydney Harbour shortly after their antifouling paints have failed, although other groups of fouling organisms have already begun to colonize them.

scholarly journals ­A practical application of reduced-copper antifouling paint in marine biological research

PeerJ ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. e2213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea S. Jerabek ◽  
Kara R. Wall ◽  
Christopher D. Stallings
Keyword(s):  
Community Composition ◽  
Antifouling Paint ◽  
Biological Research ◽  
Percent Cover ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Local Effects ◽  
Antifouling Paints ◽  
Manual Removal ◽  
Potential Alternative ◽  
Legislative Changes

Biofouling of experimental cages and other field apparatuses can be problematic for scientists and has traditionally been addressed using frequent manual removal (e.g., scraping, scrubbing). Recent environmental restrictions and legislative changes have driven the development of less hazardous antifouling products, making antifouling paint a potential alternative option to manual removal. Consequently, the viability of using these newly developed products as a replacement for the manual cleaning of exclusion cages was experimentally investigated. There were six treatments tested, comprising three with settlement tiles in experimental cages coated with antifouling paint, two with settlement tiles in unpainted experimental cages, and one cage-free suspended tile. The three antifouling treatments comprised two reduced-copper paints (21% Cu2O and 40% Cu2O) and one copper-free, Econea™-based paint (labeled “ecofriendly”). Antifouling paints were assessed for performance of preventing fouling of the cages and whether they elicited local effects on settlement tiles contained within them. All three paints performed well to reduce fouling of the cages during the initial six weeks of the experiment, but the efficacy of “ecofriendly” paint began to decrease during an extended deployment that lasted 14 weeks. The macro-community composition, biomass, and percent cover of settled organism on tiles within cages treated with copper-based paints (21% and 40% concentrations) were indistinguishable from tiles within the manually scrubbed cages. In contrast, settlement to tiles from the “ecofriendly” treatment was different in composition of macro-community and lower in biomass, suggesting the presence of local effects and therefore rendering it unsuitable for use in settlement experiments. The results of this study suggest that reduced-copper paints have the potential to serve as an alternative to manual maintenance, which may be useful for deployments in locations that are difficult to access on a frequent schedule.

The Synthesis and Bioactivities of 2-Hydroxyethyl Benzo[d] Isothiazole-3(2H)-One Marine Antifouling Paints

2013 ◽  
Vol 646 ◽  
pp. 24-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian Xin Yang ◽  
Cheng Hang You ◽  
Xiang Hui Wang ◽  
Qiang Lin
Keyword(s):  
1H Nmr ◽  
Marine Environment ◽  
Aromatic Acid ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Fouling Organism ◽  
Antifouling Paints ◽  
Marine Fouling ◽  
Fouling Organisms ◽  
Marine Antifouling

Twenty-one novel compounds were synthesized from the benzo[d]isothiazole-3(2H)-one and aromatic acid, the structures were identified by means of 1H NMR, IR, EA. The intro antibacterial experiment was carried out to evaluate the activities against antibacterial and the marine hanging plate experiment was also carried out to evaluate the activities against marine fouling organism. The results showed that all the compounds were active against the six bacterials, with an inhibiting rate of 90% at the concentration of 32 µg/ml against Gram-positive bacterials, and the antifouling paints couldn’t be attached by marine fouling organisms in the marine environment for more than 3 months.

Novel Strategy for Antifouling Paints with Zero Endocrine Disrupting Chemical (EDC) Elution based on Interpenetrating Polymer Networks (IPNs)

2005 ◽  
Vol 873 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masanobu Naito ◽  
Takashi Nakai ◽  
Takuma Kawabe ◽  
Kenji Mori ◽  
Daisuke Furuta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polymer Networks ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Silica Matrix ◽  
Interpenetrating Polymer Networks ◽  
Repellent Activity ◽  
Antifouling Paints ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting Chemical ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting ◽  
Novel Strategy ◽  
Fouling Organisms

AbstractEnvironmentally friendly organic-inorganic hybrid materials with repellent activity against marine fouling organisms have been developed using interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs), composed of a three-dimensional silica matrix of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and chain-like polymers, such as poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) and poly(vinylacetate) (PVAc). The repellent activity of the IPNs reached a maximum of approximately 90% relative to that of tetrabutyl tin oxide (TBTO). Simple bioassays using blue mussels and algae were used to screen out the adequate proportions of those components.

scholarly journals Immunotoxicity in Ascidians: Antifouling Compounds Alternative to Organotins—V. the Case of Dichlofluanid

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 396
Author(s):  
Francesca Cima ◽  
Roberta Varello
Keyword(s):  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Zinc Pyrithione ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Colonial Ascidian ◽  
Antifouling Paints ◽  
Glutathione Oxidation ◽  
Defence Responses ◽  
Sediment Interface ◽  
Sublethal Concentrations

Dichlofluanid has long been employed as a fungicide in agriculture and has been massively introduced in antifouling paints for boat hulls over the last two decades. One of the most important toxic effects of antifoulants is represented by immunosuppression in marine invertebrates, which can be analysed in vitro with a number of short-term toxicity assays on haemocytes. Among bioindicators, the colonial ascidian Botryllus schlosseri is a useful candidate; it is a filter-feeding organism living in the water-sediment interface that is found worldwide and is sensitive to antifouling xenobiotics. Dichlofluanid adversely affects both immunocyte lines (phagocyte and cytotoxic lines) after exposure to sublethal concentrations. At 0.05 μM (16.65 μg/L), dichlofluanid induced haemocyte apoptosis and cell shrinkage with a decrease in both motility and phagocytosis. At the lowest concentration (0.01 μM, 3.33 μg/L), inhibition of pivotal enzymatic activities of phagocytes and cytotoxic cells occurred. At the highest concentration (0.1 μM, 33.3 μg/L), dichlofluanid increased glutathione oxidation, leading to stress conditions. The effects of dichlofluanid on immune defence responses are similar to those of organometal-based antifoulants (i.e., organotin compounds and zinc pyrithione), and its use in coastal areas requires attention.

Pilot study of intravenous magnesium sulfate in refractory cardiac arrest: safety data and recommendations for future studies

Resuscitation ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Miller ◽  
Lane Craddock ◽  
Steven Hoffenberg ◽  
Steven Heinz ◽  
Don Lefkowitz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Arrest ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Magnesium Sulfate ◽  
Safety Data ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Intravenous Magnesium ◽  
Refractory Cardiac Arrest

scholarly journals A novel bioassay for evaluating the efficacy of biocides to inhibit settling and early establishment of marinebiofilms

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Åsa Arrhenius ◽  
Thomas Backhaus ◽  
Annelie Hilvarsson ◽  
Ida Wendt ◽  
Aleksandra Zgrundo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Pyrithione ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Antifouling Biocides ◽  
Fouling Organisms ◽  
Early Establishment ◽  
Copper Pyrithione

This paper presents a novel assay that allows a quick and robust assessment of the effects of biocides on the initial settling and establishment of marine photoautotrophic biofilms. The assay integrates the response of the multitude of indigenous fouling organisms, which overcomes a major limitation of existing assays which are largely limited to testing only lab-cultivatable species. The assay was evaluated using eight antifouling biocides, for which full concentration-response curves are presented. The efficacy ranking, based on EC 98 values from most to least efficacious compound is: copper pyrithione >TPBP >DCOIT >tolylfluanid>zinc pyrithione >medetomidine >copper (Cu 2+ ), while the ecotoxicological ranking (based on E C10 values) is irgarol, copper pyrithione >zinc pyrithione >TPBP >tolylfluanid >DCOIT >copper (Cu 2+ ) > medetomidine. The algaecide irgarol did not cause full inhibition. Instead the inhibition leveled out at 95% effect at 30 nmol l -1 , a concentration that was clearly lower than for any other of the tested biocides.

Review of the Persistence, Bioaccumulation and Toxicity of Tributyltin in Aquatic Environments in Relation to Canada's Toxic Substances Management Policy

2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 633-680 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. James Maguire
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Hazards ◽  
International Maritime Organization ◽  
Management Policy ◽  
Aquatic Environments ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Antifouling Paints ◽  
Ship Hulls ◽  
The World

Abstract The extremely toxic antifouling pesticide tributyltin (TBT) was regulated in many countries in the 1980s and 1990s. The regulations have been successful in reducing the toxic threat posed by TBT in many locations around the world. However, there are also many locations at which recovery has not been seen, even 10 years after regulation. Because of continuing concern about the environmental hazards of TBT, the International Maritime Organization proposes to prohibit all antifouling uses of TBT by 2003, and the presence of TBT on ship hulls by 2008. Canada has recently announced a prohibition on the use of organ-otin antifouling paints by January 1, 2003. This article reviews the persistence, bioaccumulation and toxicity of TBT in aquatic environments, and concludes that TBT meets all such criteria for designation as a Track 1 substance under Canada's Toxic Substances Management Policy, necessitating measures to virtually eliminate it from the Canadian environment. Because of the long persistence of TBT in sediment, there may be a "legacy problem" in sediments in some locations in Canada for perhaps 20 to 30 years after a total ban.

scholarly journals Selective Metal Coordination in Antifouling Coatings

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Hannah Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Covalent Modification ◽  
Alternative Formulation ◽  
Frictional Drag ◽  
Antifouling Paints ◽  
Accelerated Corrosion ◽  
Ship Hulls ◽  
Cellular Attachment ◽  
Antifouling Coatings ◽  
Fouling Organisms ◽  
Future Work

<p>Marine biofouling is the accumulation of biological material (e.g. microorganisms, soft- and hard-fouling organisms) on the surface of an object submerged in seawater, and it remains a worldwide problem for shipping industries. The fouling of ship hulls results in a reduction of speed and manoeuvrability due to frictional drag, as well as increased fuel consumption and accelerated corrosion, and the exorbitant expenses and losses of efficiency attributed to biofouling have prompted the development of antifouling coatings. Current antifouling paints use copper as a biocidal agent, but copper-based paints are increasingly being banned due to environmental concerns about the non-target effects of leached copper. This project aims to circumvent these concerns and tightening regulations via a revolutionary concept: the development of marine antifouling paints that incorporate Cu(II)-selective ligands to draw the biocidal ingredient (i.e. Cu(II)) from seawater. A multistage strategy emerged for the development of this technology. First, criteria were established for the project’s ideal ligand, and ligands were synthesised or selected based on these criteria. Second, the ligands were incorporated in coatings through covalent modification of the paint binder or additives. Third, methodology was developed and implemented to test each coating’s ability to coordinate and retain Cu(II), as well as its subsequent ability to prevent microfouling by marine bacteria.   The suitability of two ligand classes was assessed: acylhydrazones and tetraaza macrocycles, specifically cyclen. Unlike the acylhydrazones, cyclen met the established criteria and was initially evaluated as a curing agent and/or surface-modifier in a two-pack epoxy system with resin Epikote™ 235. However, the Cu(II)-loading by these coatings was relatively low, being at most ~0.05% w/w, and the modification of silica, a common paint additive, with cyclen was explored as an alternative formulation route. The method for the functionalisation of silica with cyclen was optimised, and the maximum Cu(II)-loading achieved by the product was 2.60% w/w. The cyclen-functionalised silica was incorporated on the surface of an epoxy coating, and a bacterial adherence assay was developed to assess the cellular attachment of marine bacterium Vibrio harveyi to this coating, which was found to be undeterred. Yet, the development of the strategy and testing methodology by which the project’s goals may be achieved provides a solid foundation for future work.</p>

scholarly journals Licensing of Organotin Antifouling Paint Pest Control Applicators in Florida

EDIS ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 2007 (15) ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick M. Fishel
Keyword(s):  
Pest Control ◽  
Antifouling Paint ◽  
Antifouling Paints ◽  
Fact Sheet ◽  
Restricted Use

PI-152, a 4-page fact sheet by Frederick M. Fishel, explains the licensing and regulation of persons who apply restricted use organotin antifouling paints in Florida. Published by the UF Pesticide Information Office, April 2007.

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